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Algebraic Topology - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 5
Algebraic topology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 5 Algebraic topology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics which uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence. Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group. Contents 1 The method of algebraic invariants 2 Setting in category theory 3 Results on homology 4 Applications of algebraic topology 5 Notable algebraic topologists 6 Important theorems in algebraic topology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading The method of algebraic invariants An older name for the subject was combinatorial topology , implying an emphasis on how a space X was constructed from simpler ones (the modern standard tool for such construction is the CW-complex ). The basic method now applied in algebraic topology is to investigate spaces via algebraic invariants by mapping them, for example, to groups which have a great deal of manageable structure in a way that respects the relation of homeomorphism (or more general homotopy) of spaces. This allows one to recast statements about topological spaces into statements about groups, which are often easier to prove. Two major ways in which this can be done are through fundamental groups, or more generally homotopy theory, and through homology and cohomology groups. -
Fundamental Theorems in Mathematics
SOME FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS IN MATHEMATICS OLIVER KNILL Abstract. An expository hitchhikers guide to some theorems in mathematics. Criteria for the current list of 243 theorems are whether the result can be formulated elegantly, whether it is beautiful or useful and whether it could serve as a guide [6] without leading to panic. The order is not a ranking but ordered along a time-line when things were writ- ten down. Since [556] stated “a mathematical theorem only becomes beautiful if presented as a crown jewel within a context" we try sometimes to give some context. Of course, any such list of theorems is a matter of personal preferences, taste and limitations. The num- ber of theorems is arbitrary, the initial obvious goal was 42 but that number got eventually surpassed as it is hard to stop, once started. As a compensation, there are 42 “tweetable" theorems with included proofs. More comments on the choice of the theorems is included in an epilogue. For literature on general mathematics, see [193, 189, 29, 235, 254, 619, 412, 138], for history [217, 625, 376, 73, 46, 208, 379, 365, 690, 113, 618, 79, 259, 341], for popular, beautiful or elegant things [12, 529, 201, 182, 17, 672, 673, 44, 204, 190, 245, 446, 616, 303, 201, 2, 127, 146, 128, 502, 261, 172]. For comprehensive overviews in large parts of math- ematics, [74, 165, 166, 51, 593] or predictions on developments [47]. For reflections about mathematics in general [145, 455, 45, 306, 439, 99, 561]. Encyclopedic source examples are [188, 705, 670, 102, 192, 152, 221, 191, 111, 635]. -
Agms20170007.Pdf
This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Author(s): Le Donne, Enrico Title: A Primer on Carnot Groups: Homogenous Groups, Carnot-Carathéodory Spaces, and Regularity of Their Isometries Year: 2017 Version: Please cite the original version: Le Donne, E. (2017). A Primer on Carnot Groups: Homogenous Groups, Carnot- Carathéodory Spaces, and Regularity of Their Isometries. Analysis and Geometry in Metric Spaces, 5(1), 116-137. https://doi.org/10.1515/agms-2017-0007 All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. Anal. Geom. Metr. Spaces 2017; 5:116–137 Survey Paper Open Access Enrico Le Donne* A Primer on Carnot Groups: Homogenous Groups, Carnot-Carathéodory Spaces, and Regularity of Their Isometries https://doi.org/10.1515/agms-2017-0007 Received November 18, 2016; revised September 7, 2017; accepted November 8, 2017 Abstract: Carnot groups are distinguished spaces that are rich of structure: they are those Lie groups equipped with a path distance that is invariant by left-translations of the group and admit automorphisms that are dilations with respect to the distance. We present the basic theory of Carnot groups together with several remarks. -
