Propaganda, Imagen Y Opinión Pública En Burgos Durante La Guerra De La Independencia (1808-1814)

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Propaganda, Imagen Y Opinión Pública En Burgos Durante La Guerra De La Independencia (1808-1814) UNIVERSIDAD DE BURGOS FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y EDUCACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS HISTÓRICAS Y GEOGRAFÍA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO: EL PATRIMONIO HISTÓRICO DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN PROPAGANDA, IMAGEN Y OPINIÓN PÚBLICA EN BURGOS DURANTE LA GUERRA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA (1808-1814) TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por D. Alberto Ausín Ciruelos Dirigida por la Dra. Dª Cristina Borreguero Beltrán BURGOS, 2015 A mi mujer. 1 Queda establecida en la Ymprenta de esta Provincia una pequeña gazeta, que saldrá los viernes de cada semana, y será la primera la del cinco del proxîmo Julio. Tendrá por objeto anunciar á esta fidelisima, y valerosa Castilla las Providencias del Gobierno, el verdadero estado de los acontecimientos públicos; alentando a sus habitantes, y precaviendolos contra los artificios, y sugestiones del enemigo. El lenguaje, con que se explique ha de ser el de la verdad; y sus relaciones distantes de toda exágeracion afectada. Aviso a los Valientes Castellanos Número prospecto de la Gazeta de la Provincia de Burgos Junio de 1811. Sin numerar. Sin paginar (p. 2) Las fábulas gacetales han pasado ya á proverbio, y han sido digno asunto de uno de los discursos del teatro critico. Ninguna gaceta es un catecismo dogmático: todas mienten; y aquella es mas veridica, que miente menos, como es el mejor el hombre menos malo: optimus ille est, qui minimis urgetur. Como todas exageran, mas ó menos las ventajas propias, y los reveses del enemigo, el lector sensato cuenta siempre con una rebaja conveniente. Gazeta de la Provincia de Burgos Nº. 1, viernes 1 de enero de 1813. p. 5. 2 Resumen: Este trabajo ofrece un completo análisis de todas las manifestaciones y medidas propagandísticas que se desarrollaron en Burgos durante la guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814). El estudio también profundiza en los efectos de las campañas de imagen sobre los principales eventos y protagonistas relacionados con la Cabeza de Castilla durante la ocupación francesa de España. La tesis investiga asimismo el impacto de las medidas persuasivas que los dos bandos aplicaron sobre la población local, que pasó a convertirse en la opinión pública burgalesa. Igualmente se han tratado de averiguar las repercusiones internacionales de aquellas noticias y medidas, que se extendieron rápidamente por Europa y América. Finalmente se ha pretendido crear un modelo de estudio transversal que pueda ser aplicado a cualquier otra zona del territorio nacional durante aquella época histórica crítica y convulsa. Palabras clave: Propaganda, imagen, opinión pública, prensa periódica, guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814). 3 ÍNDICE Índice de Figuras ............................................................................................................p. 11. Índice de Mapas y Tablas ..............................................................................................p. 16. Índice del Apéndice Documental..................................................................................p. 17. Abreviaturas utilizadas en este trabajo .........................................................................p. 21. Agradecimientos.............................................................................................................p. 23. INTRODUCCIÓN A. Presentación...............................................................................................................p. 26. B. Hipótesis y objetivos .................................................................................................p. 28. C. Definición del objeto de estudio...............................................................................p. 30. C. 1. Conceptos básicos para la definición del objeto de estudio.............................p. 32. D. Estructura y metodología..........................................................................................p. 37. F. Estado de la cuestión .................................................................................................p. 41. F. 1. Napoleón y su propaganda..................................................................................p. 42. F. 2. Guerra de la Independencia. Obras generales ...................................................p. 44. F. 2. 1. La guerrilla ....................................................................................................p. 48. F. 2. 2. Iglesia y religión............................................................................................p. 50. F. 2. 3. Los afrancesados ...........................................................................................p. 51. F. 2. 