Representation in Scientific Practice Revisited Inside Technology Edited by Wiebe E
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30 Years of Moving Individual Atoms
FEATURES 30 YEARS OF MOVING INDIVIDUAL ATOMS 1 2 l Christopher Lutz and Leo Gross – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epn/2020205 l 1 IBM Research – Almaden, San Jose, California, USA l 2 IBM Research – Zurich,¨ 8803 Ruschlikon,¨ Switzerland In the thirty years since atoms were first positioned individually, the atom-moving capability of scanning probe microscopes has grown to employ a wide variety of atoms and small molecules, yielding custom nanostructures that show unique electronic, magnetic and chemical properties. his year marks the thirtieth anniversary of the publication by IBM researchers Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer showing that individ- Tual atoms can be positioned precisely into chosen patterns [1]. Tapping the keyboard of a personal computer for 22 continuous hours, they controlled the movement of a sharp tungsten needle to pull 35 individ- ual xenon atoms into place on a surface to spell the letters “IBM” (Figure 1). Eigler and Schweitzer’s demonstration set in motion the use of a newly invented tool, called the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), as the workhorse for nanoscience research. But this achievement did even more than that: it changed the way we think of atoms. m FIG. 2: The STM that Don Eigler and coworkers used to position atoms. The It led us to view them as building blocks that can be tip is seen touching its reflection in the sample’s surface. (Credit: IBM) arranged the way we choose, no longer being limited by the feeling that atoms are inaccessibly small. with just one electron or atom or (small) molecule. FIG. -
Future Perspective of Electric Bicycles in Sustainable Mobility in China By
Future Perspective of Electric Bicycles in Sustainable Mobility in China by Xiao Lin A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Cardiff University Logistics and Operations Management Section of Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University July 2016 “Before we can even ask how things might go wrong, we must first explain how they could ever go right.” – F. A. Hayek 1 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ……… ………………………………………. (candidate) Date ………05/09/2016………………… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ……………PhD……………(insert MCh, Md, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed ……… ………………………………………. (candidate) Date ………05/09/2016………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. Signed ……… ……………………………………. (candidate) Date ………05/09/2016………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ……… ……………………………………. (candidate) Date ………05/09/2016………………… I Abstract The thesis seeks to analyse the electric bicycle (e-bike) transition phenomenon in China by applying the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) Transition Theory and Multi-scalar -
Small Wonders, Endless Frontiers
Small Wonders, Endless Frontiers A Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative Committee for the Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CTS- 0096624. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in it are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08454-7 Additional copies of this report are available from: National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418 Internet, <http://www.nap.edu> Copyright 2002 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Front cover: Three-dimensional scanning tunneling microscope image of a man-made lattice of cobalt atoms on a copper (111) surface. Courtesy of Don Eigler, IBM Almaden Research Center. Back cover: A nanoscale motor created by attaching a synthetic rotor to an ATP synthase. Reprinted with permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from Soong et al., Science 290, 1555 (2000). © 2000 by AAAS. -
ABSTRACT MARTIN, KELLY NORRIS. Visual
ABSTRACT MARTIN, KELLY NORRIS. Visual Research: Introducing a Schema for Methodologies and Contexts. (Under the direction of Victoria J. Gallagher.) Studying the visual has become tremendously important to many disciplines because images express a range of human experience sometimes ambiguously articulated in verbal discourse, namely, “spatially oriented, nonlinear, multidimensional, and dynamic” human experiences (Foss, 2005, p. 143). In fact, the power of the image to plainly communicate occurs not “in spite of language’s absence but also frequently because of language’s absence” (Ott & Dickinson, 2009, p. 392). Presently, the challenge for visual research is that scholars investigate images from varied disciplines with separate and distinctive methods with little discussion or exchange across fields. Furthermore, more disciplines are requiring students to take courses in visual communication and more professors are being hired to teach those courses. However, these visual communication professors have nowhere to go (in the United States) in order to become prepared to teach and conduct research in visual communication. They enroll in programs in journalism and mass communication, linguistics, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and so on. Then, they either adapt what they learn from these fields to the field of visual communication or they teach themselves about the methods, theories, and literature of visual communication. This project focused on comparing and contrasting the strengths and limitations of various visual research -
