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University of Edinburgh 1986 A eoomi bnent To C<mpaign: a sociological study of C.N.D. John Mattausch Ph.D. university of Edinburgh 1986 Declaration This thesis has been composed by myself and the research on which it is based was my own work. ul~ 1 V E1t~lTY OF EDINBURGH ABSTRACT OF THESIS (Regulation 7.9) John Mattausch Name a/Candidate .............................................................................................................................................................. .. 8 Savile Terrace, Edinburgh Address ................................................................................................................................................................................ .. ph.D. June 1986 Degree ....................................................................................................... Date ................................................................ To Title. a/ThesIs. .......................................................................................................................................................................A Corrmi trnent Ccmpaign: a sociological study of C.N.D. Na. a/wards in the main text a/Thesis .... 8.a*'125 ............................................................................................................... In this sociological study of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, I seek to explain how social factors influence the form which disarmament protesting takes and how they also determine the Campaign's socially unrepresentative basis of support. Following the phi losophica 1 recommendations of the 'later' Wi ttgenstein, I approach the Campaign as a composi te of only partially compatible practices and ideologies which share a 'family resemblance' rather than an essential, uniform similarity. The original research component of the study is comprised of a series of tape-recorded, semi-structured interviews with both activists and lay members randomly selected from two CND groups in two contrasting towns: one in SCotland and one in the South of England. In the analyses of these interviews, I show that the respondents' commitment to campaign has been engendered within, and is only fully intelligble by examining, specific social contexts. I argue that one particular component of the campaign, the contribution of welfare state employees, is especially important and pronounced and I show that the education, training and occupational location of such Campaigners is the heuristical key for understanding and analysing their distincti ve style of protesting and for explaining th-ei r preponderance in the CampaigITs social basis of support. I argue that rather than their social class, it is these respondents' relation to the state which accounts for their attraction to CND. Declaration This thesis has been composed by myself and the research on which it is based was my own work. Acknowledgements This study would have been impossible without the kind cooperation I received from the members of New Town and Scots Ci ty CNDs. My supervisors, Dr. Donald Mackenzie and Mr. Frank Bechhofer, have both given me generous and valuable advice and encouragement for which I am most grateful: in particular, I would like to thank them for their prompt and constructive help in the final stages of writing this thesis. I am indebted to all my friends and colleagues at Edinburgh University and to my sister, Edith Mattausch for her unstinting help in proof-reading the thesis. The love and support of my parents has been invaluable, as has the love and patience shown by Dipti pandya. Dedication For the memory of C. U 1~ 1 v ~1t~lTY OF EDINBURGH ABSTRACT OF THESIS (Regulation 7.9) John Mattausch Name of Candidate .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Savile Terrace, Edinburgh Address ................................................................................................................................................................................ ph.D. June 1986 Degree ....................................................................................................... Date ............................................................... To Title. of ThesIs. ......................................................................................................................................................................A Corrmitment Canpaign: a sociological study of C.N.D. No. of words in the main text of Thesis .... 8.0.#0125 ............................................................................................................. In this sociological study of the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, I seek to explain how social factors influence the form which disarmament protesting takes and how they also determine the Campaign's socially unrepresentative basis of support. Following the phi losophical recommendations of the 'later' Wi ttgenstein, I approach the Campaign as a composi te of only partially compatible practices and ideologies which share a 'family resemblance' rather than an essential, uniform similarity. The original research component of the study is comprised of a series of tape-recorded, semi-structured interviews with both activists and lay members randomly selected from two CND groups in two contrasting towns: one in Scotland and one in the South of England. In the analyses of these interviews, I show that the respondents' commitment to campaign has been engendered within, and is only fully intelligble by examining, specific social contexts. I argue that one particular component of the Campaign, the contribution of welfare state employees, is especially important and pronounced and I show that the education, training and occupational location of such Campaigners is the heuristical key for understanding and analysing their distinctive style of protesting and for explaining their preponderance in the Campaign's social basis of support. I argue that rather than their social class, it is these respondents' relation to the state which accounts for their attraction to CND. Contents Chapter One Middle Class Radicals? ----------------- p 1 Chapter Two Theory and Method p 32 Chapter Three The Teachers' Commitment ________________ p 53 Chapter Four The Commitment of National Health Service CNDers ------------------------- p 102 Chapter Five The Commitment of Social and Communi ty Worker CNDers __________ p 134 Chapter Six Other Commitments: members of CND not employed in the welfare state Sector -- p 170 Chapter Seven The Elected Officials' Commibment p 238 Chapter Eight Summary and Conclusions p 282 Appendix A Copy of the letter sent to the interviewees p 310 Appendix B Copy of the interview schedule p 313 Appendix C CND and peace movement membership data p 318 Bibliography p 337 Chapter 1 Middle Class Radicals? Introduction In late 1979 to early 1980, the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament was reborn as a mass social movement. (1) Al though CND is one of the largest mass movements in recent British history, the support which it enjoys is still only drawn from a minority of the population. Moreover, the social base of support for the present Campaign is not drawn equally from all walks of life and the available evidence strongly suggests that this was also true for the original Movement. In this thesis, I discuss and analyse interviews which I conducted wi th randoml y selected samples of Campaigners, both activists and lay members, drawn from two CND groups located in markedly different towns. My intention is to show how social factors playa part in the interviewees' decisions to join the Campaign and in the expression of their protest against nuclear weapons. I try to shed some light upon the following questions: first, why is it that CND appears to be peculiarly attractive to a particular minority of the British population?; second, why is opposition to nuclear weapons expressed in a particular way?; third, what relationship does CND have to other facets of British society? In addition, I try to convey to the reader a sense of how the CND members wham I interviewed 'saw the social world and their place within it' (parkin). CND, like any other social movement, is 1 largely the product of the members' actions and orientations; if CNDers were to stop campaigning the Movement would, once again, become history. Therefore, a sociological study of the Campaign must be grounded in the social world of its constituency. In this first chapter, prior to beginning my analysis, I critically discuss the work of two of the major writers on CND: Frank parkin and Richard Taylor. I have concentrated upon these particular works because they are important contributions to our understanding of peace movements and because, unlike most other academic studies of CND, these wri ters drew upon original research data; data which I wish to use for comparative purposes in this thesis. (other writings on the Campaign are considered in the final chapter of this study.) This cri tical discussion is a necessary prelude to my own analysis for it permits me to identify the strengths and insights of these authors whi 1st at the same time uncovering potential theoretical pitfalls which can thus be avo ided. Frank parkin' 5 • Middle Class Radicals' Any social analyst interested in CND must begin with an appreciation of Frank parkin's classic study of the original Movement. published in 1968, parkin's Middle Class Radicalism(2) has become widely known
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