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Ecologie, Anatomie, Dendrochronologie Et UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (DEA) EN BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Option : ECOLOGIE VEGETALE Ecologie, Anatomie, Dendrochronologie et détermination de potentialité de production des systèmes agroforêts de girofliers (Syzygium aromaticum) cas de Fénérive -Est, Région Analanjirofo ARIMALALA, 2013 Présenté par : ARIMALALA Lydia Natacha (Maître ès-Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 26 janvier 2015 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Pr Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteurs : Dr Edmond ROGER : Dr Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateurs : Dr Elisabeth RABAKONANDRIANINA : Dr Pascal DANTHU Photo de couverture : plantation de girofle (ARIMALALA, 2013) UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (DEA) EN BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Option : ECOLOGIE VEGETALE Ecologie, Anatomie, Dendrochronologie et détermination de potentialité de production des systèmes agroforêts de girofliers (Syzygium aromaticum) cas de Fénérive -Est, Région Analanjirofo Présenté par : ARIMALALA Lydia Natacha (Maître ès-Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 26 janvier 2015 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Pr Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteurs : Dr Edmond ROGER : Dr Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateurs : Dr Elisabeth RABAKONANDRIANINA : Dr Pascal DANTHU Remerciements Au terme de ce mémoire, nous tenons à remercier tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à la réalisation du présent travail. Ces remerciements s’adressent en premier lieu à tous les organismes et entités qui ont contribué à l’organisation, l’aboutissement de ces recherches, pour leur soutien moral, matériel, technique et financier : le Ministère de l’Environnement et des Forêts, le Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de l’Université d’Antananarivo, le Centre Technique Horticole de Tamatave. Notre profonde reconnaissance s’adresse, en particulier, à tous les membres du jury pour l’appréciation de notre travail: - Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, enseignant-chercheur et Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences, qui a bien voulu apporter ses conseils et remarques constructifs à la finalisation de ce document et qui nous a fait l’honneur de présider ce mémoire. Veuillez accepter nos vifs remerciements ; - Docteur Edmond ROGER, enseignant-chercheur et Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, qui a bien accepté d’assurer la direction de ce travail, malgré ses multiples charges et occupations. Soyez remercié pour vos directives et pour la grande marque de bienveillance éprouvée à notre égard. - Docteur Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA, enseignant-chercheur et Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, de nous avoir consacré son temps et tant d’efforts pour la bonne marche de ce travail durant les travaux de terrain et la rédaction. Recevez notre reconnaissance à l’égard des conseils et du temps d’encadrement que vous nous avez consacrés ; - Docteur Elisabeth RABAKONADRIANINA, enseignant-chercheur et Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, qui a bien voulu accepté de juger ce travail. Les remarques et les suggestions consignées dans ce document nous sont utiles et fructueuses. Soyez assuré de notre respectueuse gratitude. - Docteur Pascal DANTHU, Directeur Régional et Chercheur du CIRAD/DP à Madagascar, qui nous a accompagnés dans l’encadrement pédagogique et qui nous fait l’honneur d’examiner ce travail avec beaucoup de dévouement et d’apporter des critiques rigoureuses à son amélioration. Merci de siéger parmi le jury. Nous témoignons également notre sympathie et reconnaissance : - A tous les enseignants de la Faculté des Sciences, en particulier ceux du Département de Biologie et d’Ecologie Végétales, qui nous ont fait part de leurs connaissances et de leurs expériences durant nos études ; - A tout le personnel du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, pour leur générosité et leur sympathie ; - A Docteur Eric PENOT, pour les précieuses remarques dont il nous a fait part tout au long de notre travail ; - A tout le personnel du Centre Technique Horticole de Tamatave (CTHT), pour leur collaboration lors des travaux sur le terrain ; - A tous les agriculteurs dans les deux Fokontany de Lohariana et d’Andapa II, en particulier à François de Salle RANDRIAMIZAKA, à Marcelin MANARY, à HERMAN et à Dominique BARTHELEMY, nos guides et nos équipes durant l’expédition ; - A toutes les équipes du laboratoire d’Anatomie, en particulier, à Randrianasolo N. SANDRATRINIAINA, à Felana N. J. RAKOTO et Fenonirina RAKOTOARISON, d’avoir témoigné d’une collaboration et d’échanges lors du travail au labo ; - A la promotion TSITOHAVANA, d’avoir témoigné d’une solidarité, d’échanges et d’une ambiance de travail encourageantes, partagées au cours des études universitaires. Au terme de ces remerciements, je tiens à exprimer ma gratitude, ma reconnaissance et ma redevance envers mes ami(e)s et ma famille en particulier ma mère, avec qui j’ai partagé les bons et les mauvais moments et qui n’a cessé de m’encourager durant mes études et dans la réalisation de ce mémoire. Enfin, nous remercions Dieu tout puissant, sans qui nous n’aurions pas pu réaliser ce mémoire pour sa bénédiction et sa bienveillance. A tous, merci ! TABLE DES MATIERES Liste des planches .......................................................................................................................... i Listes des figures ........................................................................................................................... i Liste des photos ............................................................................................................................ ii Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................................ iii Listes des annexes ....................................................................................................................... iv Listes des abréviations et des acronymes ......................................................................................v Glossaire ..................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1 PREMIERE PARTIE – MILIEU D’ETUDE ...........................................................................3 I-Localisation de la zone d’étude ...............................................................................................3 II- Milieu abiotique ....................................................................................................................3 II-1- Climat et régime du vent................................................................................................3 II-1-1- Pluviométrie ............................................................................................................3 II-1-2- Température ............................................................................................................3 II-1-3- Diagramme ombrothermique ..................................................................................5 II-2- Relief et paysage ............................................................................................................5 II-3- Pédologie .......................................................................................................................5 II-4- Hydrographie .................................................................................................................6 III- Milieu biotique ....................................................................................................................6 III-1- Flore et Végétation .......................................................................................................6 III-2- Faune ............................................................................................................................7 IV- Milieu humain et socio-économique ...................................................................................7 IV-1- Population et démographie ...........................................................................................7 IV-2- Us et coutumes .............................................................................................................7 IV-3- Activités humaines .......................................................................................................7 DEUXIEME PARTIE – MATERIELS ET METHODES ......................................................8 I-Matériels biologiques étudiés .................................................................................................8 I-1- Position systématique de l’espèce Syzygium aromaticum ..............................................8 I-2- Description de l’espèce ...................................................................................................8 I-3- Organes étudiés ...............................................................................................................8 II-Méthodes d’études .................................................................................................................9 II-1- Etudes
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