1 Background and History 1.1 Classifying Exotic Spheres the Kervaire-Milnor Classification of Exotic Spheres
A historical introduction to the Kervaire invariant problem ESHT boot camp April 4, 2016 Mike Hill University of Virginia Mike Hopkins 1.1 Harvard University Doug Ravenel University of Rochester Mike Hill, myself and Mike Hopkins Photo taken by Bill Browder February 11, 2010 1.2 1.3 1 Background and history 1.1 Classifying exotic spheres The Kervaire-Milnor classification of exotic spheres 1 About 50 years ago three papers appeared that revolutionized algebraic and differential topology. John Milnor’s On manifolds home- omorphic to the 7-sphere, 1956. He constructed the first “exotic spheres”, manifolds homeomorphic • but not diffeomorphic to the stan- dard S7. They were certain S3-bundles over S4. 1.4 The Kervaire-Milnor classification of exotic spheres (continued) • Michel Kervaire 1927-2007 Michel Kervaire’s A manifold which does not admit any differentiable structure, 1960. His manifold was 10-dimensional. I will say more about it later. 1.5 The Kervaire-Milnor classification of exotic spheres (continued) • Kervaire and Milnor’s Groups of homotopy spheres, I, 1963. They gave a complete classification of exotic spheres in dimensions ≥ 5, with two caveats: (i) Their answer was given in terms of the stable homotopy groups of spheres, which remain a mystery to this day. (ii) There was an ambiguous factor of two in dimensions congruent to 1 mod 4. The solution to that problem is the subject of this talk. 1.6 1.2 Pontryagin’s early work on homotopy groups of spheres Pontryagin’s early work on homotopy groups of spheres Back to the 1930s Lev Pontryagin 1908-1988 Pontryagin’s approach to continuous maps f : Sn+k ! Sk was • Assume f is smooth. -
Arxiv:1604.08579V1 [Math.MG] 28 Apr 2016 ..Caatrztoso I Groups Lie of Characterizations 5.1
A PRIMER ON CARNOT GROUPS: HOMOGENOUS GROUPS, CC SPACES, AND REGULARITY OF THEIR ISOMETRIES ENRICO LE DONNE Abstract. Carnot groups are distinguished spaces that are rich of structure: they are those Lie groups equipped with a path distance that is invariant by left-translations of the group and admit automorphisms that are dilations with respect to the distance. We present the basic theory of Carnot groups together with several remarks. We consider them as special cases of graded groups and as homogeneous metric spaces. We discuss the regularity of isometries in the general case of Carnot-Carathéodory spaces and of nilpotent metric Lie groups. Contents 0. Prototypical examples 4 1. Stratifications 6 1.1. Definitions 6 1.2. Uniqueness of stratifications 10 2. Metric groups 11 2.1. Abelian groups 12 2.2. Heisenberg group 12 2.3. Carnot groups 12 2.4. Carnot-Carathéodory spaces 12 2.5. Continuity of homogeneous distances 13 3. Limits of Riemannian manifolds 13 arXiv:1604.08579v1 [math.MG] 28 Apr 2016 3.1. Tangents to CC-spaces: Mitchell Theorem 14 3.2. Asymptotic cones of nilmanifolds 14 4. Isometrically homogeneous geodesic manifolds 15 4.1. Homogeneous metric spaces 15 4.2. Berestovskii’s characterization 15 5. A metric characterization of Carnot groups 16 5.1. Characterizations of Lie groups 16 Date: April 29, 2016. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 53C17, 43A80, 22E25, 22F30, 14M17. This essay is a survey written for a summer school on metric spaces. 1 2 ENRICO LE DONNE 5.2. A metric characterization of Carnot groups 17 6. Isometries of metric groups 17 6.1. -
(Emmy) Noether
Amalie (Emmy) Noether TOC Intro Gottingen¨ 1917-1920 Gottingen¨ 1920-1933 Exile References Amalie (Emmy) Noether TOC Intro Gottingen¨ 1917-1920 Gottingen¨ 1920-1933 Exile References Amalie (Emmy) Noether Gottingen¨ and Algebra Amalie (Emmy) Noether 1920-1933 Table of Contents German Nationalism: Exile Introduction from Germany Gottingen¨ and Hilbert and Einstein 1917-1920 References Larry Susanka October 3, 2019 Amalie (Emmy) Noether TOC Intro Gottingen¨ 1917-1920 Gottingen¨ 1920-1933 Exile References Amalie (Emmy) Noether TOC Intro Gottingen¨ 1917-1920 Gottingen¨ 1920-1933 Exile References INTRODUCTION She was the eldest of four children. Little is known about her Emmy Noether (pronounced childhood beyond what