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Joyce Carol Oates 16 JOYCE CAROL OATES 16. 6. 1938 Americká prozai čka, básní řka, dramati čka a kriti čka Joyce Carol Oatesová se narodila 16. června 1938 v dělnické rodin ě v Lockportu, ve stát ě New York. Její matka Carolina (rozená Bush) byla ženou v domácnosti, otec Frederic James Oates pracoval jako nástroja ř a konstruktér. Joyce byla nejstarší ze t ří d ětí – její bratr Fred junior se narodil v roce 1943 a sestra Lynn Ann v roce 1956 (je postižena autismem). Oatesová byla vychovávána jako katoli čka, nyní je ale ateistkou. D ětství prožila na rodinné farm ě svých prarodi čů nedaleko Erijského jezera blízko kanadských hranic (kraj Erie získal důležité místo v její románové i povídkové tvorb ě, kde ho nazývá „Eden County“). Velký vliv na ni měla babi čka z otcovy strany, Blanche Woodside, která byla vášnivou čtená řkou. Práv ě ona p řivedla Joyce k literatu ře (v ěnovala jí knihu Alenka v říši div ů od Lewise Carrolla, jež na ni hluboce zap ůsobila). Když ve svých čtrnácti letech dostala Joyce od babi čky psací stroj, za čala se v ěnovat psaní. Již v patnácti letech napsala sv ůj první román, vydavatelé ho však odmítli publikovat s tím, že je příliš depresivní. J. C. Oatesová chodila do stejné jednot řídky jako její matka. Poté navšt ěvovala v ětší p řím ěstské školy a následn ě studovala na st řední škole Williamsville South High School, kde pracovala pro školní noviny. Maturitní zkoušku složila v roce 1956. Díky tomu, že získala stipendium, za čala studovat angli čtinu na Syrakuské univerzit ě, kde absolvovala s vyznamenáním roku 1960. Následovalo postgraduální studium na univerzit ě ve Wisconsinu, které ukon čila v roce 1961 a získala magisterský titul. Oatesová byla v rodin ě první a jedinou absolventkou vysoké školy. Během studia na wisconsinské univerzit ě se seznámila s Raymondem Josephem Smithem, za kterého se v roce 1961 provdala (Smith se stal profesorem literatury a pozd ěji také redaktorem a vydavatelem). Následujícího roku spole čně odešli do Detroitu, kde oba až do roku 1967 u čili na univerzit ě. Oatesová se v té dob ě v ěnovala i psaní. Po čátkem 60. let za čala publikovat desítky povídek. Jelikož si již od d ětství shromaž ďovala fiktivní p říb ěhy, v nichž se odrážely její úvahy o sv ětě, nešlo o běžné „první pokusy“, ale o hotové, formáln ě i myšlenkov ě dotažené práce. Její povídky se objevily již ve všech populárních i akademických časopisech. Vyskytují se v řad ě význa čných antologií a tém ěř každoro čně bývají sou částí výb ěru nejlepších povídek roku. První kniha povídek J. C. Oatesové vyšla roku 1963 pod názvem By the North Gate (U severní brány ). Autorka v ní popisuje drsný venkovský život a tématicky čerpá ze svého d ětství. V roce 1964 vydala Oatesová svou románovou prvotinu With Shuddering Fall (Surový pád ). Mezi špi čkové americké spisovatele, jako jsou John Updike, William Styron či Joseph Heller, ji vynesl její druhý román Zahrada pozemských slastí (1967). V něm na osudech trojice hrdin ů sleduje život amerického venkova ve t řicátých až šedesátých letech. Stejn ě úsp ěšný byl i její t řetí román, nazvaný Lidé na 1 úrovni (1968), který vypráví tragický p říb ěh osam ělého chlapce a zárove ň kritizuje americké měšťáctví a snobství. Rodi če hlavního hrdiny pocházejí z lepších kruh ů a žijí v zajetí spole čenských konvencí. Jejich jediný syn Richard poci ťuje trvalý strach z toho, že jej matka, kterou žárliv ě miluje, opustí. N ěkolik let po mat čin ě smrti pak vypráví o tom, jak p řipravoval její vraždu. Vzpomínky zahrnují období mezi osmým až osmnáctým rokem Richardova života. Dramatický p říb ěh matkovraždy a pozd ěji sebevraždy poukazuje na to, jak mohou trp ět d ěti, jež rodi če zahrnuli vším, krom ě lidského tepla a citu. Období, které autorka strávila se svým manželem v Detroitu, výrazn ě ovlivnilo její další tvorbu. Manželé se v roce 1967 stali sv ědky každodenního násilí, krvavých politických a rasových nepokoj ů. Práv ě tyto události inspirovaly J. C. Oatesovou k napsání mezinárodn ě úsp ěšného románu Oni . Poprvé byl publikován v červnu 1969 a autorka za n ěj získala knižní cenu National Book Award. Naturalistické dílo zachycuje život imigrant ů v USA. Na t řech hlavních postavách autorka ukazuje, jak je obtížné za řadit se do st řední t řídy a žít „americký sen“, t řebaže se k němu každý snaží propracovat jinou cestou. Oatesová zastává názor, že d ějiny existují pouze v osobních perspektivách, což také zmi ňuje v úvodní autorské poznámce: „Toto jsou d ějiny v románové form ě – p řesn ěji řečeno v osobní perspektiv ě, což jsou jediné d ějiny, které existují.