How Are Radical Innovations Developed? an Analytical Framework to Examine Radical Innovations Based on the Values of Cohesion Approach
Paper to be presented at the DRUID 2012 on June 19 to June 21 at CBS, Copenhagen, Denmark, How are radical innovations developed? An analytical framework to examine radical innovations based on the Values of Cohesion approach. LUCIA HELENA H. T. VIEGAS Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - FINEP The Brazilian Agency of Innovation [email protected] JOSÉ VITOR BOMTEMPO Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Escola de Química, Área de Gestão e Inovação Tecnológi [email protected] Abstract Our research proposes an analytical framework to examine radical innovations in the Kuhnian sense, based on the comprehension of the values of cohesion of a paradigm. We define radical innovation as the resultant of both a mode of production as a systemic conformation, and an institutional mode. Our research complements existing systemic studies on radical innovations, but under a different vision. Our approach takes into account the structural dimension that maintains a paradigm cohesive. The proposed framework is grounded on the structuralist approach, typical of studies of Human/Social Sciences (e.g., the works of Cl. Lévi-Strauss, F. de Saussure, W. Dilthey). This perspective enables the study of those factors that are manifested as a virtuality: as a belief, an ideological symbol, a cultural value, etc. Our framework was conceived to capture the virtualities, which express the conditions for the development of radical innovations. The proposed analytical framework based on values of cohesion - VCF is constituted of three analytical dimensions: the wheel of relationships, the force of cohesion, and the steps of transmission. The proposed VCF was validated to examine the potential for radical innovation in the change of raw materials sources for the Brazilian chemical industry, from fossils to renewables. -
Dr Don Eigler Hon Dsc
Dr Don Eigler Hon DSc Oration by Professor Chris McConville Department of Physics Dr Don Eigler Hon DSc I am personally delighted that today’s honorary graduate is being given to study non-interacting inert gas atoms such as xenon on a metal surface. this award. Dr Don Eigler is quite literally a giant in the “Small World” of However, he observed that even at these low temperatures the Xe atoms Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and he is universally acknowledged as would still change positions on the surface due to the forces exerted on the first person ever to move and control a single atom. them by the tip of the microscope. He concluded that if these forces could be controlled, he should be able to move the atoms deliberately. Nanotechnology impacts on all our lives, from the ever-present smartphone to medical and environmental applications, but its origins On 10th November 1989 he arranged 35 xenon atoms on a nickel surface can be said to have begun in December 1959 with a lecture by the to spell out ‘I.B.M.’ As he said in his log book this was “the first ever visionary – and often controversial – physicist, Richard Feynman, entitled construction of a patterned array of atoms”. That now famous image not There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom. In it Feynman speculated that, “The only appeared on the front cover of Nature, but when the news broke in an principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility IBM press release, on the front page of most broadsheet newspapers in of maneuvering things atom by atom, arranging them the way we want the western world. -
1997 Getting Technologies Together Introd.Pdf
1 INTRODUCTION Cornelis Disco and Barend van der Meulen In 1970 the United States Atomic Energy Commission announced a plan to bury long-term radioactive waste in the salt mines of Lyons, Kansas. Ten years of careful investigation had demonstrated the safety of salt mine disposal and the suitability of Lyons as a trial site. Public acceptance seemed a matter of course. However, efforts to implement the plan aroused a major public outcry. A well- researched and presumptively routine technology became a practical impossibility. What had gone wrong? Since its founding shortly after World War II, the Atomic Energy Commission had done its best to monopolize decision-making on nuclear waste disposal. Accordingly it had worked out a highly ‘bureaucratic’ and ‘technological’ solution for radwaste disposal which excluded other organizations and groups. Against the background of this legacy, Lyons was a bridge too far. The Atomic Energy Commissions actions there produced a vocal opposition composed of both old and new opponents. Lacking allies, the Atomic Energy Commission was forced to recall its carefully constructed plans (De la Bruhèze). In 1985 the famous cruise ship Queen Elizabeth II was renovated. Among other things the owners were interested in upgrading the efficiency of the propeller system. An entirely new type of propeller system was proudly presented at conferences as an example of the manufacturer’s capabilities. However, at the sea trials of the renovated Queen Elizabeth II the propeller blades broke off. Two years later, the manufacturer was able to market a similar propeller system only after assuring the public that the entire design process had been overhauled. -
