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Οι Χαρακτήρες Σε Εφηβικά Μυθιστορήματα Της Joyce Carol Oates»

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Οι Χαρακτήρες Σε Εφηβικά Μυθιστορήματα Της Joyce Carol Oates» ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΙΓΑΙΟΥ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΧΟΛΙΚΗΣ ΑΓΩΓΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΥ «ΠΑΙΔΙΚΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ ΚΑΙ ΠΑΙΔΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ ΥΛΙΚΟ» ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ που εκπονήθηκε για τη χορήγηση Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος Ειδίκευσης στην κατεύθυνση «Παιδικό Βιβλίο» Νικάκη Ευαγγελία (Α.Μ. 423Μ/2012011 ) ΘΕΜΑ: «Οι χαρακτήρες σε εφηβικά μυθιστορήματα της Joyce Carol Oates» EΞΕΤΑΣΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ: Παπαδάτος Επίκουρος ΤΕΠΑΕΣ Επιβλέπων Ιωάννης Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου Αναγνωστοπούλου Καθηγήτρια ΤΕΠΑΕΣ Μέλος Διαμάντη Πανεπιστημίου συμβουλευτικής Αιγαίου επιτροπής Τσιμπιδάκη Επίκουρη ΠΤΔΕ Μέλος Ασημίνα Καθηγήτρια συμβουλευτικής Πανεπιστημίου επιτροπής Αιγαίου Ρόδος, 2015 1 «Η έγκριση της μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας από το Τμήμα Επιστημών της Προσχολικής Αγωγής και του Εκπαιδευτικού Σχεδιασμού του Πανεπιστημίου Αιγαίου δεν υποδηλώνει αποδοχή των γνωμών της συγγραφέως. (Ν. 5343/32, άρθρο 202, παρ. 2)» 2 Ευχαριστίες Ολοκληρώνοντας, την εκπόνηση της διπλωματικής μου εργασίας θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω ιδιαιτέρως τον επιβλέποντα καθηγητή μου, κ. Παπαδάτο Ιωάννη, για την εμπιστοσύνη που έδειξε προς το πρόσωπό μου, για την ουσιαστική βοήθεια που μου προσέφερε με τις συμβουλές και τις υποδείξεις του, για την πολυδιάστατη στήριξη και κατανόηση που μου παρείχε από την αρχή μέχρι την ολοκλήρωση της συγγραφής της εργασίας, καθώς και για τις ώρες που μπόρεσε να αποσπάσει από την εργασία του για να είναι διαθέσιμος στην επικοινωνία μας. Επίσης, εκφράζω τις ευχαριστίες μου στην κα Αναγνωστοπούλου Διαμάντη και στην κα Τσιμπιδάκη Ασημίνα για τη μεταλαμπάδευση των πολύτιμων γνώσεών τους κατά τη διάρκεια των σπουδών μου στο μεταπτυχιακό πρόγραμμα και παράλληλα, για την τιμή που μου έκαναν να συμμετέχουν στην τριμελή επιτροπή επίβλεψης της παρούσας εργασίας. Ακόμη, θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω την οικογένειά μου, τη μητέρα μου, τον παππού και τη γιαγιά μου, για την αγάπη και την στήριξη (ηθική, ψυχολογική και οικονομική) που μου παρείχαν απλόχερα. Τέλος, μου δίνεται η ευκαιρία να ευχαριστήσω τη φίλη μου Ρένα και τη θεία μου Μάχη για τη συναισθηματική υποστήριξη στις ευχάριστες και δυσάρεστες στιγμές αυτής της πορείας. 3 Περιεχόμενα Εισαγωγή………………………………………………………………………………8 Η ζωή και το έργο της Joyce Carol Oates……………………………………………11 ΜΕΡΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟ Θεωρητικό πλαίσιο και μεθοδολογία της έρευνας KΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ 1. Εφηβική Λογοτεχνία…………………………………………………………….................14 KEΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟ 2. Χαρακτήρες………………………………………………………………………20 2.1. Ο λογοτεχνικός χαρακτήρας ως «πραγματικό» πρόσωπο…………………..21 2.2. Ο λογοτεχνικός χαρακτήρας ως κειμενική κατασκευή……………………...22 2.3. Ο λογοτεχνικός χαρακτήρας ανάμεσα στον «αληθινό» άνθρωπο και στη «λεκτική κειμενική κατασκευή……………………………………………...27 2.4. Κατανοώντας τον χαρακτήρα……………………………………………….29 2.4.1. Αφηγηματικές τεχνικές παρουσίασης των λογοτεχνικών χαρακτήρων …………………………………………………………………………..31 2.4.2. Στοιχεία του χαρακτήρα – «Σιωπηρός» χαρακτηρισμός……………..38 2.4.2.1. Το κατάλληλο όνομα……………………………………………38 2.4.2.2. Η ηλικία των μυθιστορηματικών χαρακτήρων………………….39 2.4.2.3. Το σκηνικό ως μέσο χαρακτηρισμού…………………………....40 2.4.2.4. Η ενδυμασία του λογοτεχνικού χαρακτήρα …………………..