Photonic Crystals

Home , Calvin Quate, Christoph Gerber, Don Eigler, Nadrian Seeman

Velkommen

I Nanoskolen blir du kjent med nanomaterialer i form av partikler, tråder, filmer og faste materialer. Du lærer også om biologiske nanomaterialer og bruk i medisin, samt hvordan du kan få energi fra nanostrukturer. Timeplan

MANDAG TIRSDAG ONSDAG TORSDAG FREDAG Start 8:30: Mottak, Gruppe 1: Gruppe 2: Gruppe 1: Gruppe 2: Gruppe 1: Gruppe 2: ALLE: registrering, beskjeder (Berzelius) Lab 1: Forelesning: Lab 2: Forelesning: Lab 3: Forelesning: Programmerings 9.00 – 9.30 Velkommen, info Nanopartikler Nano med Overflater Solceller med Spesielle Bionano med -teori med 09:00- 9.30 – 10:30 Bli-kjent leker Ola Torunn & egenskaper Elina (Curie) Haakon 11:30 10:30 – 10:45 Pause + Solcelle (Berzelius) Lasse (Berzelius) 10:45 – 11:30 Labboka og + Solcelle + Solcelle Forelesning: intro til Nano Forelesning: Nano med Programmering Nano med Ola med Arduino Ola 11:30- Lunsj / Utelek Lunsj / Utelek Lunsj / Utelek Lunsj / Utelek Lunsj / Utelek 12:30 12:30-12:45 Felles gange til Gruppe 1: Gruppe 2: Gruppe 1: Gruppe 2: Gruppe 1: Gruppe 2: ALLE: Forskningsparken/MiNa 12:45-13:45 MiNa/FP (De Forelesning: Lab 1: Forelesning: Lab 2: Forelesning: Lab 3: Programmering deles inn i grupper på hvert Nano med Nanopartikler Solceller med Overflater Bionano med Spesielle med Arduino sted som får hver sin Ola Torunn & Elina (Curie) egenskaper 12:30- omvisning) (Berzelius) + Solcelle Lasse + Solcelle 15:00 13:45-14:00 Bytte sted: + Solcelle Avslutning og MiNa/FP Forelesning: evaluering. 14:00-15:00 FP/MiNa (De Nano med deles inn i grupper på hvert Ola sted som får hver sin omvisning) Hva er nano? Hvem er vi?

Ola Nilsen Ina Aune Grosås Ingvild Wiik Ingrid Marie Bergh Bakke Nicolai Hauffen Sindre Rannem Bilden Aleksander A Elstad Kristin Hubred Nygård Ketil Nagel Støren Hvem er dere? Hvor er vi? Hvor er vi? Hvor er vi? Sikkerhet! Hva kan skje? Forelesning..? må på do… blir syk… brannalarm, krise  lytt til lokal «sjef», møt på samlingsplass Lab..? kjemikalier, sprut  bruk labfrakk, briller, hansker ikke spis/drikk, klø i øyne… jobb kontrollert og rolig brann  vurder, varlse, slukk, evakuer…

hvor mange veiledere har vi per elev? Sikkerhet! Hva kan skje? Kommer og går…

navnelappen deres er «stemplingskortet» for uka kvitter ut når dere drar… kvitter inn når dere kommer…

vi må kunne nå dere!

dere må kunne nå oss! Labbok Hva er det? Hvorfor bruke labbok? Labbok Hva er det? Hvorfor bruke labbok? Fordi du må. Slik er reglene, og sånn er det… Labboka er UiO sin eiendel. Ikke din! (dersom du ikke går på Nanoskolen da…)