The Age of Knowledge Studies in Critical Social Sciences
The Age of Knowledge Studies in Critical Social Sciences Series Editor David Fasenfest Wayne State University Editorial Board Chris Chase-Dunn, University of California-Riverside G. William Domhoff, University of California-Santa Cruz Colette Fagan, Manchester University Matha Gimenez, University of Colorado, Boulder Heidi Gottfried, Wayne State University Karin Gottschall, University of Bremen Bob Jessop, Lancaster University Rhonda Levine, Colgate University Jacqueline O’Reilly, University of Brighton Mary Romero, Arizona State University Chizuko Ueno, University of Tokyo VOLUME 37 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/scss The Age of Knowledge The Dynamics of Universities, Knowledge and Society Edited by James Dzisah Henry Etzkowitz LEIDEN • BOSTON LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: 1978 Triple Helix. © Henry Etzkowitz This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The age of knowledge : the dynamics of universities, knowledge & society / edited by James Dzisah, Henry Etzkowitz. p. cm. -- (Studies in critical social sciences ; v. 37) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21102-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Universities and colleges--Social aspects. 2. Education, Higher--Social aspects. 3. Knowledge, Sociology of. I. Dzisah, James. II. Etzkowitz, Henry, 1940- LB2324.A34 2011 378.01--dc23 2011029425 ISSN 1573-4234 ISBN 978 90 04 21102 5 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. -
THOMAS J. MISA Program in History of Science, Technology & Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 Tmisa [
THOMAS J. MISA Program in History of Science, Technology & Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 tmisa [at] umn.edu tjmisa.com twitter: @tjmisa8 Education University of Pennsylvania. Ph.D. in History and Sociology of Science, 1987. Dissertation: “Science, Technology, and Industrial Structure: Steelmaking in America, 1870-1925.” Dissertation advisor Thomas P. Hughes. M.A., 1983. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. S.B. in Applied Biology, 1981; minor in STS. Awards, Fellowships and Grants Listed in Directory of American Scholars; Contemporary Authors; Who’s Who in America; Writers Directory. Department of Energy/Los Alamos National Laboratory. Collaborative Research Project: High Performance Computing (HPC) at Los Alamos, 2014-19. University of Illinois Program for Research in the Humanities. “Collaborative Innovation and the Global Midwest: Inter-disciplinary Design and Envisioning Prairie Futures.” 2015-17 [consortium with Illinois and Purdue] Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. “Tripling Women’s Participation in Computing (1965-1985)” 2014-16. National Science Foundation. “Technology and Modernity” 1999-2000. “Technology and the Making of 20th Century Europe” 2002-6. “Research Methods for Contemporary History of Computing” 2007-8. “Designing and Using FastLane: Lessons for Cyberinfrastructures” 2008-12. “Building an Infrastructure for Computer Security History” 2011-15. Society for the History of Technology. Dexter Prize, 1997. <www.jstor.org/stable/1215899> IEEE Life Members Prize in Electrical History, 1987. <www.jstor.org/stable/3105281> Illinois Institute of Technology. Bauer Family Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award, 1993. Lewis College Faculty Teaching Award, 1993. ERIF awards 1988, 1990-91, 1993-94. Hagley Museum and Library. Center for the History of Business, Technology and Society. -
Electronic Transport in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, and Their Application As Scanning Probe Microscopy Tips
Electronic Transport in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, and their Application as Scanning Probe Microscopy tips by Neil Richard Wilson Thesis Submitted to the University of Warwick for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Physics April 2004 ii Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Acknowledgments xiv Declarations xvi Abstract xviii Abbreviations xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes ........... 3 History .............................. 4 Structure and mechanical properties .............. 6 Electronic properties of SWNT ................. 9 Why study SWNT devices: the Physics and the Funding . 17 1.2 Introduction to Atomic Force Microscopy . 20 Dynamic or 'Tapping' mode AFM . 24 Dynamic lateral force mode or 'Torsional Resonance' mode . 30 Electric Force Microscopy .................... 