OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 54 NO. 3 SUMMER 2004 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio PUBLICATIONS Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: A.S.O. OFFICERS Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H President John Mocic, Box 170 RD #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 °|]io Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $8.00 add $1.50 P-H i7An\ R7R m77 01110 Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H (/w) b/b-iu/r. The Q|acia| Kame |ndianSj by Robert N converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H Vice President Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512 (330)788-1598 BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST _ '„_ ' ,. .„. ^ ,_ , ,,,,,,„„ » 1956 thru 1967 out of print Immediate Past President Brian G. Folz, 14 West College Ave., 1968-1999 $ 2 50 Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 800-6706. 195-, tnm -, ^'pi^ii^"'^"^ZZ\ZZZZ~ZZ!l'j^ 00^00 Executive Secretary George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, 2000 thru 2002 $ 5 00
Plain City, OH 43064(614)879-9825. 2003 ""$ 600
Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 32294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, Add $0.'75For Each Copy of Any Issue 1 ' ' Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally Recording Secretary Cmthia Welles, 15001 Sycamore out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office Road, Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (614) 397-4717. for prjCes and availability. Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, ASO CHAPTERS OH 43064, (614) 873-5471. Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Mark Cline, 1127 Esther Rd., Wellsville, OH 43968 (330) 532-1157 TRUSTEES BeaU FleUVe ChaPter nuo ceo President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 14004 (716) 681 -2229 Michael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, Cedarville, OH B|ue jac|
From Cover: Three rare double crescent bannerstones from the collection of Rick Waibel, South Charleston, Ohio. Top, Allen County, Ohio, originally collected by Dr. Meuser. Middle, Blachard Township, Hardin County, and bottom, col lected by Phil Kientz near Granville, Licking County, Ohio. All are made of banded slate.
3 A PAIR OF PANTHER EFFIGIES FROM THE HOPEWELL SITE, ROSS COUNTY, OHIO by John C. Rummel 478 Burns Drive North Westerville, Ohio 43082-6026 The Hopewell site in Ross County, News, 1891) of these large effigies. Fur available to where it can be depicted in Ohio, has provided a wealth of informa ther reports claimed they were positioned another paper I am writing on Hopewellian tion about the mysterious Middle Wood over burial number 248, also known as effigies (Rummel, n.d.). land cultures. Mound number 25 at the the "Antlered King," however, this was site was not only one of the largest incorrect as this burial was further west in References Cited Middle Woodland mounds in the country, the mound and on the baseline. Moore but it also revealed the elaborate burial head did not reproduce the sketch made 1891 "Stone Pussies," Chillicothe Daily ceremonies of the Hopewell Culture and by Cresson in his 1922 report stating it News, November 3. "The Primaeval [sic] Elk," Chillicothe Daily News, their extensive use of manufactured items was sufficiently accurate to warrant November 16. from exotic resources, especially in the reproduction, however, he did state that it forms of animals. appeared in the September, 1897 issue of 2004 Converse, Robert N. The Archaeology When Squier and Davis conducted The Antiquarian. of Ohio, published by the Archaeolog ical Society of Ohio. their excavations at the site in 1845, they For the last 5 years, I have tried to commented (Squier and Davis, 1848:26) locate the sketch that, according to a 1897 Moorehead, Warren K. "The Hopewell on the undulated shape of Mound 25 number of individuals who also looked for Group," The Antiquarian, 1 (9), Sep (figure 1), and it was later suggested it it, was either lost, destroyed, or never tember, 1897. was in the effigy of a cat. When Moore- really published (Robert Converse, per 1922 Moorehead, Warren K. The Hopewell head and his crew arrived at the site in sonal communication). As Robert Con Mound Group of Ohio. Chicago: Field 1891 to secure items for the World verse was writing his magnum opus Museum of Natural History, Publication Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the 46 entitled The Archaeology of Ohio, he 211, Anthropological Series, Volume IV, years of heavy cultivation made the asked me if I had been able to locate the Number 5. mound appear as one long earthen struc Cresson sketch. Unfortunately, I had not ture (Figure 2). found it, but I did have copies of the orig n.d. Rummel, John C. Animal Ceremoni alism: An Examination of Internal Stone Moorehead's crew began their excava inal newspaper articles that mentioned Effigies at Two Ohio Hopewell Sites, in tions of Mound 25 in the middle of the effigies, which he reproduced in his preparation. October, 1891 at the east end, which was book (Converse, 2004:260). approximately 23 feet high. Moorehead In June, 2004, I was at the Ohio Histor 1848 Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. was away from the site when the first ical Society conducting research for a Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mis cuts were made, so he put Dr. H.T. sissippi Valley. Washington, D.C., book I am writing on Lord Dunmore's War Smithsonian Institution, Contributions Cresson in charge of the labor. As the when I happened to come across a refer to Knowledge, Number 1. first cut proceeded, the scrapers began ence to The Antiquarian. After searching uncovering a large number of boulders, through their database, I found a holding in relatively uniform in size, at depths of 18 their library, and as I searched through the inches to 3 feet below the surface. Upon pages, I found the closer examination, Cresson determined serial article by a number of the boulders were colored, Moorehead on the 0*"* mi •-- and a specific pattern was emerging as Hopewell site. In the they conducted a more careful explo September issue, I ration of the area. Unfortunately, a large found the Cresson portion of the feature was destroyed by sketch that Moore the teams of scrapers before Cresson head briefly alluded realized the importance of their discovery. to in his 1922 report. Cresson made a detailed sketch of what The sketch is admit turned out to be two effigies of what he tedly crude, but it terms "panthers," both over 100 feet in now definitely exists, 9^- . length. When Moorehead arrived back at and the image of the site on October 29th, only a portion one of the panthers of the legs, tails and necks of the animals is clearly discernible remained (Moorehead, 1922:104). Moore (figure 3). The article head also lamented that "in light of stated the Cresson modern scientific work, one may say the drawings are now in top soil should have been removed for a Chicago (Moore distance of two hundred by two hundred head, 1897:236), sol feet, and these bowlder [sic] mosaics have made arrange uncovered and studied in detail. Yet, this ments with the Field could not have been done for the reason Museum of Natural that it would involve great expense and History in Chicago delay." (Moorehead, 1922:104). to view the Cresson While Moorehead gave the mosaics a sketches in their col brief mention in his 1922 report, the local lections. It is my newspapers created much excitement hope that a more detailed image is Figure 1 Woodcut of Mound number 25 prior to Squier and Davis's explo over the discovery (Chillicothe Daily ration.