Du må levere den inn når du forlater UiO og den blir lagret ved UiO. Du kan ta kopier av boka som du kan ta med. Labbok Hva er det? Hvorfor bruke labbok? For å beskytte deg selv: • Kan vise hvilke kjemikalier du har vært eksponert for og hvor mye. • Kan brukes som grunnlag i patentering og fordeling av IPR • For å huske hva du har gjort. Gjør det MYE lettere å skrive artikler og avhandlinger senere. • Som hjelp til å finne originaldata. (skriv ned filnavn) • For å kunne repetere forsøk. • Kunne skryte av det på CVn. Labbok Hvordan bruke labbok? • Labboka skal være innbundet med nummererte sider som ikke skal rives ut. • Alt du noteres skal gjøres med blekk og dateres. • Du skal ikke slette noe i boka (klusse over, tippex, kutte ut, lime over…). Dersom det er noe du vil ha bort, så bruk en enkel rett strek for å vise dette. Det må fremdeles kunne leses. • Bruk ikke løse ark som mellomnotater for å føre inn senere. Labboka skal alltid brukes. Labbok • Skriv hva du planlegger å gjøre, og hvorfor. • Nytt forsøk: gjør en sikkerhetsrisiko: 1) Hva kan gå galt? 2) Hva kan gjøres for å forhindre det? 3) Hva kan en gjøre for å redusere konsekvensene? • Noter hva du gjør og hva du konkluderer • Print data/grafer/tabeller/figurer og tape/lim dem inn i boka. Ta med filnavn som referanse. • Noter hvilke kjemikalier du bruker, produkt, leverandør, batch, renhet. • Legg inn referanser til relevant litteratur. • Tegn eller bruk bilder av oppsettet og gjennomføring. • Noter feil du gjør… • Noter kontaktinfo til dem som hjelper deg… Hva er nano? How did it all start?

Aristotle Plato (384-322 BC) (427-347 BC) Dissagreed! And liked the concept of Lucretius earth, water, air and fire (96-55 BC) better. Democritus (460-370 BC) Lucretius liked the atomos Democritus philosophied over and wrote poems about that things was built of small them. unbreakable entities: atomos The Romans didn’t like it. ”Nothing comes from nothing” ex nihilo nihil fit The Christians didn’t like it. How did it all start? Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Boyle could prove the existence of atoms in terms of gass pressure.

Louis Proust (1754-1826) Proust proved that Pierre Gassendi matter consisted of Lucretius (1592-1655) definite proportions of other matter. (96-55 BC) Gassendi liked Lucretius’ poems and John Dalton spread the word, but (1766-1844) lacked the proof. Dalton proved the existence of atoms and definite chemical formula units. How did it all start?

4th C: The Lycurgus Cup (Rome) is an example of dichroic glass; colloidal gold and silver in the glass allow it to look opaque green when lit from outside but translucent red when light shines through the inside.

9th-17th C: Glowing, glittering “luster” ceramic Polychrome glazes used in the Islamic world, and later in Europe, lustreware bowl, contained silver or copper or other metallic 9th C, Iraq, British Museum nanoparticles.

6th-15th C: Vibrant stained glass windows in European cathedrals owed their rich colors to nanoparticles of gold chloride and other metal oxides and chlorides; gold nanoparticles also acted as photocatalytic air purifiers.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

13th-18th C: “Damascus” saber blades contained carbon nanotubes and cementite nanowires—an ultrahigh-carbon steel formulation that gave them strength, resilience, the ability to hold a keen edge, and a visible moiré pattern in the steel that give the blades their name.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

1857: Michael Faraday discovered colloidal “ruby” gold, demonstrating that nanostructured gold under certain lighting conditions produces different-colored solutions.

"Ruby" gold colloid

1936: Erwin Müller, working at Siemens Research Laboratory, invented the field emission microscope, allowing near-atomic-resolution images of materials.

1947: John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs discovered the semiconductor transistor and greatly expanded scientific knowledge of semiconductor interfaces, laying the foundation for electronic devices and the Information Age.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

1950: Victor La Mer and Robert Dinegar developed the theory and a process for growing monodisperse colloidal materials. Controlled ability to fabricate colloids enables myriad industrial uses such as specialized papers, paints, and thin films, even dialysis treatments.

1956: Arthur von Hippel at MIT introduced many concepts of—and coined the term—“molecular engineering” as applied to dielectrics, ferroelectrics, and piezoelectrics

1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments originated the concept of, designed, and built the first integrated circuit, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 2000.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

1959: Richard Feynman of the California Institute of Technology gave what is considered to be the first lecture on technology and engineering at the atomic scale, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech.

1965: Intel co-founder Gordon Moore described in Electronics magazine several trends he foresaw in the field of electronics. One trend now known as “Moore’s Law,” described the density of transistors on an integrated chip (IC) doubling every 12 months (later amended to every 2 years).

