Mathematicians Going East
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Ernst Zermelo Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus in Cooperation with Volker Peckhaus Ernst Zermelo
Ernst Zermelo Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus In Cooperation with Volker Peckhaus Ernst Zermelo An Approach to His Life and Work With 42 Illustrations 123 Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus Mathematisches Institut Abteilung für Mathematische Logik Universität Freiburg Eckerstraße 1 79104 Freiburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Volker Peckhaus Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät Fach Philosophie Universität Paderborn War burger St raße 100 33098 Paderborn, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2007921876 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 01A70, 03-03, 03E25, 03E30, 49-03, 76-03, 82-03, 91-03 ISBN 978-3-540-49551-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro- tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting by the author using a Springer TEX macro package Production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 46/3100/YL - 5 4 3 2 1 0 To the memory of Gertrud Zermelo (1902–2003) Preface Ernst Zermelo is best-known for the explicit statement of the axiom of choice and his axiomatization of set theory. -
Albert Einstein
THE COLLECTED PAPERS OF Albert Einstein VOLUME 15 THE BERLIN YEARS: WRITINGS & CORRESPONDENCE JUNE 1925–MAY 1927 Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, A. J. Kox, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, and Jennifer Nollar James EDITORS Anthony Duncan, Marco Giovanelli, Michel Janssen, Daniel J. Kennefick, and Issachar Unna ASSOCIATE & CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Emily de Araújo, Rudy Hirschmann, Nurit Lifshitz, and Barbara Wolff ASSISTANT EDITORS Princeton University Press 2018 Copyright © 2018 by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA (Revised for volume 15) Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955. The collected papers of Albert Einstein. German, English, and French. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The early years, 1879–1902 / John Stachel, editor — v. 2. The Swiss years, writings, 1900–1909 — — v. 15. The Berlin years, writings and correspondence, June 1925–May 1927 / Diana Kormos Buchwald... [et al.], editors. QC16.E5A2 1987 530 86-43132 ISBN 0-691-08407-6 (v.1) ISBN 978-0-691-17881-3 (v. 15) This book has been composed in Times. The publisher would like to acknowledge the editors of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed. Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 15 The present volume covers a thrilling two-year period in twentieth-century physics, for during this time matrix mechanics—developed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan—and wave mechanics, developed by Erwin Schrödinger, supplanted the earlier quantum theory. -
Russian History: a Brief Chronology (998-2000)
Russian History: A Brief Chronology (998-2000) 1721 Sweden cedes the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea to Russia (Treaty of Nystad). In celebration, Peter’s title Kievan Russia is changed from tsar to Emperor of All Russia Abolition of the Patrarchate of Moscow. Religious authority passes to the Holy Synod and its Ober- prokuror, appointed by the tsar. 988 Conversion to Christianity 1722 Table of Ranks 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion 1723-25 The Persian Campaign. Persia cedes western and southern shores of the Caspian to Russia Muscovite Russia 1724 Russia’s Academy of Sciences is established 1725 Peter I dies on February 8 1380 The Battle of Kulikovo 1725-1727 Catherine I 1480 End of Mongol Rule 1727-1730 Peter II 1462-1505 Ivan III 1730-1740 Anne 1505-1533 Basil III 1740-1741 Ivan VI 1533-1584 Ivan the Terrible 1741-1762 Elizabeth 1584-98 Theodore 1744 Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst arrives in Russia and assumes the name of Grand Duchess 1598-1613 The Time of Troubles Catherine Alekseevna after her marriage to Grand Duke Peter (future Peter III) 1613-45 Michael Romanoff 1762 Peter III 1645-76 Alexis 1762 Following a successful coup d’etat in St. Petersburg 1672-82 Theodore during which Peter III is