4. La propaganda...............................................................................................p. 53. F. 2. 5. Burgos durante la guerra...............................................................................p. 57. G. Fuentes documentales...............................................................................................p. 61. G. 1. Fuentes primarias................................................................................................p. 61. G. 1. 1. Archivos ........................................................................................................p. 61. G. 1. 2. Colecciones de grabados..............................................................................p. 63. G. 1. 3. Fuentes hemerográficas................................................................................p. 63. G. 1. 4. Museos ..........................................................................................................p. 64. G. 2. Fuentes secundarias ............................................................................................p. 65. 4 BLOQUE I. PROPAGANDA FRANCESA. CAPÍTULO I. LA PROPAGANDA NAPOLEÓNICA: ORÍGENES Y EVOLUCIÓN. DE LA PRIMERA CAMPAÑA DE ITALIA (1796-1797) A LA INTERVENCIÓN DE NAPOLEÓN EN ESPAÑA (1808-1809). 1. 1. La primera campaña de Italia (1796-1797) ..........................................................p. 69. 1. 1. 1. Retratos y grabados dedicados a Bonaparte...................................................p. 72. 1. 1. 1. 1. El puente de Arcole...................................................................................p. 77. 1. 1. 2. Canciones .........................................................................................................p. 85. 1. 1. 3. Medallas ...........................................................................................................p. 89. 1. 1. 4. Periódicos.........................................................................................................p. 90. 1. 2. La campaña de Egipto (1798-1799) .....................................................................p. 91. 1. 3. El golpe de Estado de Brumario y el Consulado (1799-1804) ...........................p. 97. 1. 3. 1. La segunda campaña de Italia.........................................................................p. 103. 1. 3. 2. La imagen del Primer Cónsul en España .......................................................p. 107. 1. 4. Del Imperio a la guerra de España (1804-1808)..................................................p. 109. 1. 5. La campaña de España (1808-1809).....................................................................p. 113. 1. 5. 1. El Bulletin de l´Armée d´Espagne y su traducción en la Gazeta de Madrid.........................................................................................................p. 116. 1. 5. 1. 1. Contenidos generales ................................................................................p. 119. 1. 5. 1. 2. Burgos y su provincia en el Bulletin de l´Armée d´Espagne..................p. 122. 1. 5. 1. 2. 1. La batalla de Gamonal y la toma de Burgos (10-XI-1808) ..............p. 123. 1. 5. 1. 2. 2. La batalla de Espinosa de los Monteros (10 y 11-XI-1808).............p. 128. 1. 5. 1. 3. El avance hacia el sur de las tropas francesas y la nueva situación de Burgos..................................................................................p. 130. 5 CAPÍTULO II. LA SEGUNDA PARTE DE LA CAMPAÑA PROPAGANDÍSTICA FRANCESA EN ESPAÑA Y LA UTILIZACIÓN DE UN MITO DURANTE LA GUERRA. 2. 1. La segunda parte de la campaña propagandística francesa en España...............p. 134. 2. 1. 1. Dominique-Vivant Denon...............................................................................p. 134. 2. 1. 2. La misión de Denon en España.......................................................................p. 137. 2. 1. 3. La misión de Denon en Burgos.......................................................................p. 143. 2. 2. El Cid, mito de todos .............................................................................................p. 151. 2. 2. 1. El Cid en la propaganda francesa revolucionaria y consular........................p. 152. 2. 2. 2. El interés de Denon por el Cid........................................................................p. 156. 2. 2. 2. 1. Retratos ......................................................................................................p. 158. 2. 2. 2. 2. Un singular relicario laico.........................................................................p. 164. 2. 2. 3. El interés de Thiébault por el Cid ...................................................................p. 166. 2. 2. 3. 1. El diseño y la ubicación del monumento funerario del Cid....................p. 169. 2. 2. 3. 2. El traslado de los restos y la inauguración del monumento....................p. 174. 2. 2. 4. Otras utilizaciones del Cid ..............................................................................p.
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