4 Figure 2 Mound number 25 prior to Moorehead's 1891 exploration. Photo #913 from the Field Museum of Natural History.
16 8 fl. 14 ft. 19.3(1. lift. tilt
S?Oj*l~j c t 4 £~J.t~l. Figure 3 H.T. Cresson s sketch of Mound number 25 showing one of the two boulder mosaics of a >!*• nm • panther. l^j. 1.. Id,** S J*~ir-~ ^J~ Ofa
c ©
*>.&\
Figure 4 (Rummell) Enhanced sketch of the drawing. A GREAT PIPE FROM TENNESSEE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064
This pipe was found in 1935 about four equates in time with the Adena-Hopewell and birds predominating. However, one miles west of Centerville, Tennessee on the era in the Midwest. With one notable specimen in the Cincinnati Museum was Duck River. It was sold at a farm auction in exception - a great pipe from Ross carved in the form of a grasshopper. Some 1960 - in a cigar box and wrapped and County - a few great pipes found their appear to be images of wolves - as with stuffed in newspaper from 1935. It is way to Ohio most having been found in the Ross County example - or unidentifi made of black steatite and is 6Vs inches Kentucky and Tennessee. The Ross able animals. Several similar large effigy from end to end and 2 inches high. The County pipe - the image of a wolf - is now pipes - not made of black steatite and of conical hole through which smoke was in the Ross County Museum. Other unique design - were excavated by Henry drawn is three-quarter inch in diameter broken pieces of great pipes have also Shetrone from the Hopewell Seip Mound and was drilled with a series of smaller been seen in surface collections from in the 1920s. These differ in detail from drillings which meet at the bottom of the southern Ohio and there may be other great pipes and were undoubtedly bowl. The pipe is in the effigy of what unpublished examples from the area. imported into Ohio from the south during appears to be a duck and has stylized feet Great pipes are almost without excep the Hopewell period. carved into the bottom. tion made of black steatite which has Such pipes are typical of the Copena aged to a brownish-black patina. They are (copper-galena) culture of the South which carved in a variety of effigies with ducks
Figure 1 (Converse) Side and top views of great pipe from Tennessee. MUSKINGUM COUNTY DOVETAIL by Jeff Carskadden New Carlisle, Ohio
Figure 1 (Carskadden) Colorful Flint Ridge Dovetail found in the 1950s on an upland farm near Gaysport, southern Muskingum County, Ohio. The point measures exactly four inches long.
A FINE ARCHAIC BEVEL by Walt Sperry Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050
This exceptional Archaic Bevel is made of red, blue and gray Flint Ridge striated flint. It is 2V2 inches long and VA inches wide. Fortunately the barbs are undam aged. I have been a field hunter for thirty years and except for a few minor additions my collection is made up of personally found artifacts. In early August I visited a fellow collecting friend who showed me this point. He had found it when he almost tripped over it in a field of standing corn while groundhog hunting in Licking County. It is from my own area and after some negotiation I acquired it for my collection.
Reference 1994 Converse, Robert N. Ohio Flint Types Archaeological Society of Ohio
Figure 1 (Sperry) Colorful Flint Ridge Archaic Bevel from Licking County.