1974: Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology to describe precision machining of materials to within atomic-scale dimensional tolerances.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM’s Zurich lab invented the scanning tunneling microscope, STM, allowing scientists to "see" (create direct spatial images of) individual atoms for the first time. Binnig and Rohrer won the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1986.

1981: Russia’s Alexei Ekimov discovered nanocrystalline, semiconducting quantum dots in a glass matrix and conducted pioneering studies of their electronic and optical properties.

1985: Rice University researchers Harold Kroto, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley discovered

the Buckminsterfullerene (C60), more commonly known as the buckyball, which is a molecule resembling a soccerball in shape and composed entirely of carbon, as are graphite and diamond. The team was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in this discovery and that of the fullerene class of molecules more generally. http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

1985: Bell Labs’s Louis Brus discovered colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots), for which he shared the 2008 Kavli Prize in Nanotechnology.

1986: Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber invented the atomic force microscope, AFM, which has the capability to view, measure, and manipulate materials down to fractions of a nanometer in size, including measurement of various forces intrinsic to nanomaterials.

1989: Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer at IBM's Almaden Research Center manipulated 35 individual xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo. This demonstration of the ability to precisely manipulate atoms ushered in the applied use of nanotechnology.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

1991: Sumio Iijima of NEC is credited with discovering the carbon nanotube (CNT), although there were early observations of tubular carbon structures by others as well. Iijima shared the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience in 2008 for this advance and other advances in the field.

1999: Cornell University researchers Wilson Ho and Hyojune Lee probed secrets of chemical bonding by assembling a

molecule [iron carbonyl Fe(CO)2] from constituent components [iron (Fe) and carbon monoxide (CO)] with a scanning tunneling microscope.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

1999: Chad Mirkin at Northwestern University invented dip-pen nanolithography® (DPN®), leading to manufacturable, reproducible “writing” of electronic circuits as well as patterning of biomaterials for cell biology research, nanoencryption, and other applications.

2000: President Clinton launched the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) to coordinate Federal R&D efforts and promote U.S. competitiveness in nanotechnology.

2003: Naomi Halas, Jennifer West, Rebekah Drezek, and Renata Pasqualin at Rice University developed gold nanoshells, which when “tuned” in size to absorb near-infrared light, serve as a platform for the integrated discovery, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer without invasive biopsies, surgery, or systemically destructive radiation or chemotherapy. http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

2005: Erik Winfree and Paul Rothemund from the California Institute of Technology developed theories for DNA-based computation and “algorithmic self-assembly” in which computations are embedded in the process of nanocrystal growth.

2006: James Tour and colleagues at Rice University built a nanoscale car made of oligo(phenylene ethynylene) with

alkynyl axles and four spherical C60 fullerene (buckyball) wheels. In response to increases in temperature, the nanocar moved about on a gold surface as a result of the buckyball wheels turning, as in a conventional car. (At temperatures above 300°C it moved around too fast for the chemists to keep track of it!)

2007–: Angela Belcher and colleagues at MIT built a lithium- ion battery with a common type of virus that is nonharmful to humans, using a low-cost and environmentally benign process. The batteries have the same energy capacity and power performance as state-of-the-art rechargeable batteries being considered to power plug-in hybrid cars, and they could also be used to power personal electronic devices. http://www.nano.gov/timeline How did it all start?

2009–2010: Nadrian Seeman and colleagues at New York University created several DNA-like robotic nanoscale assembly devices. One is a process for creating 3D DNA structures using synthetic sequences of DNA crystals that can be programmed to self-assemble using “sticky ends” and placement in a set order and orientation.

2010: IBM used a silicon tip measuring only a few nanometers at its apex (similar to the tips used in atomic force microscopes) to chisel away material from a substrate to create a complete nanoscale 3D relief map of the world one-one-thousandth the size of a grain of salt—in 2 minutes and 23 seconds. This activity demonstrated a powerful patterning methodology for generating nanoscale patterns and structures as small as 15 nanometers at greatly reduced cost and complexity, opening up new prospects for fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and medicine.

http://www.nano.gov/timeline

1 nm = 0.000000001 m

~0.1 nm

1 s ~ 1 nm • Størrelse: 1-100 nm • Kontrollert atferd (syntese, analyse, modifisering) • Beskrive noe nytt? Nano-ord

Nanovitenskap Vitenskapen om objekter i området 1-100 nm i minst 1 dimensjon

Nanoteknologi Bruken av objekter i samme størrelsesområde med tanke på en praktisk applikasjon.

