FIRST World Festival Nanotechnology Workshop Don Eigler IBM Fellow IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, California FIRST WORLD FESTIVAL: April 12, 2007 What Do We Mean By Nano ? 1 Nano = 1,000,000,000 1 One nanometer = meter 1,000,000,000 5 carbon atoms 1 nanometer What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology? Nanoscience – The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. Nanotechnology – The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale. “Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties.” London: The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004. Nanotechnology: Why all the Excitement ? Tremendous progress in understanding and creating nanometer-scale objects in the last 15 years Age of exploration and discovery The potential is staggering Three Types of Nanotechnology Evolutionary Nanotechnology Historically larger technologies that have shrunk to the nanometer scale Revolutionary Nanotechnology New nanometer-scale technologies Natural Nanotechnology Naturally occurring functional nanometer-scale structures Evolutionary Nanotechnology Semiconductor Technology has become a Nanometer-Scale Technology Evolutionary Nanotechnology Nanoparticulates in sunscreens and cosmetics Cosmetics have become a Nanometer-Scale Technology Revolutionary Nanotechnology Carbon Nanotubes Nanotube single electron transistor Nanotube Transistor NOT Gate Revolutionary Nanotechnology Millipede Data Storage System Revolutionary Nanotechnology Millipede Data Storage System Natural Nanotechnology Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University Natural Nanotechnology Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University Some Social Aspects of Nanotechnology NanoNano HysteriaHysteria Type 1 Nano Hysteria Greed Driven “Irrational Exuberance” Nanotechnology will “transform everything” Nanotechnology is “The Next Big Thing” “FORBES/WOLFE Nanotech Weekly Insider” by Josh Wolfe WhatWhat isis wrong:wrong: TheThe absenceabsence ofof criticalcritical thoughtthought Type 2 Nano Hysteria Fear Driven “Irrational Paranoia” The “Gray Goo” Scenario: Out of control self-replicating Nanobots WhatWhat isis wrong:wrong: TheThe absenceabsence ofof criticalcritical thoughtthought The Benefits and Risks of Nanotech The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanoshell Cancer Therapy Gold Nanoshells Are biocompatible silica core Small enough to pass through circulatory system gold shell Easily attached to antibodies for specific cellular targeting 10-300 nm diameter Are strong absorbers of light in the near infrared, where light penetrates up to 7 cm into the human body Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanoshell Cancer Therapy • BALB/c mice innoculated with CT26.wt mouse colon carcinoma cells Near IR • Systemically delivered pegylated nanoshells via tail vein injection • 6 hrs post injection, tumors irradiated Diode Laser through skin with 4 W/cm2 810 nm diode laser for 3 min • Tumor surface temp. monitored • Tumor size monitored for 2 months 125.0 100% Laser + Nanoshells 90% 100.0 80% Laser + Nanoshells ) 70% 2 Laser, no Nanoshells g g n 60% m i v 75.0 n i i v m Untreated Tumors r 50% ( v u i s v e % 40% r z i 50.0 u s S 30% Laser, No Nanoshells r 89.2 % o 20% m Untreated 25.0 76.2 10% u T 0% 20.0 18.2 22.0 0.0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 0.0 Day 0 Day 10 Days after tumor treatment Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University The Benefits of Nanotech: Nanofiber Regnerative Medicine Neural Progenitor Nanofibers REVERSAL OF PARALYSIS Nanofiber-stimulated re-growth of severed neurons in laboratory tests Courtesy of Samuel Stupp, Nortwestern University Mistaken Conclusions: An Example The Smallest Computer Circuit Inputs Outputs But Carbon Monoxide is a Deadly Poison…. Therefore this is a Dangerous Technology ! C O3 = A + B + C B O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A) Hmmm… Is that so? Lets think a little bit about A O1 = A * B * C this. Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm Made from 541 Carbon Monoxide Molecules Let’s Estimate the Danger How much Carbon Monoxide would you need to build a computer ? 18 Carbon Monoxide molecules do the work of 1 Transistor A modern computer processor has roughly 100 million Transistors 2 Billion Carbon Monoxide Molecules per computer Hmmm…. How dangerous are 2 billion carbon monoxide molecules ? Let’s Estimate the Danger How much CarbonHmmm…. Monoxide do I breathe every day ? Carbon Monoxide Nanocomputers don’t seem In the USA,so dangerous. the “Clean Air” limit for carbon monoxide is 9 molecules in 1 million I breathe about 0.5 liters of air with each breath I breathe 2 Billion Trillion molecules of carbon monoxide each day Nano can be Green Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide to make 1 trillion computers The world’s population is 6.4 billion Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide molecules to provide each person on the planet with 160 computers The Green Side of Nanotech Better Materials: Lighter Stronger Safer More durable More easily recycled Reduced energy consumption Reduced consumption of natural resources The Risk of Nanotech The REAL Risk: Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluating the consequences Example: The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known How Do We Know Something Is Safe? II Should thinkreallyUnless there should be smooth ….is athink newthis world sailingthrough… out there The Dilemma of Columbus It is virtually impossible to prove that something is absolutely safe How shall we proceed in a world filled with risk? Do We Really Want To Advance Technology ? My Opinion : Mankind derives extraordinary benefit from technology •Technology integrates societies around the globe •Technology makes people more inter-dependent on one another •When societies depend upon one another, they are more likely to work towards achieving common goals and seek peaceful resolution to conflict. •Technology is the most powerful weapon for creating a stable and peaceful world. How Shall We Make Wise Decisions About Nanotechnology ? • Eliminate Fantasies • Understand Motivations • Honestly Assess Risks & Benefits Are There Monsters ? Of Course! Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Gerd Binnig & Heini Rohrer Silicon 1983 Not yet painted by a Dutch Master (but Rembrandt would certainly have loved to do their portrait) • Atomic resolution images of surfaces • 1986 Nobel Prize in physics Scanning Tunneling Microscope Metal Tip Sample Triple-Axis Computer- Controlled Piezoceramic I Robot Metal Tip V Sample Scanning Tunneling Microscope 4 Kelvin, Ultra High Vacuum, Scanning Tunneling Microscope 1 cm microscope vacuum chamber Vacuum Chambers Electronics Liquid Helium Dewar Computer STM Welcome to the Nano Frontier A Change In Perspective Xe on Ni (110) On the nano frontier, an atom is a big thing Atom Manipulation Atom # 1: Xenon on Platinum xenon atom Path before defect defect after xenon atom September 28, 1989 Atom Manipulation TIP Atom Manipulation TIP Atom Manipulation TIP Imaging Mode Manipulation Mode TIP TIP SURFACE SURFACE Atom ManipulationManipulation Molecule Assembly Electron Standing Waves Copper Quantum Corral Quantum Mirage Information Transport Truth In Out In Out 0 0 1 1 Table Topograph Mirage Multi-Channel Information Transport In Out In Out In Out In Out Truth L-R 0 0 L-R 1 1 L-R 0 0 L-R 1 1 Table U-D 0 0 U-D 0 0 U-D 1 1 U-D 1 1 Topograph Mirage.