…41 2.4.2.5. Οι απεικονίσεις του εφηβικού σώματος………………………...42 2.4.2.6. Προτίμηση στην τροφή – Άλλες συνήθειες……………………...43 2.5. Αναζητώντας τον πρωταγωνιστή……………………………………………43 2.6. Δευτερεύοντες χαρακτήρες………………………………………………….46 2.7. Τυπολογία χαρακτήρων με βάση την πολυπλοκότητα και τη δυναμική που εμφανίζουν ………………………………………………………………….48 2.7.1. Στερεοτυπικοί και αντιθετικοί χαρακτήρες…………………………..50 2.8. Σχέση χαρακτήρων-πλοκής και Συγκρούσεις……………………………….52 ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΤΡΙΤΟ 3. Μεθοδολογία της έρευνας και ανάλυση υλικού….……………………………....55 3.1. Στόχοι και ερωτήματα της έρευνας………….……………………………....55 3.2. Το υλικό της έρευνας ...………………………………………………….….56 3.2.1. Κριτήρια επιλογής του υλικού……………………………………….56 3.3. Μέθοδος ανάλυσης των κειμένων………………………………………..…57 3.3.1. Οι κατηγορίες ανάλυσης των κειμένων……………………………...58 3.4. Μονάδα ταξινόμησης και μονάδα συμφραζομένων………………………...60 4 ΜΕΡΟΣ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟ Παρουσίαση και ερμηνεία ευρημάτων ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΤΕΤΑΡΤΟ 4. Έφηβοι…………………………………………………………………………....61 4.1. Σφαιρικοί και Δυναμικοί χαρακτήρες - Ανάλυση χαρακτηριστικών………..61 4.1.1. Φράνκι Πίρσον (Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)……………………...61 4.1.2. Ντάρεν (Sexy)………………………………………………………...69 4.1.3. Jenna Abbott (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)………………………………………………………….76 4.1.4. Ματ Ντόναγκι (Είπες πολλά…)………………………………………86 4.1.5. Ούρσουλα Ριγκς (Είπες πολλά...)……………………………………..90 4.2. Σφαιρικοί και Στατικοί χαρακτήρες - Ανάλυση χαρακτηριστικών …...……95 4.2.1. Gabriel Saint-Croix/Crow (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)………………………………………………95 4.3. Επίπεδοι και Δυναμικοί χαρακτήρες – Ανάλυση χαρακτηριστικών ………100 4.3.1. Σαμάνθα Πίρσον (Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια) ...………………..100 4.3.2. Λίζα (Είπες πολλά…)………………………………………………..102 4.4. Επίπεδοι και Στατικοί χαρακτήρες – Ανάλυση χαρακτηριστικών…………103 4.4.1. Κάμερον (Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)…………………………...103 4.4.2. Τοντ (Tο τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)………………………………..104 4.4.3. Τουάιλα (Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)…………………………...105 4.4.4. Σον και Κρις Μπλάουντ (Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)…………...106 4.4.5. Trina Holland (After the wreck, I picked up myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)…………………………………………………107 4.4.6. T-Man, Rust Hober, Gil Rothke, Jax Yardman, Ross Skaggs, Osk (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings and flew away) …...................................................................................……………….111 4.4.7. Ryan Moeller (After the Wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)………………………………………………………...113 4.4.8. Ντρέικ Χάρντιν (Sexy)………………………………………………114 4.4.9. Τζίμι Κόβακς (Sexy)……………………………………………..….114 4.4.10. Κέβιν Πάιν (Sexy)…………………………………………………...115 4.4.11. Τζιλ Μπροκμέιερ (Sexy)…………………………………………….117 4.4.12. Έντι Φλιν (Sexy)…………………………………………………….118 4.4.13. Μόλι Ρόουλιγκς (Sexy)……………………………………………...120 4.4.14. Μίριελ & Μίριαμ Μπρούερ (Είπες πολλά…)……………………….122 4.4.15. Ρας Μέρσερ, Νιλ Ντόναγκιου, Σκιτ Κάρλιου, Στέισι Φλιν, Καλ Κάρτελ (Είπες πολλά…)……………………………………………….123 4.4.16. Άλεξ (Είπες πολλά…)……………………………………………….125 4.4.17. Κόρτνεϊ Λεβάο, Μπόνι Λε Μοιν (Είπες πολλά...)