can be inferred from her general NER-ter) was born to a situation. There are no anecdotes that reveal that she was prosperous Jewish family in “destined” to be a great mathematician. Girls at that time and the Bavarian university town place and social class simply did not study the sciences, and an of Erlangen on March 23, 1882. academic career was out of the question. She died unexpectedly in another university town, Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania, on April According to Wikipedia, 14, 1935 at the age of 53. As a girl, Noether was well liked. She did not stand out academically although she was known for being clever and The aim of this talk is to tell friendly. She was near-sighted and talked with a minor lisp part of the story of this during her childhood. remarkable woman and provide an outline of her ————— scientific legacy. ————— Amalie (Emmy) Noether TOC Intro Gottingen¨ 1917-1920 Gottingen¨ 1920-1933 Exile References Amalie (Emmy) Noether TOC Intro Gottingen¨ 1917-1920 Gottingen¨ 1920-1933 Exile References Her father Max Noether, though, was a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Erlangen and studied what She went to the standard local we would call algebraic geometry. -
4 Aug 2016 Metric Geometry of Locally Compact Groups
Metric geometry of locally compact groups Yves Cornulier and Pierre de la Harpe July 31, 2016 arXiv:1403.3796v4 [math.GR] 4 Aug 2016 2 Abstract This book offers to study locally compact groups from the point of view of appropriate metrics that can be defined on them, in other words to study “Infinite groups as geometric objects”, as Gromov writes it in the title of a famous article. The theme has often been restricted to finitely generated groups, but it can favourably be played for locally compact groups. The development of the theory is illustrated by numerous examples, including matrix groups with entries in the the field of real or complex numbers, or other locally compact fields such as p-adic fields, isometry groups of various metric spaces, and, last but not least, discrete group themselves. Word metrics for compactly generated groups play a major role. In the particular case of finitely generated groups, they were introduced by Dehn around 1910 in connection with the Word Problem. Some of the results exposed concern general locally compact groups, such as criteria for the existence of compatible metrics (Birkhoff-Kakutani, Kakutani-Kodaira, Struble). Other results concern special classes of groups, for example those mapping onto Z (the Bieri-Strebel splitting theorem, generalized to locally compact groups). Prior to their applications to groups, the basic notions of coarse and large-scale geometry are developed in the general framework of metric spaces. Coarse geometry is that part of geometry concerning properties of metric spaces that can be formulated in terms of large distances only. -
Arnold: Swimming Against the Tide / Boris Khesin, Serge Tabachnikov, Editors
ARNOLD: Real Analysis A Comprehensive Course in Analysis, Part 1 Barry Simon Boris A. Khesin Serge L. Tabachnikov Editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/mbk/086 ARNOLD: AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Photograph courtesy of Svetlana Tretyakova Photograph courtesy of Svetlana Vladimir Igorevich Arnold June 12, 1937–June 3, 2010 ARNOLD: Boris A. Khesin Serge L. Tabachnikov Editors AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Providence, Rhode Island Translation of Chapter 7 “About Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin” and Chapter 21 “Several Thoughts About Arnold” provided by Valentina Altman. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 01A65; Secondary 01A70, 01A75. For additional information and updates on this book, visit www.ams.org/bookpages/mbk-86 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arnold: swimming against the tide / Boris Khesin, Serge Tabachnikov, editors. pages cm. ISBN 978-1-4704-1699-7 (alk. paper) 1. Arnold, V. I. (Vladimir Igorevich), 1937–2010. 2. Mathematicians–Russia–Biography. 3. Mathematicians–Soviet Union–Biography. 4. Mathematical analysis. 