Nanobisniss Det å skape penger av noe lite

Edward L. Wolf ”Nanophysics and Nanotechnology”: ”all physics from the atom level up, including traditional quantum physics” How did it all start?

Knappenålshode

Encyclopedia Britannica Makro vs. Mikro Makro vs. Mikro Makro vs. Mikro Makro vs. Mikro vs. Nano? Virus – nanorobot? Virus – nanorobot? Bionano Nanopartikler – interferens i 3D

What is it?

Cloths with silver nanoparticels What is it?

Electrospunn nanofiber layers What is it? What is it? http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/search-products/ What is it? http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/search-products/ What is it? What is it? What is it? What is it? What is it? What is it?

http://www.tu.no/bygg/2011/02/10/tor-ikke-markedsfore-nano What? Nanoethics Is it safe? – Deborah Oughton

ELSA in nanotechnology

Ethical Legal Social Aspects Nanoethics Is it safe? – Deborah Oughton

ELSA in nanotechnology

Ethical Legal Social Aspects Is it safe?  from what perspective? 1. How will the military use nanotechnology? 2. How might pervasive, undetectable surveillance affect your privacy? 3. Might nanotechnology be used in acts of mass terror? 4. How do we safeguard workers from potentially dangerous fabrication processes? 5. How will our attempts to better our boddies with nanitechnology affect later generations and society as a whole? 6. Who will define what is ethical about nanotechnology? 7. Who will regulate nanotechnology? 8. Should we limit research in areas that could be dangerous even if this prevents beneficial technologies from being developed as well? 9. How will the benefits (financial, health, military, etc.) of nanotechnology be distributed among the worlds nations? 10. To what extent will the public be involved in decision making? Legislators? Scientists? Businesspeople? 11. Will nanotechnology reduce the need for human workers and cause unemployment? 12. How will intelectual property (patents) be handled? 13. Who will profit from nanotech innovations? Universities? Business? Individuals? Is it safe? 1959: Richard Feynman There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom Tools make smaller tools to make smaller tools…

Eric Drexler 1979: Expanded Feynman's vision of molecular manufacturing to protein function. 1981: First publication “Molecular manufacturing : An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation” 1986: Took the concept further to production of mechanical parts and robots in: “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. “ Robots which make robots… Is it safe?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0dYPnui3rM Is it safe?

Due to the ultimate size of the Au55 nucleus (1.4 nm), its nature is no longer metallic but follows quantum mechanical rules and behaves as a typical quantum dot (QD), even at room temperature. Its size has also shown to be more toxic than any other sizes of Au clusters. This is believed to be due to its interactions with DNA.

The STREM Chemiker, XXIV No.1 Is it safe?

Scaling?

Why does scale matter? Scaling?

Why does scale matter?

Who can jump highest? Scaling?

Why does scale matter? Length = L = D Surface  L*L = D2 Volume  L*L*L = D3 Back-of-the-envelope 2.1: How strong is the flea compared to the elephant?

Lets judge it by their strength/weigth rato: The strength of a mussle is roughly proportional to its cross section: D2 The weight is proportional to its volume: D3

Strength D2 1   Weight D3 D Scaling?

Why does scale matter?

The greatest weight lifter ever: 'The Pocket Hercules' Naem Suleymanoglu Scaling? Scaling? Scaling? The body is shrunk in a linear scale by 103 Scaling? The mass and weight is then reduced by 109 What about the bone structure?

Compressed solid materials may undergo a maximum tension, Tbr, before breaking. Submitted to their own weight mg, 3 2 Tension ∼ mg/S, where S is cross section. Hence Tension ∼ L /L = L.

For a given material Tbr is constant. When the dimensions increase, the diameter d of the supporting material must increase more to keep the tension constant: (T )d2 ∼ L3, or d ∼ L3/2. 1966: A diplomat is nearly br assassinated. In order to save In order to support a weight of 1/109 , the diameters of him, a submarine is shrunken to the bones can decrease by a factor of 109/2 = 3 × 104 microscopic size and injected into his blood stream with a small crew. Problems arise The legs can be thin tubes. almost as soon as they enter the bloodstream.