7 THE WARDER PAGE COLLECTION: PREHISTORIC STONE TOOLS FROM CLARK COUNTY, OHIO
by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology, Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501
The artifacts presented in this paper represent a an anterior portion which tapers to a somewhat Archaic implements. The celt is somewhat sim small collection of stone tools formerly owned by narrow, rounded bit. The lower right hammerstone ilar to an Adena or Early Woodland rounded-poll Mr. Warder Page, who passed away in July 1995 is composed of diorite and the anterior end is a celt illustrated by Hothem (1989), but could also at the age of 95. Because these artifacts were rounded blunt face which shows some abrasional be a later Fort Ancient variety. In summary, the found in Clark County nearly a century ago, Mr. "pitting" resulting from prehistoric use. The ham Warder Page collection represents excellent Wayne J. Page, one of Warder's sons, generously merstone (lower left) is composed of a finely tex examples of several varieties of stone tools and donated his father's collection to the Clark County tured igneous rock and is essentially a prehistoric the fine workmanship involved in their manufac Historical Society in January 2000. All of the arti rendition of a ballpeen hammer. The anterior end ture by Archaic people and perhaps a later cul facts, except the bell pestle, were picked up over including the smooth ungrooved surface taper ture which resided in Pleasant Township, Clark the years by Mr. Charles B. Page (Warder's father) into a smooth, rounded bulbous face. According County, Ohio during prehistoric time. on his farm just east of Catawba, Pleasant Town to Converse (1973), the vast majority of grooved ship, Clark County, Ohio. Charles Page was bom hammerstones found in Ohio are three-quarter Acknowledgements in 1855 and passed away in 1934, thus these grooved, with fully grooved examples being The artifacts comprising the Warder Page col stone tools were collected while he was actively extremely rare. lection are catalogued and reposited in the col lections of the Clark County Historical Society, farming during that time span. The bell pestle was Two additional stone tools in the Warder Page Heritage Center, Springfield, Ohio. The CCHS is given to Warder around 1905, when he was 5 collection are a celt and full grooved axe (Figure very grateful to Mr. Wayne J. Page for donating years old, by Mr. Bert Jeriques, who worked for 3). The short, thick celt has a rounded poll this collection to the society. The author thanks Mrs. Elizabeth McClintock (Warder's grandmother). approximately VA inches wide which expands Virginia Weygandt, Senior Curator of the Clark Mr. Jeriques had picked up the pestle on the into a sharp, 2 inch wide, polished bit. It is com County Historical Society for permission to study McClintock (McClintic) farm in Pleasant Township, posed of a dark diorite which is slightly por- and photograph these artifacts. near the old McConkey School. phyritic. Highly polished and in excellent The pestle illustrated in Figure 1 is an out condition, the celt has a slight prehistoric chip at standing example of a knobbed poll bell pestle. the poll. The full grooved axe (Figure 3) is 4% References 3 Converse, Robert N. It is 6 /4 inches tall and the 2 inch diameter handle inches in length and 3 inches tall. The poll has an 1973 Ohio Stone Tools (Revised). Special flares to a basal diameter of 3% inches. The oval outline and is flat with rounded peripheral Publication of the Archaeological edges. The well developed groove is about % of knobbed poll has a 2% inch diameter. The pestle Society of Ohio. an inch in width. The blade tapers gradually to a is fashioned from finely textured granite and the 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. The Archaeo handle is highly polished. The basal surface is rounded bit which is semi-sharp and shows logical Society of Ohio. slightly convex, fairly smooth, and has a shallow some effects of prehistoric use. The axe is made Hothem, Lar central depression (dimple). The basal periphery of granite porphyry and the large white phe- 1989 Indian Axes and Related Stone Artifacts. shows several areas of prehistoric wear and nocrysts are quite visible. The surface of the axe Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky. abrasional chippage. is somewhat rough or uneven, partly due to the Three grooved hammerstones of the three- coarse texture of the stone and the effects of quarter grooved variety are illustrated in Figure 2. chemical weathering. All have well developed grooves extending The majority of these stone tools are Archaic around three sides with the ungrooved side in age, with the exception of the celt. According remaining flat or slightly convex. The lengths of to Converse (1973), grooved hammerstones are the hammerstones range from 21A to 3 inches Archaic in age and full grooved axes were used and the height from 2'A to 2% inches. The upper by the Archaic and Adena people. Bell pestles and lower right hammerstones have grooves range from the Archaic into later periods. Con located off center and closer to the poll, whereas verse (2003) illustrates a variety of outstanding the lower left hammerstone has a centrally bell pestles and related stone tools from Ohio located groove. All have rather flat, smooth polls and the Midwest which were typical of the with an oval outline. The upper hammerstone is Middle Archaic period, thus the Warder Page composed of metabasalt ("greenstone") and has tools, except the celt, may well be Middle Figure 2 (Morris) Three three-quarter grooved hammerstones found in Pleasant Township, Clark County, Ohio. Lengths range from 2'A to 3 inches.
Figure 1 (Morris) Knobbed Figure 3 (Morris) A rounded-poll poll bell pestle of fine tex celt (top) and full grooved axe tured granite from near found in Pleasant Township, Clark Catawba, Pleasant Town County, Ohio. The length of the ship, Clark County, Ohio. celt is 3'/2 inches; the axe is 4'h The pestle measures 63A inches long. inches in height.
8 THE KERR ISLAND PIPE TOMAHAWK by Jeff Dearth Hilliard, Ohio
Under the span of the Route 77 bridge and set up camp on the island. He later pending the trial. Wetzel escaped and the crossing the Ohio River at Marietta, Ohio, was hired as a scout and meat hunter for charges were dropped when the authori is a long, narrow island separating the Ft. Harmar, built in 1786, and was present ties were unable to recapture the fron river for several miles. Known today as at the founding of Campus Martius by tiersman. Marietta Island, it presently serves as a Rufus Putnam in 1788. As Ohio became settled, Hamilton Kerr wildlife sanctuary. Indian skirmishes were frequent with and his family moved to the Maumee River During early pioneer days it was named casualties on both sides. During one of Valley where he spent his remaining years. Kerr Island (other references identifying the conflicts, Kerr's own father, Matthew The pictured pipe tomahawk was the island as "Carr" Island, which Kerr, was killed and scalped on the island found at Kerr Island in 1910. It appears to stemmed from a phonetic spelling of after beaching his canoe. have been made by an American black Kerr.) Kerr Island derived its name from A close companion and friend of Ham smith and dates to the late 18th century. Hamilton Kerr, a frontiersman, known as Kerr was Lewis Wetzel, who was wanted Special thanks to Bill Reynolds of the "Ham" to his friends. for the killing of a local Indian. His capture Campus Martius Museum for reference Kerr first arrived at the confluence of was made at the Kerr cabin on the island material. the Ohio and Muskingum Rivers in 1794 and he was imprisoned at Ft. Harmar
Figure 1 (Dearth) Eighteenth-century pipe tomahawk found at Kerr Island on the Ohio River in 1910.
