Quarto Modo” Di Raccontare La Storia: Black Water, Blonde E My Sister, My Love Di Joyce Carol Oates

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Quarto Modo” Di Raccontare La Storia: Black Water, Blonde E My Sister, My Love Di Joyce Carol Oates DOTTORATO IN STUDI EUROAMERICANI XXVII CICLO Un “quarto modo” di raccontare la storia: Black Water, Blonde e My Sister, My Love di Joyce Carol Oates Dottoranda: Barbara Miceli Docente Guida/Tutor: Prof. Maria Anita Stefanelli Coordinatore: Prof. Camilla Cattarulla LISTA DELLE ABBREVIAZIONI BD: Black Dahlia & White Rose BL: Blonde BW: Black Water DH: Dear Husband EP: Expensive People MS: My Sister, My Love MW: Mudwoman 2 Indice Introduzione………………………………………………………………………5 1. Black Water: ricostruzione e archetipizzazione di un personaggio dimenticato………………………………………………………………29 1.1. Il Chappaquiddick Incident………………………………………....29 1.2. Genesi e struttura di Black Water…………………………………...32 1.3. La questione del genere……………………………………………..34 1.4. Lo stile di Black Water……………………………………………...40 1.5. Ricostruzione del personaggio: Kelly come archetipo della giovane donna americana…………………………………………………………….47 1.6. The Senator: l’uomo e il politico……………………………………54 1.7. La creazione del setting storico……………………………………..64 1.8. Due “acque scure” a confronto: Black Water e Mudwoman………..70 2. Blonde: ricostruzione del self oltre il mito………………………………75 2.1. Marilyn Monroe e il problema dell’identità……………………...…75 2.2. Genesi e struttura di Blonde………………………………………...79 2.3. I generi di Blonde…………………………………………………...82 2.4. Lo stile di Blonde…………………………………………………...93 2.5. La ricostruzione del self…………………………………………….102 2.6. Le figure maschili in Blonde………………………………………..114 2.7. La creazione del setting storico……………………………………..130 3. My Sister, My Love: Memoria, oblio e critica sociale…………………..141 3.1. Il caso Ramsey……………………………………………………...141 3.2. Genesi e Struttura ………………………………………………….143 3.3. Il genere…………………………………………………………….147 3.4. Lo stile ……………………………………………………………..158 3.5.Dal ricordo al perdono: una lettura ricoeuriana di My Sister, My Love…………………………………………………………………167 3.6. La critica sociale in My Sister, My Love……………………………178 3.6.1. Vita nei sobborghi…………………………………………...179 3 3.6.2. Femminilità e maternità…………………………………….183 3.6.3. Infanzia violata……………………………………………..188 3.6.4. L’inferno dei tabloid………………………………………..194 3.7. Due sobborghi e due memoir a confronto: My Sister, My Love ed Expensive People……………………………………………………197 Conclusioni……………………………………………………………………..204 Bibliografia……………………………………………………………………..209 4 Introduzione L’idea di questo lavoro nasce da una riflessione sul rapporto della scrittura di Joyce Carol Oates con la cronaca. Ben prima di pubblicare i romanzi che verranno analizzati, la sua tendenza a rielaborare in forma di fiction alcuni fatti della cronaca americana, in particolar modo eventi criminali o violenti, si era rivelata in alcuni racconti1 e nella novella The Triumph of the Spider Monkey (1976)2. Accusata più volte di affidarsi a una scrittura troppo violenta, la scrittrice ha spiegato che, “when people say there is too much violence in Joyce Carol Oates […] what they are saying is there is too much reality in life”3; e inoltre, “I wish the world were a better place, but I wouldn’t be honest as a writer if I ignored the actual conditions around me4”. Un episodio avvenuto nel 1971, e raccontato da uno dei maggiori studiosi di Oates, Greg Johnson5, dimostra quanto le affermazioni della scrittrice siano fondate. In quell’anno era uscito il romanzo Wonderland, il quarto del Wonderland Quartet, una quadrilogia sulle classi sociali in America che comprende anche A Garden of Earthly Delights (1967), Expensive People (1968) e them (1969). Wonderland si apre con la fuga dell’adolescente Jesse dal massacro che il padre ha fatto dell’intera famiglia, moglie incinta compresa, verso una vita che in seguito sarà dedicata alla medicina e allo studio del cervello. A febbraio dell’anno successivo, Oates lesse un articolo di cronaca su un massacro identico a quello descritto nell’incipit di Wonderland, con uno dei figli che era riuscito a salvarsi dalla furia omicida paterna scappando. A Oates era già stata data da tempo l’etichetta di “scrittrice gotica”, 1 I racconti in questione sono Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (1966), basato sugli omicidi compiuti dal serial killer Charles Schmid, In the Region of Ice (1967) e Last Days (1984) che riprendono entrambi la vicenda di Richard Wishnetsky, un ex studente ebreo di Oates, il quale nel 1966 uccise il rabbino Morris Adler a Detroit e poi si suicidò. Per i crimini commessi da Charles Schmid si consulti: Don Moser, “The Pied Piper of Tucson”, Life Magazine, (March 4, 1966), n.p.n. Per la storia di Richard Wishnetsky: T.V. Lo Cicero, Murder in the Synagogue (Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, 1970). 2 Alla base di questa novella c’è la figura di Charles Manson, leader del gruppo criminale “The Family”. Manson e il suo gruppo uccisero la moglie del regista Roman Polanski, Sharon Tate, e alcuni suoi amici il 9 agosto del 1969. Per maggiori informazioni sul caso si consultino: Rosemary Baer, Reflections on the Manson Trial: Journal of a Pseudo-Juror (Waco:Word Books, 1972); George Bishop, Witness to Evil (Los Angeles: Nash Publishing,1971); 3 Lee Milazzo (ed.), Conversations with Joyce Carol Oates (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1989), p. 89. 