In the movie, the actors have human shape. But what is the optimal shape? The body is shrunk in a linear scale by 103 Scaling? The mass and weight is then reduced by 109 What about the feet? Adhesion? 3 Gravitational force is given by Fgr = mg, Fgr ∼ L . 3 2 The pressure exerted on the ground pgr = Fgr/S, and pgr ∼ L /L = L. At the microscopic level, adhesion forces dominate over gravitational ones and are mainly of Van derWaals type. The attractive force experienced by an infinite flat slab separated by a distance x from another infinite flat slab is given by 1966: A diplomat is nearly 3 Fvdw(x) = H/(6πx ) assassinated. In order to save where H is the so-called Hamaker constant depending on the nature of him, a submarine is shrunken to  −19  −20 microscopic size and injected the medium between the slabs. H 10 J in air and H 10 J in into his blood stream with a water. This relation is valid for x between around 2 and 10 nm. small crew. Problems arise F (x) varies like the contact area F (x) ∼ L2. almost as soon as they enter vdw vdw the bloodstream. 2 3 −1 This gives: Fvdw/Fgr ∼ L /L ∼ L In the movie, the actors i.e. the adhesion force dominates the gravitational force at low L. The have human shape. But critical value of L depend on x and on the medium between the two what is the optimal shape? solids. However, below ca. L = 1 mm, Fgr is much less than Fvdw.

Gravitation may be neglected small dimensions, both in the micro- and the nanoworlds. The body is shrunk in a linear scale by 103 Scaling? The mass and weight is then reduced by 109 What about the feet? Adhesion?

Gravitation may be neglected small dimensions, both in the micro- and the nanoworlds.

Therefore, if the relative dimensions of the feet were equal to ours, we would adhere to the ceiling as do insects. In order to move on the ground, the dimensions of the feet would have to be like small points. 1966: A diplomat is nearly assassinated. In order to save him, a submarine is shrunken to It is then obvious that this would lead to problems of stability. microscopic size and injected Therefore one concludes that, instead of walking on two legs, it would into his blood stream with a be more adequate to have (at least) four legs. small crew. Problems arise almost as soon as they enter the bloodstream.

In the movie, the actors have human shape. But what is the optimal shape? The body is shrunk in a linear scale by 103 Scaling? The mass and weight is then reduced by 109 What about the heat? Sweat?

The heat power dissipation depends on surface to volume ratio. S/W = L2/L3. In order to maintain our temperature, we would have to decrease the area of our body compared to its volume. We would become spheres!

In order to maintain a constant temperature, the quantity of food to be 1966: A diplomat is nearly eaten during a fixed period would be much larger than at our assassinated. In order to save him, a submarine is shrunken to dimensions. We would need to eat continuously. microscopic size and injected into his blood stream with a This is why small animals are not warm-blooded animals. small crew. Problems arise almost as soon as they enter the bloodstream.

In the movie, the actors have human shape. But what is the optimal shape? The body is shrunk in a linear scale by 103 Scaling? The mass and weight is then reduced by 109 What about our vision?

The angular resolution of the eye Dθ, is limited by the circular aperture of the eye Dθ ∼ L−1.

If the relative dimensions of the eye remain unchanged, Dθ would be such that the scene would occupy one ‘pixel’.

1966: A diplomat is nearly In order to see like us, our eye would have to look at light of assassinated. In order to save wavelength 10−3 times that of visible light (λ ∼ L), i.e. x-rays. Since it him, a submarine is shrunken to microscopic size and injected is known that the absorption length of x-rays in living matter is if into his blood stream with a the order of a few centimeters, while it is of the order of a few small crew. Problems arise micrometers for visible light, the thickness of the eye would need almost as soon as they enter to be larger than the length of the body! the bloodstream.

In the movie, the actors have human shape. But what is the optimal shape? Shrunken humans powering nanorobots are… impossible…? Scaling?

Resistance through a wire is inveresely proportional to its dimension: D 1 R   (A  D2 ) A D V Current becomes proportional to dimension for same potensial: I   D R Heat dissipated becomes proportional to dimension: W  RI 2  D

Back-of-the-envelope 2.4: Hot small chips?