9 THE UPPER SANDUSKY PIPE TOMAHAWK by Jeff Dearth Hilliard, Ohio
In 1782, there were Wyandot and militia formed a front along a grove of Knight, an army physician who himself Delaware Indian villages located along trees. The wind blowing across the later escaped while being taken to the Sandusky River and Tymochetee plains caused the grass to undulate like another village. Dr. Knight's testimony to Creek north of present day Upper San ocean waves and the groups of trees Crawford's death is documented in C. W. dusky. In an attempt to curtail Indian resembled islands. Butterfield's Colonel Crawford, the San raids which were plaguing the colonies, After several days of fighting, Craw dusky Expedition of 1782. Although the Colonel William Crawford was sent to ford's soldiers were surrounded but many exact location where Crawford died is not destroy them. escaped under the cover of darkness in exactly known, the area is certain (see The ill-fated campaign met with dis isolated groups and retreated back to the map Fig. 1). Dr. Knight records the site as aster when Crawford and his troops settlements and Fort Pitt. Others were about three-quarters of a mile from Pipe's were surrounded by the Indians and captured and transported to various village. Jonathan Kear's letter to Butter- British forces on the plains west of the Indian villages where most were tortured field denotes the site as being "on the Sandusky River. The plains were known and put to death. west side of the trail and near to it within to have grasses that were "as tall as a Well known to history is the burning of a few rods" on the high bank of Tymo horse" with sparse clumps of trees dot Colonel Crawford near the village of Chief chetee Creek. ting the landscape. The area of conflict Pipe on Tymochetee Creek. A witness to Early settlers to the area were privy to was called Battle Island because the Crawford's torture and death was Doctor discussions with remaining Wyandots as
Figure 1 (Dearth) The Upper Sandusky Pipe Tomahawk.
Figure 2 (Dearth) Map of the search area: Crawford Monument (A), Hodges House Site (b), Ritchey Cemetery (C), and Pipe's Town (D). Also shown are the Indian trail, the Walker-Schlup perspective (line of arrows), and the burn site in accor dance with the study's findings (shaded). MILE
10 to the location of Crawford's death. One The relic was found in Wyandot County References: such person was Urs Schlup whose along the Detroit Trail near Crawford's Reverend Parker Brown's unpublished cabin was located south of the creek burning and Pipe's Town." dissertation on Crawford's campaign. near Lowell, Ohio. This information was The Schlup pipe tomahawk was made passed to his son, Emil Schlup, who by an American blacksmith and dates to Butterfield, C. W., Colonel William became an authority on Indian history in the late eighteenth century. The metal plug Crawford, The Sandusky Campaign of the area. Emil collected Indian relics and at the fore end of the haft is hand forged as 1782. in his meager collection was a tomahawk is the actual tomahawk head. The haft was presented to him by his father which was made purposely short and the smoke, or found near the site. It has been passed butt end, has pewter inlays. A bone down through five generations. Docu mouthpiece extended from the smoke mentation notes "A pipe tomahawk was channel but it has been misplaced. passed down to a great, great grandson,
Figure 3 (Dearth) Iron tomahawk head with metal smoke channel plug.
Figure 4 (Dearth) Pewter inlays at the fore end of the pipe tomahawk (bone mouthpiece missing).
