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Université D Faculté Des Lettres Départemen UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTÉ DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES DÉPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE Filière Spécialisée en Environnement et Aménagement du Territoire (F.S.E.A.T) MÉMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLÔME DE MAITRISE « VULNERABILITE DE LA VILLE COTIERE FACE AUX CYCLONES : CAS DE LA COMMUNE URBAINE D’ANTALAHA REGION SAVA » Présenté par : BE MELSON Evrald Angelo Sous la direction de : Madame Simone RATSIVALAKA, Professeur Titulaire au Département de Géographie Date de soutenance : 1O Octobre 2014 Octobre 2014 UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTÉ DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES DÉPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE Filière Spécialisée en Environnement et Aménagement du Territoire (F.S.E.A.T) MÉMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLÔME DE MAITRISE « VULNERABILITE DE LA VILLE COTIERE FACE AUX CYCLONES : CAS DE LA COMMUNE URBAINE D’ANTALAHA REGION SAVA » Présenté par : BE MELSON Evrald Angelo Président du jury : James RAVALISON, Professeur Rapporteur : Simone RATSIVALAKA, Professeur Titulaire Juge : Mparany ANDRIAMIHAMINA, Maitre de conférences Octobre 2014 REMERCIEMENTS Ce mémoire de Maitrise n’aurait pas été ce qu’il est aujourd’hui, sans le concours de plusieurs personnes, à qui nous aimerons témoigner notre plus profonde reconnaissance. Tout d’abord, nous remercions de tout profond de notre cœur le Dieu Tout Puissant de nous avoir donné encore la vie et l’opportunité d’avoir pu mener à terme ce travail de recherche. Aussi, Monsieur James RAVALISON, Professeur pour avoir accepté de présider notre soutenance ; Monsieur Mparany ANDRIAMIHAMINA, Maître de conférences pour avoir accepté de juger notre soutenance ; Madame Simone RATSIVALAKA, notre Directeur de mémoire pour sa constante dévotion à notre travail malgré ses multiples occupations. Sans son aide, ses critiques et ses conseils, nous n’aurions pas pu terminer ce mémoire. Nos remerciements s’adressent également à toutes les personnes enquêtées, les personnalités, les institutions publiques et privées dont leurs contributions ont été capitales. Nous ne saurions guère oublier de remercier les enseignants et personnels administratifs du Département de Géographie et ainsi de la FLSH. Enfin, notre famille exceptionnellement nos parents, nos sœurs et nos proches qui n’ont jamais cessé de nous soutenir et à qui ce mémoire de Maitrise est dédié. RESUME L’appartenance de Madagascar dans le bassin cyclonique Sud-ouest de l’Océan Indien fait d’elle une zone vulnérable aux aléas cycloniques. La région SAVA (Sambava, Andapa, Vohemar, Antalaha) et plus particulièrement, Antalaha n’échappe guère à cette situation, en tant que ville côtière. L’aspect de la vulnérabilité d’Antalaha se conjugue sous diverses manières. D’une part, les facteurs physiques qui la constituent, font d’elle un milieu fragile, d’autre part, l’extension spatiale rapide et anarchique qui se calque par la pression démographique crée un aspect désordonné. A cela s’ajoute à l’omniprésence des cyclones tropicaux, qui ne font qu’empirer la situation. En effet, dans ces dernières années, la ville est devenue le théâtre de ces cyclones. Par conséquent, les dégâts enregistrés restent toujours énormes et les risques touchent aussi bien les riches que les pauvres. Ces derniers sont néanmoins largement dépassés dans tous les cas et demeurent les plus vulnérables, du fait surtout de leur faible résilience. La dite situation s’explique par le manque de planification et de stratégies appropriées pour y faire face. Cependant, le problème de la Commune résulte en grande partie d’un manque de concertation entre les acteurs (autorités locales, organismes humanitaires, populations locales) et les coordinations des actions. Bref, les risques révèlent d’un système de gestion aussi injuste qu’inefficace. Par ailleurs, le défi pour les acteurs humanitaires consiste à trouver de nouveaux moyens de travail avec les autorités locales et la population vulnérable afin de réduire les risques liés aux catastrophes naturelles Mots-clés : Vulnérabilité, risque, ville côtière, cyclones tropicaux, Antalaha I SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS RESUME …………………………………………………….................................I SOMMAIRE..............................................................................................................................II LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS......................................................................................…...III LISTE DES ACRONYMES…………………………..………………………….VI GLOSSAIRE …………………………………………………………………...VII PREMIERE PARTIE ………………………………………………………………………….5 L’omniprésence des cyclones et des catastrophes dans la commune urbaine d’Antalaha...