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Organizations of Knowledge About the Orient in German and British Romanticism 1780-1820

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Organizations of Knowledge About the Orient in German and British Romanticism 1780-1820 Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-29-2016 12:00 AM Organizations of Knowledge about the Orient in German and British Romanticism 1780-1820 Naqaa Abbas The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Angela Esterhammer The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Tilottama Rajan The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Comparative Literature A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Naqaa Abbas 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, and the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Abbas, Naqaa, "Organizations of Knowledge about the Orient in German and British Romanticism 1780-1820" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4093. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4093 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Organizations of Knowledge about the Orient in German and British Romanticism 1780-1820 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the various literary modes in which German and British Romantic literature and culture organize knowledge about Islam and the Middle East. I explore how the Orient exceeds and troubles the “place” it is given in historical and geographical classification systems. I argue that many Romantic writers challenge the constructedness of the Oriental narrative during their time, thus questioning what really constitutes knowledge and the limits of knowledge. In this context, I re-evaluate Edward W. Said’s socio-historical generalizations regarding Orientalism as a form of Western control over the East. While studies on Romantic Orientalism have focused on representations of knowledge about India and Africa, little attention has been paid to the significance of Islam, the Ottoman Empire, and Arabic language and poetry for Romanticism. My literary corpus consists of Johann Gottfried von Herder’s Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit (1784-1791), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s West-östlicher Divan and the Noten und Abhandlungen zu Besserem Verständnis (1819), Lord G. Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Canto II (1812), and the The Giaour (1816). I also examine travelogues and philhellenic dramas of the 1820s, such as John Cam Hobhouse’s A Journey Through Albania (1813), and John Howard Payne’s Ali Pacha; or, the Signet Ring (1822), and their representations of an important but often neglected political figure, Ali Pasha of Yannina. In each chapter, I illustrate how the authors confront and question the (im)possibility of knowledge of the Other, and in turn criticize Western culture’s reception of the Orient and the practice of Orientalism. ii Keywords: Orientalism, Romanticism, Knowledge, Representation, J.G. von Herder, J.W. von Goethe, Lord G. Byron, Ali Pasha of Yannina. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT They say it takes a village to raise a child; indeed, this dissertation would not have materialized without the invaluable help, effort, and dedication of my community. First, I thank my supervisors, Angela Esterhammer, and Tilottama Rajan, for their endless patience, guidance and encouragement throughout my years as a graduate student at Western University. Their belief in my abilities and their insurmountable dedication has been key to my success thus far. I am also forever grateful to Dr. Esterhammer for giving me many opportunities to explore the world, researching and teaching abroad. Her kindness and generosity have greatly contributed to my intellectual and professional progress. I also owe much thanks to Professor Rajan, who has dedicated so much of her time and energy to this project, and has supported me professionally, intellectually, and personally. It is truly a privilege to work with two such inspiring models, not just in the field of Romanticism, but in the world of academe in general. During my years at Western University, I had the privilege of meeting many wonderful colleagues and friends. To my dear friends, Maria Mayr, Duru Gungor, Cristina Inoica, and Alexia Moyer: thank you for being there in the many times of need; I can never forget your support throughout these years and I look forward to many more years of your valuable friendship. Special thanks also to my friend Jessica Rushton. Our love for reading brought us together since our undergraduate years, and I am grateful for the coffees and conversations we have shared thus far. My thanks also to my Romanticism family, Chris Bundock and Josh Lambier; our collaboration and camaraderie will remain a fond memory. Their admirable passion and dedication to everything they do in this profession have taught me to challenge and expand my critical and intellectual capacity, and their scholarly rigour, meticulousness, and eloquence