11 STONE TOOL COMPONENTS OF THE MIDDLE PORTAGE RIVER, NORTH BRANCH AND MAINSTREAM: A COMPARISON WITH THE MIDDLE TOUSSAINT CREEK by David J. Snyder 3841 Pymatuning Lake Road Andover, Ohio 44003 BACKGROUND about 4.5 to 6 kilometers. This area is located in components can be attributed to past surface hunting Some years ago I submitted a discussion of stone eastern Wood County (Freedom Township) and north activities by both landowners (i.e. farmers) and collec tool clusters from a 30.5 kilometer (18.3 mile) section western Sandusky County (Woodville Township). The tors. Generally, access to sites is now, and has been, of the middle Toussaint Creek (Snyder, 1992). An error stone tools were surface collected during a 16-year much easier along the Portage north branch and in this article was made - the survey distance should period (1976-1992). These Portage River sites are mainstream (i.e. the number and closeness of roads). have read an approximately 12 kilometer (7.2 mile) also registered in the Ohio Archaeological Inventory. Toussaint Creek sites are often more remote. Less section of the middle Toussaint Creek. The survey As these two survey areas are in proximity of one effort to reach potential sites has obviously resulted in area is in both eastern Wood County (Troy Township) another and with a similar natural environment, flint more collecting activity over the years. Usually the and northwestern Sandusky County (Woodville Town artifacts from each area tend to be a reasonable larger and easy to recognize stone tools would be ship) of northwest Ohio. This is within the former approximation of one another (bifurcated and side among the first items to be recovered. Without this Black Swamp. The region once supported an exten notch Archaic predominate). consideration, false assumptions can be reached sive oak/hickory/walnut/ash/maple forest. A significant difference between the two waterway concerning prehistoric use patterns on these two Both the Toussaint Creek and Portage River flow systems is in the number of stone tools recovered waterway systems (or similar areas). northeasterly somewhat parallel to one another on from each survey area. While 60+ examples were col Unfortunately, many sites are now being lost on their journey to Lake Erie. In this survey region, the lected from nineteen Toussaint Creek sites, only 22 the Portage through residential development distance between the two waterways varies from specimens have been found along the Portage River's (housing projects - often on 5-acre parcels). This about 9.8 kilometers (5.9 miles) to 3.8 kilometers (2.9 north branch and mainstream from 15 separate sites. trend has not yet carried over to the Toussaint where miles). The Toussaint is the more northerly of the two. Two sites (33W0219 and 33SA51) from the Toussaint most sites are still reasonably intact. Properly docu As reported in the Toussaint Creek article, over have produced 13 or more examples while no single mented and cataloged site collections are of utmost 60 stone tools - grooved axes and hammers, celt Portage River component has yielded more than three importance as these sites disappear. The emphasis forms (including adzes), pitted stones, and a cup samples (33SA223 - three % grooved hammers). here is on responsible surface collecting by keeping stone have been recovered from 19 separate sites. Recovered from the survey area have been 11 accurate records of site material and proper curation The majority of flint projectile points/knives are var three-quarter grooved axes and hammers (both (Snyder, 1987). ious notched Archaic-period styles. All sites are lumped together because many hammers may be entered in the Ohio Archaeological Inventory. reworked axes), one full-grooved axe, eight celt- References: types (including adzes) and one pitted stone. As in COMPARISON Snyder, David J. the Toussaint Survey area, Portage River grooved The purpose of this report is to show a comparison forms predominate over the various celt forms. The 1987 "Tips for Responsible Surface Collecting." Ohio of stone tool clusters in a similar section of the middle ratio of grooved tools to celt forms is about 1.5:1 Archaeologist 37(4):33. Columbus, Ohio Portage River located generally directly south of the (3.4:1 in the Toussaint survey area). Toussaint Creek components. As previously stated, 1992 "Ground Stone Tool Clusters of the Middle Tous the separation of these two systems varies, but is CONCLUSIONS saint Creek." Ohio Archaeologist 42(3):38. Columbus, Ohio never more than 9.8 kilometers and as close as 3.8 A reasonable assumption for the smaller quantity kilometers. In most of the survey region it averages (only %) of stone tool forms from these Portage River
fe 81 p o tr- :=> t- on O W ££ COO O
SA224/# SA225 W0225 SA226 • SA223
W0269 FORKS OF W0264 W0226 THE PORTAGE
PORTAGE RIVER PORTAGE RIVER NORTH BRANCH MAI •STREAM W0259 W0250
"W0247 W024J W0254 W0251 Figure 1 (Snyder) Stone tool compo • I nents along a 11.5 kilometer section W0243 of the middle Portage River north branch and mainstream.
12 AN UNDRILLED ADENA EXPANDED CENTER GORGET FROM CHAMPAIGN COUNTY by Sam Lockwood 565 E. Church Street Urbana, Ohio 43078 Have you ever reluctantly left a site at found. While I was hunting primarily in look the landscape over and noticed the end of the day, just knowing that Champaign County, Matt was hunting another terrace about a quarter mile back something special was out there waiting mostly in Clark County. off the river. We thought that there was a for you? You promise yourself to go back We developed a friendly competition and good chance that we could find something as soon as you have time to finish the compared finds and occasionally went on out in that area, but, it was getting late and hunt. Unfortunately, someone usually beats hunts together. One such hunt occurred on we didn't hunt it. you to the punch! a Sunday in February, 1999, where we The following Monday evening, Matt I started surface hunting in the late spent the day on a southern Champaign arrived at my doorstep holding an spring of 1989 and I have walked many County site we had both hunted before, expanded center gorget! The undrilled arti hours, mostly in the Mad River Valley and approximately two miles from the Clark fact was made of green banded slate and its tributaries in Champaign County, Ohio, County line, in the Mad River Valley. We was 6^6 inches long by XA inches wide and have found some nice artifacts. were hunting the first terrace which was across the center and % inch thick at its During this time, I met a fellow hunter, about four hundred yards off the river. After thickest point. Matt said it had been found Matt Bandy, who had also started surface a couple of hours, we stopped to compare on the surface of the second terrace. It is hunting in 1989. One evening Matt was each other's findings which consisted of now in my collection. putting together a frame of points he had just a few flint fragments. We started to
Figure 1 (Lockwood) Undrilled Adena Expanded Center Gorget from Champaign County.