assassinated, Catherine is proclaimed Emress of All Russia Imperial Russia 1762-1796 Catherine the Great 1767 Nakaz (The Instruction) 1772-1795 Partitions of Poland 1682-1725 Peter I 1773-1774 Pugachev Rebellion 1689 The Streltsy Revolt and Suppression; End of Sophia’s Regency 1785 Charter to the Nobility 1695-96 The Azov Campaigns 1791 Establishment fo the Pale of Settlement (residential restrictions on Jews) in the parts of Poland with large 1697-98 Peter’s travels abroad (The Grand Embassy) Jewish populations, annexed to Russia in the partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) and in the 1698 The revolt and the final suppression of the Streltsy Black Sea liitoral annexed from Turkey. -
226 NAW 5/2 Nr. 3 September 2001 Honderdjaarslezing Dirk Struik Dirk Struik Honderdjaarslezing NAW 5/2 Nr
226 NAW 5/2 nr. 3 september 2001 Honderdjaarslezing Dirk Struik Dirk Struik Honderdjaarslezing NAW 5/2 nr. 3 september 2001 227 Afscheid van Dirk Struik Honderdjaarslezing Op 21 oktober 2000 overleed Dirk Struik in kringen. Zij ging een heel andere richting uit vriend Klaas Kooyman, de botanist die later zijn huis in Belmont (Massachusetts). Een In dan Anton en ik. Ik heb natuurlijk in die hon- bibliothecaris in Wageningen is geworden, La- Memoriam verscheen in het decembernum- derd jaar zoveel meegemaakt, dat ik in een tijn en Grieks geleerd bij meneer De Vries in mer van het Nieuw Archief. Ter afscheid van paar kwartier dat niet allemaal kan vertellen. Den Haag. We gingen daarvoor op en neer met deze beroemde wetenschapper van Neder- Ik zal een paar grepen doen uit mijn leven, het electrische spoortje van Rotterdam naar landse afkomst publiceren we in dit nummer mensen die me bijzonder hebben geboeid en Den Haag. We hebben er alleen maar het een- vijf artikelen over Dirk Struik. Het eerste ar- gebeurtenissen die me hebben be¨ınvloed. voudigste Latijn en Grieks geleerd, Herodo- tikel is van Struik zelf. In oktober 1994 orga- Mijn vroegste herinnering is aan de Boe- tus, Caesar — De Bello Gallico: “Gallia divisa niseerde het CWI een symposium ter ere van renoorlog, omstreeks 1900.2 Ik was een jaar est in partes tres ...” Dat heeft me heel wei- de honderdste verjaardag van Dirk Struik. Ter of vijf, zes en vroeg aan mijn vader: “Vader, nig geholpen bij de studie van de wiskunde. afsluiting heeft Struik toen zelf de volgen- wat betekent toch dat woord oorlog?” — dat Je kunt heel goed tensors doen zonder Latijn de redevoering gehouden, met als geheugen- hoef je tegenwoordig niet meer uit te leggen- te kennen, hoewel het wel goed is om te we- steun enkel wat aantekeningen op een velle- aan zesjarigen. -
Harmonic and Complex Analysis and Its Applications
Trends in Mathematics Alexander Vasil’ev Editor Harmonic and Complex Analysis and its Applications Trends in Mathematics Trends in Mathematics is a series devoted to the publication of volumes arising from conferences and lecture series focusing on a particular topic from any area of mathematics. Its aim is to make current developments available to the community as rapidly as possible without compromise to quality and to archive these for reference. Proposals for volumes can be submitted using the Online Book Project Submission Form at our website www.birkhauser-science.com. Material submitted for publication must be screened and prepared as follows: All contributions should undergo a reviewing process similar to that carried out by journals and be checked for correct use of language which, as a rule, is English. Articles without proofs, or which do not contain any significantly new results, should be rejected. High quality survey papers, however, are welcome. We expect the organizers to deliver manuscripts in a form that is essentially ready for direct reproduction. Any version of TEX is acceptable, but the entire collection of files must be in one particular dialect of TEX and unified according to simple instructions available from Birkhäuser. Furthermore, in order to guarantee the timely appearance of the proceedings it is essential that the final version of the entire material be submitted no later than one year after the conference. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4961 Harmonic and Complex Analysis and its Applications Alexander Vasil’ev Editor Editor Alexander Vasil’ev Department of Mathematics University of Bergen Bergen Norway ISBN 978-3-319-01805-8 ISBN 978-3-319-01806-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01806-5 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 13P15, 17B68, 17B80, 30C35, 30E05, 31A05, 31B05, 42C40, 46E15, 70H06, 76D27, 81R10 c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. -
