FIRST World Festival Workshop

Don Eigler IBM Fellow IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, California

FIRST WORLD FESTIVAL: April 12, 2007 What Do We Mean By Nano ?

1 Nano = 1,000,000,000

1 One nanometer = meter 1,000,000,000

5 carbon atoms

1 nanometer What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?

Nanoscience – The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

Nanotechnology – The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.

“Nanoscience and : Opportunities and Uncertainties.” London: The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004. Nanotechnology: Why all the Excitement ?

Tremendous progress in understanding and creating nanometer-scale objects in the last 15 years

Age of exploration and discovery

The potential is staggering Three Types of Nanotechnology

Evolutionary Nanotechnology Historically larger technologies that have shrunk to the nanometer scale

Revolutionary Nanotechnology New nanometer-scale technologies

Natural Nanotechnology Naturally occurring functional nanometer-scale structures Evolutionary Nanotechnology

Semiconductor Technology has become a Nanometer-Scale Technology Evolutionary Nanotechnology

Nanoparticulates in sunscreens and cosmetics

Cosmetics have become a Nanometer-Scale Technology Revolutionary Nanotechnology

Carbon Nanotubes

Nanotube single electron transistor

Nanotube Transistor NOT Gate Revolutionary Nanotechnology

Millipede Data Storage System Revolutionary Nanotechnology

Millipede Data Storage System Natural Nanotechnology

Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria

Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University Natural Nanotechnology

Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria

Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University Some Social Aspects of Nanotechnology

NanoNano HysteriaHysteria Type 1 Nano Hysteria

Greed Driven “Irrational Exuberance”

Nanotechnology will “transform everything”

Nanotechnology is “The Next Big Thing” “FORBES/WOLFE Nanotech Weekly Insider” by Josh Wolfe

WhatWhat isis wrong:wrong: TheThe absenceabsence ofof criticalcritical thoughtthought Type 2 Nano Hysteria

Fear Driven “Irrational Paranoia”

The “Gray Goo” Scenario: Out of control self-replicating Nanobots

WhatWhat isis wrong:wrong: TheThe absenceabsence ofof criticalcritical thoughtthought The Benefits and Risks of Nanotech The Benefits of Nanotech: Cancer Therapy

Gold

Are biocompatible

silica core Small enough to pass through circulatory system

gold shell Easily attached to antibodies for specific cellular targeting

10-300 nm diameter Are strong absorbers of light in the near infrared, where light penetrates up to 7 cm into the human body

Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanoshell Cancer Therapy

• BALB/c mice innoculated with CT26.wt mouse colon carcinoma cells Near IR • Systemically delivered pegylated nanoshells via tail vein injection • 6 hrs post injection, tumors irradiated Diode Laser through skin with 4 W/cm2 810 nm diode laser for 3 min • Tumor surface temp. monitored • Tumor size monitored for 2 months

125.0 100% Laser + Nanoshells 90%

100.0 80% Laser + Nanoshells

) 70% 2

Laser, no Nanoshells g g

n 60% m i v

75.0 n i i v m Untreated Tumors r 50% ( v u i

s

v e

% 40% r z i 50.0 u s

S 30%

Laser, No Nanoshells r 89.2 %

o 20%

m Untreated 25.0 76.2 10% u

T 0% 20.0 18.2 22.0 0.0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 0.0 Day 0 Day 10 Days after tumor treatment

Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanofiber Regnerative Medicine

Neural Progenitor Nanofibers

REVERSAL OF PARALYSIS

Nanofiber-stimulated re-growth of severed neurons in laboratory tests

Courtesy of Samuel Stupp, Nortwestern University Mistaken Conclusions: An Example The Smallest Computer Circuit

Inputs Outputs But Carbon Monoxide is a Deadly Poison…. Therefore this is a Dangerous Technology !

C O3 = A + B + C

B O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A) Hmmm… Is that so? Lets think a little bit about A O1 = A * B * C this.

Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm

Made from 541 Carbon Monoxide Molecules Let’s Estimate the Danger

How much Carbon Monoxide would you need to build a computer ?

18 Carbon Monoxide molecules do the work of 1 Transistor

A modern computer processor has roughly 100 million Transistors

2 Billion Carbon Monoxide Molecules per computer

Hmmm…. How dangerous are 2 billion carbon monoxide molecules ? Let’s Estimate the Danger

How much CarbonHmmm…. Monoxide do I breathe every day ? Carbon Monoxide Nanocomputers don’t seem In the USA,so dangerous. the “Clean Air” limit for carbon monoxide is 9 molecules in 1 million

I breathe about 0.5 liters of air with each breath

I breathe 2 Billion Trillion molecules of carbon monoxide each day Nano can be Green Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide to make 1 trillion computers The world’s population is 6.4 billion

Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide molecules to provide each person on the planet with 160 computers The Green Side of Nanotech

Better Materials: Lighter Stronger Safer More durable More easily recycled

Reduced energy consumption

Reduced consumption of natural resources The Risk of Nanotech

The REAL Risk: Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluating the consequences

Example: The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known How Do We Know Something Is Safe?

II Should thinkreallyUnless there should be smooth ….is athink newthis world sailingthrough… out there The Dilemma of Columbus

It is virtually impossible to prove that something is absolutely safe

How shall we proceed in a world filled with risk? Do We Really Want To Advance Technology ?

My Opinion : Mankind derives extraordinary benefit from technology

•Technology integrates societies around the globe

•Technology makes people more inter-dependent on one another

•When societies depend upon one another, they are more likely to work towards achieving common goals and seek peaceful resolution to conflict.

•Technology is the most powerful weapon for creating a stable and peaceful world. How Shall We Make Wise Decisions About Nanotechnology ?

• Eliminate Fantasies • Understand Motivations • Honestly Assess Risks & Benefits Are There Monsters ? Of Course! Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

Gerd Binnig & Heini Rohrer

Silicon

1983 Not yet painted by a Dutch Master (but Rembrandt would certainly have loved to do their portrait)

• Atomic resolution images of surfaces • 1986 Nobel Prize in physics Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Metal Tip

Sample Triple-Axis Computer- Controlled Piezoceramic I Robot

Metal Tip

V

Sample

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

4 Kelvin, Ultra High Vacuum, Scanning Tunneling Microscope

1 cm microscope

vacuum chamber Vacuum Chambers Electronics

Liquid Helium Dewar Computer

STM Welcome to the Nano Frontier A Change In Perspective

Xe on Ni (110)

On the nano frontier, an atom is a big thing Atom Manipulation Atom # 1: Xenon on Platinum

xenon atom

Path before defect

defect

after xenon atom

September 28, 1989 Atom Manipulation

TIP Atom Manipulation

TIP Atom Manipulation

TIP Imaging Mode Manipulation Mode

TIP TIP

SURFACE SURFACE Atom ManipulationManipulation Molecule Assembly Electron Standing Waves

Copper Quantum Corral Quantum Mirage Information Transport

Truth In Out In Out 0 0 1 1 Table

Topograph

Mirage Multi-Channel Information Transport

In Out In Out In Out In Out Truth L-R 0 0 L-R 1 1 L-R 0 0 L-R 1 1 Table U-D 0 0 U-D 0 0 U-D 1 1 U-D 1 1

Topograph

Mirage