The number of elements per unit area is proportional to characteristic dimension: elements elements 1   area D2 D2 Power dissipated per unit area of elements:

 elements  D 1 W      D2  D2 D Scaling?

Back-of-the-envelope 2.4: Hot small chips?

The number of elements per unit area is proportional to characteristic dimension: elements elements 1   area D2 D2 Power dissipated per unit area of elements:

 elements  D 1 W      D2  D2 D Hvorfor drukner de ikke?

 2V    p* r p e RTr  Melting points The melting point is also affected by particle size, but the dependency depends on the manner of transition. Three possible models:

 1  Tm  Tm,bulk 1   D  Melting points The melting point is also affected by particle size, but the dependency depends on the manner of transition. Three possible models:

 1  Tm  Tm,bulk 1   D 

Nanopartikler

Hva skjer når ting blir smått? Hvorfor er størrelsen viktig?

Når ting blir veldig små, må en veldig stor andel av atomene være på overflaten Hvorfor er størrelsen viktig? 1000 nm 15 nm 6.5 nm

0.1 % 8 % 19 %

49 %

2 nm Hvorfor er størrelsen viktig? Hvorfor er formen viktig?

Gull som katalysator

Gull er en god katalysator for konvertering av karbon monoksid (CO) to karbon dioksid (CO2), katalysator for fjerning av vond lukt, giftstoffer og til å rense avgasser fra bil.

Size of gold particles is more than 10 nm. The particles are almost spherical and the perimeter attached to the support (active sites) is short. Inactive as a Catalyst

Size of gold particles is less than 5 nm. The particles are almost hemispherical and the perimeter attached to the support (active sites) is long. Active as a Catalyst

Size of gold particles is less than 2 nm (number of atoms < 300). Catalytic activity is abruptly changed by the atom number and steric structure of particles. Catalytic selectivity is abruptly changed by the crystallographic form of supports. Clarification of the "Magic Effect" and Catalyst Designing Størrelsen bestemmer

Gull

Lycurgusbegeret, 4. årh. e.Kr. Størrelsen bestemmer Kjemiske reaksjoner Katalyse, fiksering av CO2 Katalyse, fiksering av CO2 Elektronbånd Atomer Molekyl Kluster Krystall

Sizes…

0 D: Particles

1 D: Lines/wires

2 D: Thin films

3 D: Bulk nanomaterials When is a material a nanoparticle? Where do you go from nano to bulk?

Heme = 75 atoms

When the size is comparable to the ean free path Magic numbers: Structural Lets consider metallic nanoparticles… Most metals crystallize in the fcc-structure:

Ag, Al, Au, Co, Cu, Pb, Pt,…, Ne, Ar, Kr, C60… Magic numbers: Structural We grow the particle layer by 1 in inner shell layer 12 in shell 2 Magic numbers: Structural We grow the particle layer by 1 in inner shell layer 12 in shell 2 42 in shell 3 Magic numbers: Structural We grow the particle layer by 1 in inner shell layer 12 in shell 2 42 in shell 3 92 in shell 4 Magic numbers: Structural 1 in inner shell 12 in shell 2 42 in shell 3 92 in shell 4 … 492 in shell 8

Eventually the particle consists of well defined stable surfaces. These give rise to additional stability of the particle. The alternative is a rough surface which easily reacts. Magic numbers: Structural Rare gas and molecules – Water clusters

Clusters can also be produced of rare gas or molecules. Hydrogen bonds can enable stronger bonds within large clusters. At ambient conditions 80% of water is bound in clusters. Rare gas and molecules – Water clusters Rare gas and molecules – Water clusters

A well defined cluster of water containing 1820 water molecules!

(H2O)1820 Elektronbånd Atomer Molekyl Kluster Krystall

s Synthesis of nanoparticles: Retrograde solubility

Semiconductor nanoparticles (1 - 20nm, quantum dots, Q particles) have a structural arrangement similar to bulk materials, but very different physical properties (optical, electrical).