Communist) Academy
4 I SCIENCE, ORTH ODOXY, AND THE QUEST FOR HEGEMONY AT THE SOCIALIST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY Bolshevik intellectuals presented their cause as a class strug gle with bourgeois academia. Their primary field of battle in higher learning, however, was first and foremost institutional. When Evgenii B. Preobrazhenskii insisted in the Socialist Academy's newly founded jour nal in 1922 that the academy "represents the highest scientific research institute of Marxist thought," the academy leader was linking the Bol shevik declaration of war in organized intellectual life to his own insti tutional base. It has rarely been considered, but such assertions of pri macy implied as many internal ramifications for the Bolsheviks as outward effects for the nonparty intellectual world. The Socialist Academy - Preobrazhenskii elaborated on his claim to authority - "does not recognize social science not operating on the basis of Marxism. The Academy must turn itself into its own kind of Gosplan in the realm of ideology."l In this formulation, the assertion of orthodoxy, and the vision of a new kind of planned science, or nauka, is intertwined with the claim to hegemony - not simply of a doctrine, a party, or a class, but of an institution.2 1. E. Preobrazhenskü, "Blizhaishie zadachi Sotsialisticheskoi Akademii," Vestnik Sotsia listicheskoi Akademii (henceforth cited as VSA), no. 1 (November 1922): 7, 9. 2. "Hegemony" is employed not in tbe Gramscian sense, but in the blunter meaning most frequently implicit in tbe Bolshevik use of tbe word gegemoniia, denoting wide-ranging dornina tion, political subordination, and eon�ol over activities and resources. THE SOCIALlST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY 1 193 No matter that Gosplan, the central state planning agency, was of negligible importance at the time Preobrazhenskii wrote; no matter, indeed, that the Socialist (after 1924, Cornmunist) Academy never achieved the hegemony in the Soviet scholarly world that its leaders coveted. -
Obituary: FELIX POLLACZEK Felix Pollaczek Was Born on 1 December
Obituary: FELIX POLLACZEK Felix Pollaczek was born on 1 December 1892 in Vienna, Austria; he was the descendant of a well-known mid-European Jewish family which for several centuries had counted many learned men amongst its members. He became a Frenchman by naturalization in 1947. He obtained his scientific education and training at the Latin grammar school of Vienna, and at the Technical Univer- sities of Vienna and Brno (Czechoslovakia); he later studied mathematics at the University of Berlin. A master's degree in electrical engineering in 1920 from Brno was followed by a doctoral degree in mathematics in 1922 from Berlin with a thesis on number theory. This was concerned with the fields generated by the Ith and 12th roots of one, I being an irregular prime number. His first paper, on number theory, dates from 1917. He was employed in 1921 as an engineer by A.E.G. in Berlin. Then, in 1923, he became scientific adviser to the German Postal, Telephone and Telegraph Services at Reichspost-Zentralamt Berlin-Tempelhof. As a result of the political situation in Germany in 1933, he was dismissed from his post and then left the country. In Paris he made his living as a consulting engineer for the Societe d'Etudes pour Liaisons Telephoniques et Telegraphiques. In 1939-1940 and again from 1944 on, he held the position of Maitre de Recherches at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris. Felix Pollaczek's fruitful life came to an end on 29 April 1981 at Boulogne- Billancourt. In 1977 Pollaczek was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize by the ORSA-TIMS prize committee. -
8. Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