…………………..125 4.4.18. Τρέβορ Κασίτι (Είπες πολλά...)……………………………………..127 4.5. Συμπεράσματα – Σχολιασμός στους έφηβους χαρακτήρες ...……………..128 5 ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΠΕΜΠΤΟ 5. Ενήλικες………………………………………………………………………...135 5.1. Σφαιρικοί και Δυναμικοί χαρακτήρες – Ανάλυση χαρακτηριστικών……...135 5.1.1. Κρίστα Κόνορ ( Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)…………………….135 5.1.2. Λόουελ Τρέισι (Sexy)……………………………………………….140 5.2. Επίπεδοι και Δυναμικοί χαρακτήρες – Ανάλυση χαρακτηριστικών……….144 5.2.1. Γουίλιαμ Ντόναγκι (Είπες πολλά...)………………………………...144 5.2.2. Κυρία Ριγκς (Είπες πολλά...)....……………………………………..145 5.2.3. Κλέιτον Ρίγκς (Είπες πολλά…)……………………………………...146 5.3. Επίπεδοι και Στατικοί χαρακτήρες – Ανάλυση χαρακτηριστικών…………148 5.3.1. Ριντ Πίρσον (Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)………………………..148 5.3.2. Βίκη Κόνορ ( Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)……………………….152 5.3.3. Μίρο Οκάβα (Το τέρας με τα πράσινα μάτια)……………………….153 5.3.4. Lisbeth Abbott (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)………………………………………………………...155 5.3.5. Steve Abbott (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)………………………………………………………...156 5.3.6. Caroline McCarty (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)…………………………………………………158 5.3.7. Dwight McCarty (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)…………………………………………………159 5.3.8. Dr. Freer (After the Wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)……………………………………………………………..160 5.3.9. Mrs. Holland (After the Wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)………………………………………………………...161 5.3.10. Roland Saint-Croix (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)…………………………………………………162 5.3.11. Claudette (After the wreck, I picked myself up, spread my wings, and flew away)……………………………………………………………..164 5.3.12. Γουόλ Φλιν (Sexy) ………………………………………………….165 5.3.13. Έντιθ Φλιν (Sexy)…………………………………………………...167 5.3.14. Τζον Νιούλαβ (Sexy)………………………………………………..168 5.3.15. Ελρόι (Sexy)………………………………………………………...169 5.3.16. Αιδεσιμότατος «Αικ» Μπρούερ (Είπες πολλά…)…………………..170 5.3.17. Κλερ Ντόναγκι (Είπες πολλά...)…………………………………….171 5.3.18. Σούλτζ (Είπες πολλά…)……………………………………………..173 5.3.19. Κύριος Πάρις (Είπες πολλά...)………………………………………173 5.4. Συμπεράσματα…………………………………………………………….175 Τελικά Συμπεράσματα – Επίλογος…………………………………………………180 Βιβλιογραφία ………………………………………………………………………185 Παράρτημα………………………………………………………………………….192 6 Η χρήση του αρσενικού γένους στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας εργασίας δε συνιστά αποδοχή της παρωχημένης αντίληψης για το «ισχυρότερο» ή «επικρατέστερο» (βιολογικό ή κοινωνικό φύλο, αλλά είναι δηλωτική της γραμματικής υποκατηγορίας των ονομάτων (έφηβος-έφηβη, ήρωας-ηρωίδα, αναγνώστης-αναγνώστρια κ.ά.) και επιλέγεται για λόγους συντομίας και οικονομίας. 7 Εισαγωγή Η εφηβική λογοτεχνία ή λογοτεχνία για νεαρούς ενηλίκους (young adults) ή λογοτεχνία για νέους και εφήβους έχουν απασχολήσει διεθνώς τους μελετητές και τους κριτικούς του παιδικού και εφηβικού βιβλίου. Οι παραπάνω όροι είναι σχετικά «νεόκοποι», δεδομένου ότι η εφηβική λογοτεχνία, με κυρίαρχο είδος της το μυθιστόρημα, εμφανίζεται τη δεκαετία του ’60, αρχικά στην Αμερική και στη συνέχεια διεθνώς. Ο διαχωρισμός της εφηβικής από την παιδική λογοτεχνία γίνεται με κριτήριο τα θέματα, τον τρόπο
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