33 iii Tips and Cantilevers ....................... 36 Multimode and Dimension AFM's . 39 1.3 Outline of thesis ............................. 41 Chapter 2 SWNT growth and devices 42 2.1 SWNT growth .............................. 42 2.1.1 Experimental setup and results . 44 2.1.2 Characterisation ......................... 53 AFM and SCM .......................... 53 Electron Microscopy ....................... 55 micro-Raman spectroscopy ................... 59 2.2 SWNT devices .............................. 62 Lithography ............................ 63 Device Fabrication ........................ 66 2.2.1 Room Temperature Electronic Transport Characteristics . 68 2.3 Conclusions and future work ...................... 75 Chapter 3 EFM and SGM of carbon nanotube devices 77 3.1 Experimental setup for EFM and SGM . 79 3.2 Manipulation of SWNT devices, and characterisation by SGM . 82 3.3 SSPM of SWNT devices ......................... 89 3.3.1 Current saturation in mSWNT devices . 90 3.3.2 Hysteresis in the transconductance of SWNT devices . 97 3.4 Conclusions and future work . 101 Chapter 4 SWNT as AFM probes 103 4.1 Fabrication of SWNT-AFM tips . -
Sustainable Development for The
“When I look at astronauts … buzzing around SPECIAL “[Space debris] models don’t scaffolding … I want to know who provided 2018 GALA INSERT predict the future, they ... predict the the worker’s comp.” p7 Celebrate the Extraordinary! most likely future.” p14 THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF CIENCES SMAGAZINE • FALL 2018 BEYOND 2030: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE A look at the sustainability challenges of future human space exploration WWW.NYAS.ORG BOARD OF GOVERNORS CHAIR SECRETARY Beth Jacobs, Managing Lowell Robinson,a highly INTERNATIONAL Paul Stoffels, Vice Chair of Paul Horn, Former Senior Larry Smith, The New York Partner of Excellentia regarded executive with BOARD OF GOVERNORS the Executive Committee Vice Provost for Research, Academy of Sciences Global Partners thirty years of senior global Seth F. Berkley, Chief and Chief Scientific Officer, New York University strategic, financial, M&A, Executive Officer, The Johnson & Johnson GOVERNORS John E. Kelly III, SVP, Senior Vice Dean for operational, turnaround and Global Alliance for Vaccines Ellen de Brabander, Senior Solutions Portfolio and CHAIRS EMERITI Strategic Initiatives and governance experience at and Immunization Vice President Research Research, IBM John E. Sexton, Former Entrepreneurship, NYU both Fortune 100 consumer and Development Global Seema Kumar, Vice Stefan Catsicas, Chief Tech- President, New York Polytechnic School of products retail and diversi- Functions, Governance & President of Innovation, nology Officer Nestlé S.A. University Engineering fied financial services Compliance, PepsiCo Global Health and Science Gerald Chan, Co-Founder, Torsten N. Wiesel, Kathe Sackler, Founder VICE-CHAIR Jacqueline Corbelli, Policy Communication for Morningside Group Nobel Laureate & former and President, The Acorn Thomas Pompidou, Chairman, CEO and Johnson & Johnson Alice P. -
An Overview of the State of Chinese Nanoscience and Technology
SMALL SCIENCE IN BIG CHINA An overview of the state of Chinese nanoscience and technology. Conducted in collaboration between Springer Nature, the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, and the National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Ed Gerstner The National Center for Nanoscience and Springer Nature, China Minghua Liu Technology, China National Center for The National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China (NCNST) was established in December 2003 by the Nanoscience and Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) and the Ministry of Education as an institution dedicated to fundamental and Technology, China applied research in the field of nanoscience and technology, especially those with important potential applications. Xiangyang Huang NCNST is operated under the supervision of the Governing Board and aims to become a world-class research National Science Library, centre, as well as public technological platform and young talents training centre in the field, and to act as an Chinese Academy of important bridge for international academic exchange and collaboration. Sciences The NCNST currently has three CAS Key Laboratories: the CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Yingying Zhou Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, the CAS Key Laboratory for Standardization & Measurement for Nanotechnology, Nature Research, Springer and the CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication. Besides, there is a division of Nature, China nanotechnology development, which is responsible for managing the opening and sharing of up-to-date instruments and equipment on the platform. The NCNST has also co-founded 19 collaborative laboratories with Zhiyong Tang Tsinghua University, Peking University, and CAS. National Center for The NCNST has doctoral and postdoctoral education programs in condensed matter physics, physical Nanoscience and chemistry, materials science, and nanoscience and technology.