Chapter 8 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization (September 8, 2010) _______________________________________________________________________ Jørgen Pedersen Gram (June 27, 1850 – April 29, 1916) was a Danish actuary and mathematician who was born in Nustrup, Duchy of Schleswig, Denmark and died in Copenhagen, Denmark. Important papers of his include On series expansions determined by the methods of least squares, and Investigations of the number of primes less than a given number. The process that bears his name, the Gram–Schmidt process, was first published in the former paper, in 1883. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Pedersen_Gram ________________________________________________________________________ Erhard Schmidt (January 13, 1876 – December 6, 1959) was a German mathematician whose work significantly influenced the direction of mathematics in the twentieth century. He was born in Tartu, Governorate of Livonia (now Estonia). His advisor was David Hilbert and he was awarded his doctorate from Georg-August University of Göttingen in 1905. His doctoral dissertation was entitled Entwickelung willkürlicher Funktionen nach Systemen vorgeschriebener and was a work on integral equations. Together with David Hilbert he made important contributions to functional analysis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erhard_Schmidt.jpg ________________________________________________________________________ 8.1 Gram-Schmidt Procedure I Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization is a method that takes a non-orthogonal set of linearly independent function and literally constructs an orthogonal set over an arbitrary interval and with respect to an arbitrary weighting function. Here for convenience, all functions are assumed to be real. un(x) linearly independent non-orthogonal un-normalized functions Here we use the following notations. n un (x) x (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …..). n (x) linearly independent orthogonal un-normalized functions n (x) linearly independent orthogonal normalized functions with b ( x) (x)w(x)dx i j i , j . -
Dirk Jan Struik (1894–2000)
mem-struik.qxp 5/30/01 10:32 AM Page 584 Dirk Jan Struik (1894–2000) Chandler Davis, Jim Tattersall, Joan Richards, and Tom Banchoff Dirk Struik giving a talk at his own 100th birthday celebration, September 1994, Brown University. (Photographs by John Forasté.) Dirk Jan Struik was born in Rotterdam on Kenneth O. May Prize for the History of Mathematics September 30, 1894. He attended the Hogere Burger from the International Commission on the History School from 1906 to 1911 and the University of of Mathematics. He died October 21, 2000, at his Leiden from 1912 to 1917. He spent the next seven home in Belmont, Massachusetts. years at the Technische Hogeschool in Delft as an —Jim Tattersall assistant mathematician to J. A. Schouten. In 1922, under the supervision of the geometer Willem van Chandler Davis der Woude, Struik received his Ph.D. in mathe- Dirk Jan Struik and his wife, Ruth Ramler Struik, matics from the University of Leiden. As the were the first research mathematicians I knew. In recipient of a Rockefeller Fellowship from 1924 to the 1930s, when I was in school, I knew them as 1926, he studied at the University of Rome and at friends of my parents. They encouraged me in the University of Göttingen. He began his career in mathematics and in social criticism. They remained the United States as a lecturer in mathematics at my friends up till Ruth’s death in 1993 and Dirk’s the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in in 2000. Their eldest daughter, Rebekka Struik, the autumn of 1926. -
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Individual Fates and Global Impact Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze princeton university press princeton and oxford Copyright 2009 © by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegmund-Schultze, R. (Reinhard) Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact / Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-12593-0 (cloth) — ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4 (pbk.) 1. Mathematicians—Germany—History—20th century. 2. Mathematicians— United States—History—20th century. 3. Mathematicians—Germany—Biography. 4. Mathematicians—United States—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945— Refuges—Germany. 6. Germany—Emigration and immigration—History—1933–1945. 7. Germans—United States—History—20th century. 8. Immigrants—United States—History—20th century. 9. Mathematics—Germany—History—20th century. 10. Mathematics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. QA27.G4S53 2008 510.09'04—dc22 2008048855 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Chapter 1 The Terms “German-Speaking Mathematician,” “Forced,” and“Voluntary Emigration” 1 Chapter 2 The Notion of “Mathematician” Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution 13 Chapter 3 Early Emigration 30 3.1. The Push-Factor 32 3.2. The Pull-Factor 36 3.D. -