5. Differential equations. I. Khesin, Boris A. II. Tabachnikov, Serge. QA8.6.A76 2014 510.92–dc23 2014021165 [B] Copying and reprinting. Individual readers of this publication, and nonprofit libraries acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy select pages for use in teaching or research. Permission is granted to quote brief passages from this publication in reviews, provided the customary acknowledgment of the source is given. Republication, systematic copying, or multiple reproduction of any material in this publication is permitted only under license from the American Mathematical Society. Permissions to reuse portions of AMS publication content are now being handled by Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. -
Amalie (Emmy) Noether (1882 - 1935)
Amalie (Emmy) Noether (1882 - 1935) Mairi Sakellariadou King’s College London Emmy Noether was born in Erlangen, Germany on March 23, 1882 She was named Amalie, but always called "Emmy" 2 Emmy Noether 10th February 2016 Zakopane Mairi Sakellariadou The family The father: Max Noether (1844 Mannheim– 1921 Erlangen) From a Jewish family of wealthy wholesale hardware dealers. At 14, Max contracted polio and was afflicted by its effects for the rest of his life. Through self-study, he learned advanced mathematics and entered the University of Heidelberg in 1865. He moved to the University of Erlagen in 1888. While there, he helped to found the field of algebraic geometry. In 1880 he married Ida Amalia Kaufmann, the daughter of another wealthy Jewish merchant family. Two years later they had their first child, named Amalia (“ Emmy “) after her mother. 3 Emmy Noether 10th February 2016 Zakopane Mairi Sakellariadou The family The mother: Ida Amalia Kaufmann (1852 Koln – 1951 Erlagen) From a wealthy Jewish merchant family. Ida had a brother who was a professor at the University of Berlin. In 1880 she married Max Noether ; they had four children. Ida was a skilled pianist. 4 Emmy Noether 10th February 2016 Zakopane Mairi Sakellariadou The family . Emmy 1882 – 1935 Professor of Mathematics in Erlagen, Gottingen, and Bryn Mawr (USA) . Alfred 1883 – 1918 Chemist . Fritz 1884 – 1937 Professor of Mathematics in Breslavia (Germany) and in Tomsk (Russia) . Gustav Robert 1889 -- 1928 5 Emmy Noether 10th February 2016 Zakopane Mairi Sakellariadou The family a bit before the first world war 6 Emmy Noether 10th February 2016 Zakopane Mairi Sakellariadou The Erlagen period (1882 – 1915) Emmy's childhood was unexceptional, going to school, learning domestic skills, and taking piano lessons. -
Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, Part I
Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, Part I Vladimir Retakh, Coordinating Editor Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, a age twelve Gelfand understood that some problems mathematician compared by in geometry cannot be solved algebraically and Henri Cartan to Poincaré and drew a table of ratios of the length of the chord to Hilbert, was born on Septem- the length of the arc. Much later it became clear ber 2, 1913, in the small town for him that in fact he was drawing trigonometric of Okny (later Red Okny) near tables. Odessa in the Ukraine and died From this period came his Mozartean style in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and his belief in the unity and harmony of USA, on October 5, 2009. mathematics (including applied mathematics)— Nobody guided Gelfand in the unity determined not by rigid and loudly his studies. He attended the proclaimed programs, but rather by invisible only school in town, and his and sometimes hidden ties connecting seemingly mathematics teacher could different areas. Gelfand described his school years offer him nothing except and mathematical studies in an interview published I. M. Gelfand encouragement—and this was in Quantum, a science magazine for high school very important. In Gelfand’s students [1]. In Gelfand’s own words: “It is my deep own words: “Offering encouragement is a teacher’s conviction that mathematical ability in most future most important job.” In 1923 the family moved professional mathematicians appears…when they to another place and Gelfand entered a vocational are 13 to 16 years old…. This period formed my school for chemistry lab technicians. However, style of doing mathematics. -