4 Linda W.Wagner (edited by), Critical Essays on Joyce Carol Oates (Boston: G.K. Hall & Co.,1979), p. xii. 5 Greg Johnson, Joyce Carol Oates- Invisible Writer (New York: Plume, 1998), p. 179. 5 e “such coincidences showed that her imagination was simply responding to the violent reality of America6”. La sua reazione fu da lei rivelata in un’intervista su Time: “Gothicism, whatever it is, is not a literary tradition so much as a fairly realistic assessment of modern life7”. Negli anni in cui Oates iniziava la sua attività di scrittrice (il primo romanzo, With Shuddering Fall, è del 1964), una nuova tendenza si stava diffondendo negli Stati Uniti: quella di servirsi, in ambito giornalistico, degli strumenti e degli artifici retorici della fiction per raccontare storie vere, liberandosi dei limiti e dell’oggettività tipici del giornalismo, etichettata come literary journalism, new journalism e literary nonfiction. La definizione che spiega meglio il trend l’ha coniata Thomas B. Connery: “a third way to tell the story8”. Si tratta di un terzo modo, dopo journalism e fiction, di registrare e riportare i fatti, e soprattutto di interpretarli. La soggettività con cui il giornalista letterario inseriva dettagli e impressioni non era più considerata appropriata per gli standard dei quotidiani, per questo motivo, il literary journalism contiene elementi fattuali comuni al giornalismo convenzionale, ma si focalizza maggiormente “on presenting impressions, details, and descriptions not central to the typical conventional newspaper report”; non racconta semplicemente i fatti, ma “the ‘feel’ of the facts9”. Un precursore di questa nuova tendenza è Stephen Crane (1871-1900) con i suoi New York City Sketches10, racconti di episodi relativamente poco importanti presentati come interpretazioni della vita cittadina. Un diverso approccio ai fatti è anche quello di Lincoln Steffens (1866-1936), che racconta la città di New York per l’Advertiser, “so that New Yorkers might see, not merely read of it, as it was: rich and poor, wicked and good, ugly and beautiful, growing, great”.11 Steffens narra le storie dal punto di vista di chi ne è coinvolto, una tecnica che denomina descriptive narrative12: trascinare il 6 Ibidem. 7 Ibidem. 8 Thomas B. Connery, “A Third Way to Tell the Story”, Norman Sims (ed.), Literary Journalism in the Twentieth Century (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2008), p. 6 9 Ibidem. 10 La raccolta completa degli sketches si trova in Fredson Bowers (ed.), The Works of Stephen Crane (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1973). 11 Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1931), p. 317. 12 Ibidem, p. 242. 6 lettore nella storia con un inizio narrativo, e non con la classica formula giornalistica del who, what, when, where, why, how.13 Hutching Hapgood (1869-1944) produce, invece, “something like the feuilleton: a short article which is a mixture of news and personal reaction put together in a loose literary form14”. Hapgood suggerisce di usare le interviste per creare una sorta di autobiografia in cui avviene l’identificazione con il soggetto dell’intervista, una pratica che oggi prende il nome di saturation o immersion reporting15. Tutti questi tipi di scrittura ricercano una fusione tra il ruolo di osservatore e quello di creatore in un giornalismo letterario che presentasse un terzo modo di dipingere la realtà, andando oltre i fatti del giornalismo16. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), dopo un inizio come giornalista e una rapida conversione in scrittore, ritorna alle sue origini di “fact writer” con Death in the Afternoon (1932), un trattato sulla corrida, Green Hills of Africa (1935) e A Moveable Feast (1964). La differenza tra queste opere e il giornalismo è che “in writing for a newspaper you told what happened and, with one trick and another, you communicated the emotion aided by the element of timeliness which gives a certain emotion to any account of something that has happened on that day17”. L’obiettivo è quello di creare un’opera che “would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you started it purely enough, always18”. Riconosciuta la natura effimera del giornalismo, Hemingway vuole produrre, non solo nella fiction ma anche nella nonfinction, qualcosa che duri, “a permanent record19”. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway scrive in prima persona, e inserisce un lungo elenco di dettagli al posto delle omissioni della fiction. Si rivolge direttamente al lettore per spiegare la corrida “both emotionally and 13 James Glen Stovall, Journalism: Who, What, When, Where, Why and How (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2005), p. 10. 14 Hutchins Hapgood, A Victorian in the Modern World (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1939), p. 138. 15 Ibidem. 16 Connery, “A Third Way to Tell the Story”, cit., p 18. 17 Ernest Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon (New York: Scribner’s, 1932), p. 2. 18 Ibidem.
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