FIRST World Festival Nanotechnology Workshop
Don Eigler IBM Fellow IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, California
FIRST WORLD FESTIVAL: April 12, 2007 What Do We Mean By Nano ?
1 Nano = 1,000,000,000
1 One nanometer = meter 1,000,000,000
5 carbon atoms
1 nanometer What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
Nanoscience – The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
Nanotechnology – The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.
“Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties.” London: The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004. Nanotechnology: Why all the Excitement ?
Tremendous progress in understanding and creating nanometer-scale objects in the last 15 years
Age of exploration and discovery
The potential is staggering Three Types of Nanotechnology
Evolutionary Nanotechnology Historically larger technologies that have shrunk to the nanometer scale
Revolutionary Nanotechnology New nanometer-scale technologies
Natural Nanotechnology Naturally occurring functional nanometer-scale structures Evolutionary Nanotechnology
Semiconductor Technology has become a Nanometer-Scale Technology Evolutionary Nanotechnology
Nanoparticulates in sunscreens and cosmetics
Cosmetics have become a Nanometer-Scale Technology Revolutionary Nanotechnology
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanotube single electron transistor
Nanotube Transistor NOT Gate Revolutionary Nanotechnology
Millipede Data Storage System Revolutionary Nanotechnology
Millipede Data Storage System Natural Nanotechnology
Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria
Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University Natural Nanotechnology
Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria
Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University Some Social Aspects of Nanotechnology
NanoNano HysteriaHysteria Type 1 Nano Hysteria
Greed Driven “Irrational Exuberance”
Nanotechnology will “transform everything”
Nanotechnology is “The Next Big Thing” “FORBES/WOLFE Nanotech Weekly Insider” by Josh Wolfe
WhatWhat isis wrong:wrong: TheThe absenceabsence ofof criticalcritical thoughtthought Type 2 Nano Hysteria
Fear Driven “Irrational Paranoia”
The “Gray Goo” Scenario: Out of control self-replicating Nanobots
WhatWhat isis wrong:wrong: TheThe absenceabsence ofof criticalcritical thoughtthought The Benefits and Risks of Nanotech The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanoshell Cancer Therapy
Gold Nanoshells
Are biocompatible
silica core Small enough to pass through circulatory system
gold shell Easily attached to antibodies for specific cellular targeting
10-300 nm diameter Are strong absorbers of light in the near infrared, where light penetrates up to 7 cm into the human body
Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanoshell Cancer Therapy
• BALB/c mice innoculated with CT26.wt mouse colon carcinoma cells Near IR • Systemically delivered pegylated nanoshells via tail vein injection • 6 hrs post injection, tumors irradiated Diode Laser through skin with 4 W/cm2 810 nm diode laser for 3 min • Tumor surface temp. monitored • Tumor size monitored for 2 months
125.0 100% Laser + Nanoshells 90%
100.0 80% Laser + Nanoshells
) 70% 2
Laser, no Nanoshells g g
n 60% m i v
75.0 n i i v m Untreated Tumors r 50% ( v u i
s
v e
% 40% r z i 50.0 u s
S 30%
Laser, No Nanoshells r 89.2 %
o 20%
m Untreated 25.0 76.2 10% u
T 0% 20.0 18.2 22.0 0.0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 0.0 Day 0 Day 10 Days after tumor treatment
Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanofiber Regnerative Medicine
Neural Progenitor Nanofibers
REVERSAL OF PARALYSIS
Nanofiber-stimulated re-growth of severed neurons in laboratory tests
Courtesy of Samuel Stupp, Nortwestern University Mistaken Conclusions: An Example The Smallest Computer Circuit
Inputs Outputs But Carbon Monoxide is a Deadly Poison…. Therefore this is a Dangerous Technology !
C O3 = A + B + C
B O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A) Hmmm… Is that so? Lets think a little bit about A O1 = A * B * C this.
Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm
Made from 541 Carbon Monoxide Molecules Let’s Estimate the Danger
How much Carbon Monoxide would you need to build a computer ?
18 Carbon Monoxide molecules do the work of 1 Transistor
A modern computer processor has roughly 100 million Transistors
2 Billion Carbon Monoxide Molecules per computer
Hmmm…. How dangerous are 2 billion carbon monoxide molecules ? Let’s Estimate the Danger
How much CarbonHmmm…. Monoxide do I breathe every day ? Carbon Monoxide Nanocomputers don’t seem In the USA,so dangerous. the “Clean Air” limit for carbon monoxide is 9 molecules in 1 million
I breathe about 0.5 liters of air with each breath
I breathe 2 Billion Trillion molecules of carbon monoxide each day Nano can be Green Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide to make 1 trillion computers The world’s population is 6.4 billion
Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide molecules to provide each person on the planet with 160 computers The Green Side of Nanotech
Better Materials: Lighter Stronger Safer More durable More easily recycled
Reduced energy consumption
Reduced consumption of natural resources The Risk of Nanotech
The REAL Risk: Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluating the consequences
Example: The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known How Do We Know Something Is Safe?
II Should thinkreallyUnless there should be smooth ….is athink newthis world sailingthrough… out there The Dilemma of Columbus
It is virtually impossible to prove that something is absolutely safe
How shall we proceed in a world filled with risk? Do We Really Want To Advance Technology ?
My Opinion : Mankind derives extraordinary benefit from technology
•Technology integrates societies around the globe
•Technology makes people more inter-dependent on one another
•When societies depend upon one another, they are more likely to work towards achieving common goals and seek peaceful resolution to conflict.
•Technology is the most powerful weapon for creating a stable and peaceful world. How Shall We Make Wise Decisions About Nanotechnology ?
• Eliminate Fantasies • Understand Motivations • Honestly Assess Risks & Benefits Are There Monsters ? Of Course! Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
Gerd Binnig & Heini Rohrer
Silicon
1983 Not yet painted by a Dutch Master (but Rembrandt would certainly have loved to do their portrait)
• Atomic resolution images of surfaces • 1986 Nobel Prize in physics Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Metal Tip
Sample Triple-Axis Computer- Controlled Piezoceramic I Robot
Metal Tip
V
Sample
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
4 Kelvin, Ultra High Vacuum, Scanning Tunneling Microscope
1 cm microscope
vacuum chamber Vacuum Chambers Electronics
Liquid Helium Dewar Computer
STM Welcome to the Nano Frontier A Change In Perspective
Xe on Ni (110)
On the nano frontier, an atom is a big thing Atom Manipulation Atom # 1: Xenon on Platinum
xenon atom
Path before defect
defect
after xenon atom
September 28, 1989 Atom Manipulation
TIP Atom Manipulation
TIP Atom Manipulation
TIP Imaging Mode Manipulation Mode
TIP TIP
SURFACE SURFACE Atom ManipulationManipulation Molecule Assembly Electron Standing Waves
Copper Quantum Corral Quantum Mirage Information Transport
Truth In Out In Out 0 0 1 1 Table
Topograph
Mirage Multi-Channel Information Transport
In Out In Out In Out In Out Truth L-R 0 0 L-R 1 1 L-R 0 0 L-R 1 1 Table U-D 0 0 U-D 0 0 U-D 1 1 U-D 1 1
Topograph
Mirage