I I I I I I I ISBN: 0-85964-482-0 I I I J :1 I I I TABLE of CONTENTS I PREFACE Iii
A R C H. I V E S 0 F T H E 'I SOVIET COMMUNIST PARTY AND SOVIET STATE I I I I I Catalogue of Finding Aids and Docun1ents I fro1n three kev•. : archives i on n1icrofihn I I Fourth edition: June 2004 I I Published jointly by Slate Archival Service Hoover Institution on vVar. I Revolution and Peace of Russi a CRo' sarkhi \ .·) I I Distributed b\· l CfJ.., CHA D\VYCK-llFALEY 1:~ I f 1· I I I I Fourth Edition: June 2004 I I I I I I I ISBN: 0-85964-482-0 I I I J :1 I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS I PREFACE iii I INTRODUCTION v I HOW TO USE THE CATALOGUE xiii HOW TO ORDER MICROFILM XIV I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii CENTRE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENTATION (TsKhSD) I [Renamed Russian State Archive of Contemporary History - RGANI] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 1 I DELA/DOCUMENTS SERIES 2 ~ I RUSSIAN CENTRE FOR THE PRESERVATION AND STUDY OF DOCUMENTS OF MOST RECENT HISTORY (RTsKhIDNI) I [Renamed Russian State Archive of Social and Political History - RGASPI] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 3 I DELA/ DOCUMENTS SERIES 10 STATE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (GARF) I r-series [Collection held at Pirogovskaia Street] OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 15 I DELA I DOCUMENTS SERIES 57 I STATE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (GARF) a-series [Collection held at Berezhkovskaia Naberezhnaia] I OPISI I FINDING AIDS SERIES 69 I DELA I DOCUMENTS SERIES 89 I, I I I 111 I PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION I The State Archival Service of the Russian Federation (Rosarkhiv), the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and Chadwyck-Healey concluded an agreement in April 1992 to I microfilm the records and opisi (finding aids) of the Communist Party of the fonner Soviet Union, as well as other selected holdings of the State Archives. -
Intellektuelle Anschauung« Figurationen Von Evidenz Zwischen Kunst Und Wissen
»Intellektuelle Anschauung« Figurationen von Evidenz zwischen Kunst und Wissen 2006-02-17 12-26-43 --- Projekt: T354.kumedi.schäfer-peters.intellektuelle ansch / Dokument: FAX ID 0242108171178570|(S. 1 ) T00_01 schmutztitel.p 10817117 2006-02-17 12-26-44 --- Projekt: T354.kumedi.schäfer-peters.intellektuelle ansch / Dokument: FAX ID 0242108171178570|(S. 2 ) T00_02 vak.p 108171178642 Sibylle Peters, Martin Jörg Schäfer (Hg.) »Intellektuelle Anschauung« Figurationen von Evidenz zwischen Kunst und Wissen 2006-02-17 12-26-45 --- Projekt: T354.kumedi.schäfer-peters.intellektuelle ansch / Dokument: FAX ID 0242108171178570|(S. 3 ) T00_03 innentitel.p 1081711786 Gedruckt mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Stiftung und der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. © 2006 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Umschlaggestaltung und Innenlayout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Umschlagabbildung: »Antekythera Mechanism«, aus: The Technology Museum of Thessaloniki (2000): Astronomical Measurement Instruments from Ancient Greek Tradition, S. 41 Projektmanagement: Andreas Hüllinghorst, Bielefeld Druck: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 3-89942-354-2 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected] 2006-02-17 12-26-45 --- Projekt: T354.kumedi.schäfer-peters.intellektuelle ansch / Dokument: FAX ID 0242108171178570|(S. 4 ) T00_04 impressum.p 10817117873 Inhalt Sibylle Peters, Martin Jörg Schäfer Intellektuelle Anschauung – unmögliche Evidenz 9 Rhetorik der Anschauung Rüdiger Campe Epoche der Evidenz.