NECROLOGY
Monica Chadwick, Mt. Vernon, Ohio meetings. They were fifty-year friends of friends in Logan County and members It was with great personal sadness mine and among the first people to of the Blue Jacket Chapter. Frank was a that we learned of the passing of befriend me when I joined the Society. good friend of more than thirty years Monica Chadwick on Tuesday, July 2, Our condolences to their many friends and I always looked forward to seeing 2004. Monica was the widow of Ensil and the Chadwick family. him when I spoke at chapter meetings. Chadwick who passed away only a He was always ready with a joke and short time earlier. Ensil and Monica were Frank Smith, Lewistown, Ohio was a pleasure to talk with. Our respects two of our Society's oldest members Frank Smith passed away in early to his family and wide circle of friends. and were constant attendees at our October. He will be missed by his many
13 This exceptionally well-made ful Greenville along Lehman Road near New grooved axes are a product of Middle grooved axe was found in Adams Town Harrison. The axe, which measures 9 Archaic cultures that date from 7,000 to ship, Darke County, Ohio, in the 1950s. inches long and weighs 5 pounds, shows 6,000 years before present. Lowell E. Linger recovered it next to a no plow strikes or chips and is possibly the woods on his farm 6 miles east of finest axe ever found in the county. Full-
14 NOTCHED OVATE BANNERSTONE FROM HARDIN COUNTY by Jim Stephan Bradford, Ohio
This highly-developed banded slate Hardin County, Ohio, in the early 1900s. It in Warsaw, Indiana. The artifact measures notched ovate bannerstone was found in was originally in the Fred Bartol collectiion 53A inches long and 4 inches wide.
Figure 1 (Stephan) Notched ovate from Hardin County.
15 AN EASTERN BALL-HEADED CLUB by Jeff Dearth Hilliard, Ohio
During the early European contact times having designs on the handle and The pictured ball-headed club is made period, influence from the French, animal effigies carved on the grip end of maple, and there are remnants of green British, and Americans changed Indian and/or the ball end. and red paint on the ball. On the haft is a technology. Beads made of shell and Despite the advent of trade items, this glue-marked impression where a tag was slate were replaced by glass trade weapon remained a favorite of the Indians. once affixed. An extension of the haft beads. Bows, arrows, and lances Documentation indicates that Tecumseh above the ball appears to be of the period. became obsolete with the introduction of carried a ball-headed club. The famous The club has been dated at 1820-1840. the flintlock musket. Knives of steel chief Logan, in retribution for the murder of Provenience is unknown. replaced those made of flint, and metal his family, left an impressive club on one of trade axes replaced stone hatchets. his raids in Virginia. However, one item that continued The Indians called these clubs foma- unchanged for centuries was the ball- hawkens or tomahawks. Thus with the headed war club. First seen and com introduction of metal trade axes, the term mented upon by the earliest explorers, this hatchet was replaced by the new word, weapon was described as a wooden club tomahawk, and the club became known as having a handle several feet long with a the "death mallet," "war club," or "ball- large ball at the end used as a striking headed club." object. These were artfully carved, some
Figure 1 (Dearth) Ball-headed war club made of maple.
Figure 2 (Dearth) Traces of red and green paint are evident on ball-headed war club.
16 LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Mike Gramly graciously shared this letter to paleo artifacts from the area, complemented by most, however, my longtime involvement at the him from Joe Finneran regarding our sympo Bob's assessment and comparative descrip "Wamsutta" site in Massachusetts (a Barnes- sium on the Peopling of the Americas. Joe tions of the same, was well received. type site), in addition, my lengthy involvement Finneran is a leading avocational archaeologist The recent Converse book, "The Archae with you personally - would unfortunately, bias in Massachusetts. ology of Ohio", was one item I could not leave me toward your well-presented lecture on the the conference without. Everyone interested in "Cumberland/Barnes Phase: - Its Character and September 10,2004 stone age North America should procure a copy Chronological Position Within the Fluted Point for their library. Tradition." As you have said, there is still much Dear Dr. Gramly, Both Jim Adovasio and Tom Dillehay broad work to do in the area of researching the many Given the large number of A.S.A.A. mem ened their lectures from simply dealing with their different fluted point styles, their associated tool bers present at the May 2004, "Peopling of the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter, and Monte Verde kits; and defining them within regions and spe Americas" symposium in Columbus, Ohio, sites, respectively, to focusing more on the gen cific cultures. This should be a breath of fresh air your early heads-up to our membership is to eral initial peopling of our hemisphere with many for the many younger, and eager archaeologists be commended. new, and unexpected theories presented. in our midst. There is always going to be some The entire Archaeological Society of Ohio Chris Ellis' extensive work in southern thing new to discover. (A.S.O.) that sponsored and assembled this Canada, and the Great Lakes region in general, The A.S.O., and the "Peopling of the Amer exceptional roster of speakers deserves a very was evidenced by his talk on the Crowfield and icas" symposium in particular, should serve as a special note of recognition. The Conference Caradoc sites in Ontario. template for cooperation as was the 1999 Committee for the symposium, consisting of As you know, I have followed Dennis Stan "Clovis & Beyond Conference" in Santa Fe. The George Colvin, Bob Converse, Brian Foltz, Carl ford's career for some time, and have been one more academia chooses to involve itself with Harruff, Elaine Holzapfel, John Rummel, and of his staunchest supporters of the North the multitude of avacational archaeologists, the Mickey Van Steen, could not have been more Atlantic rim influx theory, and personally believe more will be