116 Synthesis of nanoparticles: Retrograde solubility

117 Synthesis of nanoparticles: Retrograde solubility

TOPO: Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide TOP: Tri-n-octylphosphine •Se dissolved in TOP •Cold solution is injected into hot

CdMe2 in TOPO (300ºC) •Temperature drops to ca. 170ºC •Increase of temperature to higher temperature (below 300ºC) for a specified time

Kinetically controlled synthesis •Nucleation •Growth •Shape •Composition

118 Synthesis of nanoparticles: Retrograde solubility

a) Sketch of the free energy of formation of a cluster according to classical nucleation theory. b) Sketch of the solubility product [Cd][Se] as a function of temperature. Solid line: thermodynamic curve for the equilibrium between the monomers Cd-TOPO and Se-TOP and a macroscopic CdSe crystal. Dashed line: the solubility product for the equilibrium between the monomers and the critical nuclei (CdSe)c indicative of supersaturation. The points indicate: nucleation (1), cooling (1–2), and growth of the nuclei at two different temperatures (3 and 3’). Classical:

DG (<0) : Free energy associated with crystal formation g (>0):119 Surface energy Synthesis of nanoparticles: Retrograde solubility

DG (<0) : Free energy associated with crystal formation g (>0):120 Surface energy Sizes… 2 D: Thin films

• Optical properties • Applications • Growth modes • Self assembly • Synthesis • Analysis Interference colours in thin soap bubble films

The colours occur due to wave length dependent constructive and destructive interference. Optical properties Combination of multilayered structures of materials with different index of refraction give rise to new The first applications optical phenomena. of thin films was within optics. Viktigheten av en overflate Solkrem

Krystall Kluster Dekorasjon og beskyttelse

Dekorasjon Beskyttelse Superharde belegg

TiN

Ti1-xAlxN TiN

Ti1-xAlx N TiN

Substrat Selvrensende overflater Selvrensende overflater

Selvrensende

Antibakteriell Antiduggende Selvrensende effekt Lotuseffekten

Bonn University, Germany Gu et al

AEROXIDE LE1, Degussa

STO AG Wilhelm Barthlott Ohio State University. Lotuseffekten Self assembly – Epitaxial growth

Self assembly can be driven by its substrate. Epitaxial growth is such an example where the substrate guides the orientation, and also sometimes, the structure of the film growing on top.

Lattice mismatch:

af = lattice parameter for film as = lattice parameter for surbstrate Self assembly – Strain

Self assembly of multilayered materials in epitaxial growth is frequently used to controll the strain in the growing material. Or to ensure a good adhesion. Self assembly – nucleation

The growth on thin films on a perfect surface begins with nucleation of one 2D island. After nucleation, this island continues to grow by adding to its circumference.

Circumference 2r Volume  r 2h

Circumference

Bulk Self assembly – Growth modes

When a film grow on a substrate it obtains a new surface, and also two new interfaces. These interfaces cost some energy and will guide the mode of growth depending on the change in total energy.

Thermodynamic thin film growth modes. gfilm > gsubstrate (a)'Frank-van der Merwe' (layer or two-dimensional) growth

(b)'Volmer-Weber' (island or 3- dimensional) growth gfilm < gsubstrate

(c)'Stranski–Krastanov' (combined layer + island) growth. Development of strain

Optical micrographs showing the different morphology of TiN thin films, grown on Si(0 0 1) at different substrate temperatures. (a) Island growth at 650 °C, (b) layer growth at 600 °C.

Matthias Opel 2012 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 033001 Self assembly – Langmuir blodget The Langmuir blodget technique represents one method to use external force to provoke self assembly. The surfactants in the solution will arrange themselves internally in order to minimize internal pressure.

OH OH OH

OH HO3SO OH HO SiO OH 3 Self assembly – Langmuir blodget

The Langmuir-Blodgett technique is used to transfer Langmuir films to a substrate. Usually the substrate is lowered into the water and then withdrawn. The surface pressure is kept constant by moving the barrier. First withdrawal deposits a single layer with the hydrophilic heads towards the (hydrophilic) surface. Second immersion deposites layer number two, and the following withdrawal deposits the third layer. Phospholipid bi-layer in biological membranes

Structure very similar to the Langmuir-Blodgett films. LB films are used as model systems in membrane reasearch.

140 Self assembly – SAM layers

Self assembly can also occur on solid surfaces. A good assembly is obtained for higher concentrations and for lattice match with substrate. Karbon Karbonrør Heis til månen Kan fungere dersom en finner et materiale med tettheten til grafitt men med en styrke på 65 – 120 GPa!!