“ Román čtená ře výjime čným zp ůsobem utvrzuje v tom, že celospole čenské d ění má pr ůkazný vliv na osudy jedinc ů (v ětšinu hrdin ů ovliv ňuje negativn ě – frustrace, tendence k destrukci, averze apod.). V roce 1968 p řijala Oatesová nabídku p řednášet na univerzit ě ve Windsoru a s manželem se přest ěhovala do kanadského Ontaria. Spole čně pak roku 1974 založili literární časopis The Ontario Review, v n ěmž J. C. Oatesová p ůsobila jako zástupce šéfredaktora. Další st ěhování následovalo v roce 1978, poté co jí univerzita v Princetonu nabídla místo profesorky. Díky iniciativ ě obou manžel ů vzniklo roku 1980 nezávislé vydavatelství Ontario Review Books. Oatesová však nezapomínala ani na literaturu a intenzivn ě se v ěnovala psaní. O románu Zem ě div ů (1971) prohlásila: „Stál m ě nejvíc sil.“ Jeho název je ironickým ozna čením samotné Ameriky – zem ě div ů –, sou časn ě však p ředstavuje záhadný sv ět lidského mozku, v němž probíhají ty nejúžasn ější a nejp řekvapiv ější procesy spojené s vnímáním vlastního nitra. Dílo je p ůsobivou variací na téma násilí a genera čních st řet ů, zasazených do prost ředí st ředních vrstev. Neúsp ěšný otec a podnikatel Willard Harte vyvraždí až na syna Jesse celou svou rodinu. Chlapec je poté adoptován svatouškovským despotou, doktorem Pedersenem. Touha po domov ě a citu se stává vůdčí ideou hlavního hrdiny – Jesse úsp ěšn ě vzdoruje svému prokletí, vystuduje medicínu, ožení se a stane se otcem. Jeho milovaná dcera Shelley však utíká z domova do komunity hippies. Jesse ji pronásleduje a dostihne ji až v Torontu. V původní verzi románu skon čila Shelley ve vodách Ontaria a Jesse nedokázal zabránit její smrti. Autorka ale pozd ěji záv ěr románu p řepsala a p ůvodní konec nahradila gestem otcovské moci nad životem dít ěte. Oatesová ve svém díle pe čliv ě identifikuje 2 a následn ě analyzuje selhání spole čenstva ve velkom ěstském regionu. Zlo, které vládne v temných koutech „zem ě div ů“, je však podle autorky tragicky dotvá řeno lidmi samými. Rodí se z pocit ů vlastní bezcennosti, sobectví a závisti. První část Zem ě div ů pat ří k tomu nejlepšímu, co J. C. Oatesová napsala. St řední spekulativní pasáže a záv ěre čný díl, kombinující er-formu s vnit řními monology a dopisy Shelley, však nejsou konzistentní. Oatesová ve svém románu zdánliv ě logickým zp ůsobem dotahuje již existující momenty hr ůzy a násilí do extrémních poloh. Z řejmě ale neodhadla míru, takže příb ěh místy p ůsobí jako černá komedie, z níž se vytratilo seriózní jádro. Vzr ůstající zlo činnost a její pasivní p řijímání znepokojuje Oatesovou v románech Do With Me What You Will (Dělej se mnou, co si p řeješ , 1973) a The Assassins (Vrahové , 1975). Zatímco v románové tvorb ě se spisovatelka p říliš neodchylovala od klasické formy, v povídkách ráda experimentovala. Um ěleckého vrcholu proto dosáhla také díky svým povídkám, které publikovala ve sbírkách The Wheel of Love and other Stories (Kolo lásky a jiné povídky , 1970), Marriages and Infidelities (Manželství a nev ěry , 1972) a The Goddess and Other Women (1974). V českém p řekladu vyšel v roce 1988 výbor z několika povídkových sbírek nazvaný Bohyn ě a jiné ženy . Román z univerzitního prost ředí Nesvaté lásky (1979) má v tvorb ě J. C. Oatesové výjime čné místo. Autorka v něm z řejm ě čerpala z vlastních zkušeností vysokoškolské profesorky a poda řilo se jí vytvo řit novodobou tragikomedii mrav ů – barvitou fresku jednoho akademického roku. D ěj románu je prostý i složitý zárove ň. Na univerzitu Woodslee ve stát ě New York p řilétá z Anglie na místo čestného profesora poezie slavný básník Albert St. Dennis. Je o čekáván s velkými nad ějemi a pro ostatní pedagogy na univerzit ě p ředstavuje symbol úsp ěchu. Jeho postava znázor ňuje vysn ěný idol, jenž musí zapadat do konven čního vzorce génia. St. Dennis však není modla, ale pouze člov ěk – starý pán, v ěč ně podroušený, žijící už kdesi na pomezí mezi sv ětem živých a zem řelých. Ostatní pedagogové se ho snaží využít ke svým vlastním zám ěrům. Každý z nich hraje svou roli, schovává se za maskou přátelství a bojuje za své cíle. Ve skute čnosti jde však o projev sobectví, žárlivosti a bezohlednosti. Román je obrazem života americké spole čnosti, zárove ň je jakýmsi varováním i trpkou kritikou. Řadí se mezi význa čná realistická a spole čenskokritická díla americké literatury dvacátého století. V osmdesátých letech nastalo u J. C. Oatesové období oddechové četby. V ěnovala se především rodinným témat ům, která obohatila hororovými prvky. Mezi nejznám ější díla z této doby pat ří nap ř. Bellefleur (1980), Angel of Light (And ěl sv ětla , 1981), A Bloodsmoor Romance (Bloodsmoorský p říb ěh, 1982), Marya: A Life (Život Marye , 1986), You Must Remember This (Tohle nezapome ň, 1987) nebo Americké chut ě (1989).
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