accomplished within the discipline. cordial, outgoing, or at the ready to be of assis that the fluted point technology was first devel Enclosed is a photograph of a small group of tance. A finer group of individuals would be oped on Solutrean style artifacts, typified by the A.S.A.A. members present at an A.S.O. hard to find. such point types as the so-called Suwannee symposium banquet table: FRONT: Kirk Spur, It was a real treat to communicate with scien points found in the southeast. Moreover, I Bob Knight, REAR: Eric Lott, R.M. Gramly, Greg tists such as Jim Chatters and Doug Owsley, myself, curate numerous, unfluted, early projec Lott, Betty Tharp, Joe Finneran. about their work in early skeletal remains. tiles from Ohio, and elsewhere in eastern North Ohio research was naturally well represented America, which are comparable to the Respectfully, by Brian Redmond, Dale Gnidovec, and Olaf Suwannee—and thus these Solutrean forms. Joe Finneran (413) Prufer. Bob Converse's lecture on the "Mielke It would be an impossible task for me to Walpole, Mass. Site", and the large Dave Mielke Collection of decide which symposium lecture I enjoyed the
THE ROLE OF AMATEURS IN ARCHAEOLOGY by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Road Stow, Ohio 44224
The recent Peopling of the Americas Seminar been surrounded by them for 48 years. All of my tively with amateurs as well as some advice. Chat offered a unigue opportunity to discuss issues with fieldwork has been performed with amateurs." He ters stated that "In a state like Ohio where much of nationally recognized archaeologists. I asked some added that he also uses "amateurs of proven dedi the land is in private hands, the only way that pro of the guest speakers about how they perceived cation to perform some lab work." Gramly com fessionals can find out about sites is by people the role of amateurs in archaeology and what pared excavations done with amateurs to those keeping their eyes open. Not working closely with experiences they had with them. I spoke with three done without. He noted, "I have been a guest par amateurs does three things. First, you alienate the who viewed the use of amateurs as an important ticipant on many field projects where amateurs community. Second, you drive people to do irre partnership. They offered their perspectives on had a token presence only. These particular digs sponsible things. Plus, you lose a lot of knowl amateurs, as well as some comments from their (academic or professional digs) were not my own; I edge." He called for those in archaeology to work own experiences on the contributions that ama did learn a great deal from them — but no more together, adding that "An attitude of elitism is not teurs have to make. than I have learned on my own digs shoulder to productive, and it is short sighted. It drives people Doug Owsley of the Smithsonian explained that shoulder with amateurs." away." Chatters added a final comment on the he maintains a small group of amateurs that regu Gramly added that amateurs can perform other issue, declaring "I started out as an amateur." larly work with him on most important projects. He invaluable tasks for archaeology as well. He In his presentation to the ASO meeting, Chat pointed out that these people often pay their own pointed out that even the simple act of reading ters provided an illustration of how an attitude of expenses, and they have become experienced in and discussing site reports on archeological dis openness to amateurs can pay off. He noted that such areas as soils and fieldwork. He noted that coveries furthers the science. He commented that, after the published discovery of Kennewick Man, a one of his amateurs was featured in the Discovery "Once the report has appeared, amateurs (team local resident came forward and brought him a Channel documentary on the finding and recovery members) are invaluable in spreading the word stemmed lance point that he had found a few of the CSS Hunley, the confederate submarine. He about its availability. An unread report is of no years before while walking the Columbia River added that he "has a high regard for the avoca value to anyone." shoreline. It turned out that the stemmed point tional people that he works with and his experi He believes that "Without amateurs there would was found within a few feet of where Kennewick ences have always been positive." be no scientific archaeology - and certainly no one Man was found. Chatters commented that the Michael Gramly, who organized the American to read the reports that must appear if archaeolog stemmed point "was a very significant contribution Society for Amateur Archaeology, seemed to have ical endeavors are to be regarded as science!" to the study of Kennewick Man, because it was a genuine appreciation for the contributions that James Chatters, who first examined the Ken- likely the type of point that his people were using." amateurs can make. He pointed to his own experi newick Man remains, offered both some insight ence. "I have been an amateur myself and have into the consequences of not working coopera-
17 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF STANDING STONES IN EASTERN OHIO by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, OH 43210 Introduction carving was aboriginal, since it included a rifle and revealed only shallow soil filled with numerous sand Standing stones (often referred to as "tea tables") certain "obscene features" which prevented the stone channers. There was no evidence of prehistoric are prominent erosional features that are most often journal from reproducing Davis' drawing. The activity. Given its small size and isolated location, developed on sandstone bedrock deposits of uneven Mahoning River standing stone is still standing but these negative results were not unexpected. resistance to erosion. These conspicuous natural fea only modern graffiti could be found on a recent visit. Caldwell's history of Belmont County describes tures evoke interest from Ohioans today and some The landmark consists of a large block of Conno- another "Tea Table Rock" in Warren Township. Locally were undoubtedly used as landmarks, if not gathering quenessing (Pottsville Group, lower Pennsylvanian) known as "Goblet Rock," it stood on the Riggs Farm places, by prehistoric Ohio natives. With the exception