Stål = 1-5 GPa (men det er tungt) Kevlar = 2.6 – 4.1 GPa Kvarts = 20 GPa Karbon nanorør = teoretisk over 120 GPa!! Sizes…

0 D: Particles

1 D: Lines/wires

2 D: Thin films

3 D: Bulk nanomaterials Sizes… 3 D: Bulk nanomaterials

• Optical properties • Synthesis • Meachanical properties Photonic crystals Wiki: Photonic crystals are composed of periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric nanostructures that affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves (EM) in the same way as the periodic potential in a semiconductor crystal affects the electron motion by defining allowed and forbidden electronic energy bands.

Essentially, photonic crystals contain regularly repeating internal regions of high and low dielectric constant. Photonic crystals Both positive and negative structures behaves as photonic materials.

Even 2D structures on surfaces will have photonic properties. Photonic crystals Even selected butterflies may exploit the photonic properties in formation of colour. Photonic crystals Even selected butterflies may exploit the photonic properties in formation of colour. Photonic crystals

Liquid crystals which consists of long Schematic of alignment molecules or disc shaped in the smectic phases. molecules in a semi- The smectic A phase (left) has molecules ordered structure, may organized into layers. In also be regarded as the smectic C phase photonic material. (right), the molecules are tilted inside the layers. Metal particles in glass

Gold and silver salts were used in medieval times to color glass used in church wndows. For example, silver particles were used to stain glass yellow, while gold particles were used to stain glass red.

Lycurguscup, 4 cent ac. Fracture mechanics

Ideal fracture in a metal: Fracture mechanics

Real fracture in a metal:

 Fracture mechanics

Stress intensification at tip of crack. Bulk nanosynthesis

Plastic deformation through movement of dislocations.

Buildup of dislocations at the grain boundaries. These prevent further movement/deformation.

Earlier blockage for smaller grains. Hall-Petch

y = yield strength 0 = frictional stress K = constant d = particle diameter

Stronger material for smaller grains – up to a limit. Mechanical properties of Cu The Hall-Petch relation is also seen in metal working – such as hammering of a kettle from a lump of metal.

Work hardening Super Bainite

Bainite

Some six tonnes of an alloy which represents the first bulk nanostructured metal has been produced. – Cambridge University Sea shell Mulig kjemi

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac iPod – nano? Flashminne Lesehodet til harddisk Lesehodet til harddisk Lesehodet til harddisk Lesehode: Slider = 1.25 mm Hastighet = 15000 rpm Høyde = 100 Å Overføring = 900 Mbps

MIG25: Lengde = 21 m Hastighet = 1.172.640 m/s (mach 3540) Høyde = 0.17 mm Teller antall gresstrå Energi

Med nanoteknologi kan du få energi fra…

Sol celler Syltetøy Batterier Dye sensitized cells

SONY Dye sensitized cells Fordeler? Dagens effektivitet er 5-10% Morgensdagens effektivitet = ?

Fleksible, enkle å produsere, billige (?), kan brukes ved lav lysintensitet. Oppdagere, før

Christopher Columbus Vasco da Gama

Marco Polo Francis Drake Oppdagere, før Når teknologien var moden...

Orwille Wright

Wilbur Wright Når teknologien var moden...

Orwille Wright

Wilbur Wright Når jorden ble for liten... Før og nå

KJEMI, FYSIKK, BIOLOGI

KJEMI FYSIKK BIOLOGI

KJEMI, FYSIKK, BIOLOGI Vi trenger DEG! Nano ? Analysis: SEM / TEM Analysis: SEM / TEM Analysis: SEM / TEM Analysis: TEM Analysis: SEM Analysis: AFM Analysis: AFM / STM Analysis: STM 3 modes of STM imaging

Imaging is achieved by scanning the tip over the surface while: -Maintaining a constant current and logging the heigth -Maintaining a constant heigth and logging tunnelling current 3 modes of STM spectroscopy

The density of states of the material can be explored by changing potensial and logging current. Jups in current reflects filling of new orbitals/bands in the structure. 3 modes of STM manipulation

Manipulation

* Building small units * Etching patterns Fe on Cu(111) Scanning tunelling microscope (STM) gallery