…5 Chapitre I………………………………………………………………………………………6 Antalaha une zone exposée : un espace à risque face aux cyclones…………………………..6 Chapitre II…………………………………………………………………………………....27 Des dégâts considérables…………………………………………………………………….27 Conclusion de la première partie……………………………………………………………..49 DEUXIEME PARTIE……………………………………………………………………….50 L’insuffisance d’une évaluation précise et le manque de stratégie appropriée face au fléau...50 Chapitre III…………………………………………………………………………………...51 Des stratégies inefficaces……………………………………………………………………51 Chapitre IV…………………………………………………………………………………...60 Antalaha une commune délaissée…………………………………………………………..60 Conclusion de la deuxième partie…………………………………………………………77 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………….78 BIBLIOGRAPHIE……………………………………………………………………………80 LISTE DES ANNEXES…………………………………………………………………….83 TABLE DES MATIERES…………………………………………………………………..95 II LISTE DES CROQUIS Croquis 1 : Localisation de la commune urbaine d’Antalaha et les 7Fokontany Urbaines….2 Croquis 2 : Les sept bassins de cyclogenèse dans le monde…………………………………..6 Croquis 3 : Les grands centres d’action météorologique…………………………………….12 Croquis 4 : Trajectoire du cyclone HUDAH………………………………………………...21 Croquis 5 : Trajectoire du cyclone GAFILO………………………………………………..22 Croquis 6 : Trajectoire du cyclone INDLALA………………………………………………23 Croquis 7 : Les risques liés à l’inondation des 7Fokontany………………………………….25 Croquis 8 : Les risques liés au vent cycloniques des 7Fokontany…………………………..33 Croquis 9 : Les effets cycloniques sur la côte d’Antalaha……………………………………40 Croquis 10 : Le degré de vulnérabilité des 7Fokontany Urbaines……………………….….47 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Répartition des enquêtes…………………………………………………………..4 Tableau 2 : Perturbation cyclonique ayant touché Madagascar par saison entre 2000 et 2010..9 Tableau 3 : Normales de températures en (°C) 1961-1990…………………………………..15 Tableau 4 : Normales de précipitations moyennes (mm) à Antalaha entre 1961-1990……16 Tableau 5 : Nombre de jour de pluies………………………………………………………...17 Tableau 6 : Dégrée d’exposition de la côte Nord-est…………………………………………20 Tableau 7 : Les cyclones ayant touché la ville d’Antalaha…………………………………...20 Tableau 8 : Les paramètres météorologiques relatifs aux passages des cyclones tropicaux dans la ville d’Antalaha……………………………………………………………………….24 Tableau 9: Bilan humains HUDAH…………………………………………………………..27 III Tableau 10: Localisation et état des bâtiments administratifs et sanitaires après le passage de HUDAH………………………………………………………………………………… 28- 29 Tableau 11: Les dommages engendrés par GAFILO sur l’ensemble des maisons des particuliers de la Commune urbaine………………………………………………………….38 Tableau 12: Les dommages engendrés par GAFILO des maisons des particuliers des 7 Fokontany urbaine …………………………………………………………………………..39 Tableau 13: Dommages causé par le cyclone INDLALA……………………………………41 Tableau 14: Comparaison des dégats entre les différentes régions du monde et Antalaha…43 Tableau 15: Résultats de la question 1 aux autorités locales………………………………....61 Tableau 16: Résultats de la question 2 aux autorités locales………………………………....61 Tableau 17: Résultats de la question 3 aux autorités locales…………………………………62 Tableau 18: Résultats de la question 1posé aux organismes locaux…………………………63 Tableau 19: Résultats de la question 2posé aux organismes locaux……………………….....64 Tableau 20: Résultats de la question 1posé aux ménages…………………………….………65 Tableau 21: Résultats de la question 2posé aux ménages…………………………………….65 Tableau 22: Résultats de la question3 posé aux ménages…………………………………….66 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Courbe des températures…………………………………………………………..15 Figure 2 : Quantité de précipitations moyennes (mm) à Antalaha 1961-1990………………17 Figure 3 : La courbe ombrothermique………………………………………………..............18 Figure 4 : Système d’avis d’alerte cyclonique à Madagascar………………………………..51 Figure 5 : Organigramme simplifié de la BNGRC...........................................................…...53 LISTE DES PHOTOGRAPHIES Photographie 1 : Vue en hauteur de la ville d’Antalaha……………………………………12 IV Photographie 2 : La rivière d’Andampy……………………………………………………...13 Photographie 3 : La forte présence des zones humides dans la ville d’Antalaha……………14 Photographie 4 : Station météorologique d’Antalaha, Ambatoratsy…………………………30 Photographie 5 : Les ruines de l’ancienne Ecole Normale, Centre Régional de l’INFP, Ankoalabe…………………………………………………………………………………….31 Photographie 6 : Dégâts infrastructurelles au niveau de la ville d’Antalaha…………………32 Photographie7 : L’inondation du Fokontany Maherifody……………………………………34 Photographie8 : Canal non entretenu, Ankoalabe…………………………………….………35 Photographie 9 : Canal utilisé comme bac ordure……………………………………………35 Photographie 10: Comportement sociaux……………………………………………….……36 Photographie 11: Pont en bois vers le CEG Maherifody en mauvaise état……………..……37 Photographie 12: Une maison écroulé à Maherifody.......................................................…...37 Photographie 13: Une maison détruite.............................................................................…...39
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