continues to inspire me. iv Finally, I am indebted to my family. I thank my husband Labeed for his patience and understanding. As this chapter closes, I cannot wait to open a new and fresh chapter together, and to embark on a new journey (wherever it may be) with our young family. Thanks to Fay and Jena who fill our lives with joy, tenderness, and dreams. The unconditional love and support from my in-laws deserves mention here; thanks to Dr. Muhsin Elbermani and Mrs. Soad for doing everything the can to ease the hectic working-load in our busy lives these past few years, and for tirelessly running after Fay and Jena. Last but by no means least, a heartfelt thank you to my mother, Bushra Abbas, and my father, Kudhair Abbas, without whom I would never have been able to arise to this challenge. They have shown me the true meaning and value of the word family. My siblings – Dr. Minan Abbas, Fatima, Ali and Maha – have equally shared the burden of taking care of two very active and demanding children this past year, and for that I will always be indebted. My parents have taught me to preserver, be patient, and have faith. I thank them for being my true inspiration in life and for showering us with generosity, kindness and forgiveness. Because of them I am able to finish this dissertation, and to them I dedicate it. v DEDICATION الى ابي: لك الشكر على كل ما قدمته لي من فكرمن ثقافة من قدوة الى امي: انّك العطاء الذي يفيض بل حدود ورمز يجسد الكفاح واللود vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowledgment iii Dedication v Table of Contents vi List of Abbreviations viii INTRODUCTION: Situating Romantic Orientalism 1 Said and Formations of Orientalism 3 Knowledge, Power, and Empire 4 British and German Romanticism and the Orient 7 Current Scholarship in Romantic Orientalism 12 Islam, the Ottoman Empire and Romanticism 18 CHAPTER 1. Hyper-Organization of Knowledge about the Other 30 Philosophies of History 37 Philosophy of History and the Ideen 44 Kultur, Sprache and the East 55 CHAPTER 2. Mediating the East: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Re-organization of Knowledge 72 Elements of the Divan: A Background 76 Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at the University 84 Goethe’s Influences 85 Goethe’s Self-Staging in the Divan 89 Translation, Transferre, Übersetzung 98 Comparing Cultures 102 Weltliteratur 107 vii CHAPTER 3. The Printer’s Devil: Byron’s Paratext and the Dis-organization of Knowledge 118 Publication History of the Paratexts 124 Footnotes, Endnotes, Appendices and the Market 126 Paratexts, Authenticity and Correctness 130 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and the Failure of History 135 Cultural Translation, Mediation, (Re)Negotiation 137 The Giaour and the Limits of Knowledge 145 Battles and Feuds 152 CHAPTER 4. Un-organizing Knowledge: Ali Pasha’s Manipulation of Orientalism 168 Ali Pasha in European Travel Accounts 171 Ali’s Balkanism 174 Ali and the European Encounters 177 The Myth of Ali 182 Representations of Ali 186 Ali Pasha and Philhellenic Melodrama 195 Staging the East 198 Depictions of Ali Pasha on the Stage 201 More Drama to the Drama 205 Ali Pasha’s Manipulation of Orientalism 209 Works Cited 225 Curriculum Vitae 247 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BLJ Byron’s Letters and Journals CPW Byron’s Complete Poetical Works DKV Herder’s Werke in Deutscher Klassiker Verlag FA Goethe’s Completed Works in Deutscher Kalssiker Verlag HA Goethe’s Completed Works Hamburger Ausgabe SP Lord Byron: Selected Poetry SPP Shelley’s Poetry and Prose: Authoritative Texts, Criticism SW Herder’s Sämtliche Werke A Note on Translation In this dissertation, I have consulted primary works in their original language – Arabic, French and German. My translation practice throughout the dissertation is to cite the standard English translation of a text, should one be available. For example, in Chapter Two and Chapter 4 I cite sources that provide good translations of the original text. Chapter One is a bit problematic, as the complete English translation of the original German text dates from 1800 and is therefore a bit archaic for today’s reader. Nevertheless, I use this translation but also offer my own translation or alteration of the 1800 translation to ease the reading process. For the most part, unless otherwise indicated, all translations are my own. 1 INTRODUCTION: Situating Romantic Orientalism “This crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take a while.” George W. Bush “The Romantics’ image of the East, which flourished and persisted for so long in the public imagination as a riot of colour, sumptuousness, and savage ferocity; harems and seraglios; heads chopped off and women thrown into sacks into the Bosphorous; feluccas and brigantines flying the Crescent banner, roundness of azure domes and soaring whiteness of minarets; viziers, odalisques, and eunuchs; cooling springs beneath palms; giaours with their throats slit; captive women subjected to the victor’s ravenous lust.
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