sandstone clearly isolated from the adjoining bluff by two miles south of Barnesville and was nine feet high, of the massive Mount Pleasant standing stone at Lan a shift in the channel of a small stream that enters with a flat top 31 feet in circumference. Despite fairly caster, Ohio, there remains a considerable question as the Mahoning River at this point. The only other specific locational information and querying of local to the actual amount of prehistoric human activity known published reference to this standing stone is residents, this standing stone has not been located. associated with these geologic features, despite the in a list of the ferns of Mahoning County (Vickers frequent 19th C. legends to the effect that Indians fre 1910:87), where Vickers describes it as the only sta Harrison County quently held councils at or on them and even had tion in the county for the rare Mountain Spleenwort Adjacent Harrison County contained at least three maidens dancing atop them in order to lure pioneers (which still grows on it). The "Standing Rock" is prominent standing stones, which have been to their death (e.g. Schneider 1966). described as a "curious boat-shaped sandstone described by Joseph Tecumseh Harrison (1922,1927). rock [that] has been eroded free from a jutting 'bogi The best known of these was the Standing Stone or Fairfield County back' through the united action of the [Mahoning] "Cadiz Stone" (Fig. 5). It stood on a high ridge about The largest and best known undoubtedly is the river and a tributary and stands a picturesque mass one mile west of Cadiz on the Hedge farm, northeast % Standing Stone at Lancaster, Ohio, now part of 15 to 20 ft. high, 82 ft. long, 27 wide at base and 7 Section 11, Cadiz Township, and just north of the Rising Park, also known as Mount Pleasant. Prehis to 12 ft. wide at top." Only small patches of exposed Standingstone Trail at the head of Standingstone Fork toric activity was common here and has left soil along a path and a nearby gas pipeline were of Little Stillwater Creek, less than a mile east of the numerous traces (Hothem 1988). Stout (1952) has available for surface survey and examination of this late-lamented Mattie Stewart village site. Both the vil discussed the geology of the Mount Pleasant terrain was negative in terms of any evidence of pre lage site and the "Scio Stone," which very likely was a Standing Stone, which is an erosional remnant of the historic activity. landmark along the prehistoric Standingstone (later resistant Mississippian Black Hand Sandstone, and Moravian) Trail, have been completely removed by notes that the historic Wyandot Tarhe Town or Crane Morgan County strip mining. According to Henry Howe, the top half of Town stood at the foot of this standing stone, at the In the rugged hills of southeastern Ohio, standing the Cadiz Stone was quarried away by the land owner. juncture of two major Indian trails. It is also the site of stones do not occur along the stream valleys but on "It is said to have been a place of great resort by the the fictional encounter of early frontier scouts with the ridgetops. They also tend to be smaller in size. Indians." On the other hand, Howe (1900: 888-889) the Wyandots and the equally fictional rescue of The most prominent was undoubtedly the "Devil's Tea also thought that the standing stone was a glacial Forest Rose, eponymous heroine of the much Table" which stood on a high ridgetop above the boulder brought from "perhaps a thousand miles reprinted novel by Emerson Bennett. Muskingum River three miles north of north" rather than native bedrock. McConnellsville, in Morgan Co. (Fig. 4). Twenty-five Very similar in appearance to the Cadiz Stone and Portage County feet high, its level top of 33 by 20 feet lay balanced on also weathered out of a ridge-forming sandstone in the Most Ohio standing stones are much smaller in size a very narrow base of shaley sandstone. A tourist lower part of the Monongahela Group is the "Scio than Mount Pleasant but still impressive enough in attraction for many years, the tea table was a favorite Stone" (Fig. 6), which still stands in a pasture about their isolation to form conspicuous landmarks. Rusnak picnic spot for visitors traveling by steamboat and two miles northeast of Scio, northeast % Section 27, (2002) has recently described the well known skiff along the Muskingum River. Some preposterous North Township, overlooking Dining Fork of Conotton "Standing Rock" standing stone at Kent, Ohio, an iso legends surrounded the site, including that Indians Creek. Although the Scio Stone is surrounded by pas lated block of Pennsylvanian-age Sharon sandstone used signal fires and young maidens dancing on top ture, a one- to two-foot wide "drip-line" around its (definitely not Mississippian Berea sandstone, as erro of the tea table to lure pioneer river travellers to their base exposes bare topsoil. This was carefully exam neously reported by Rusnak; see Winslow and White death. Sadly, after several mischievous attempts to ined for flint chippage or other indications of prehistoric 1966), which sits in the Cuyahoga River just north of topple the landmark, this was finally accomplished activity but none was found. The Scio Stone is about Kent (Fig. 1). Early references to this standing stone with a charge of dynamite on July 4,1906. Hundreds ten feet high and about twelve by eighteen feet in leave no doubt that it was a prominent landmark and of visitors from McConnelsville and Malta visited the diameter at the top. The sandstone is very friable and rendezvous along the old Mahoning Trail. Although site and carried away fragments of the tea table's the top is heavily weathered, eliminating the possibility much of the adjacent bank is now occupied by a remnants (Schneider 1966). Whether this standing of any rock carvings or petroglyphs having survived. A modern cemetery or consists of bare bedrock, archae stone served as a prehistoric landmark remains large vertical block of sandstone stands dolmen-like ological testing in a small adjacent wooded area might unknown but it appears that it was visible from the immediately adjacent to the Scio Stone and was prob reveal some evidence of prehistoric activity. river below. This site has not been visited but should ably derived from it. Unfortunately, it does not show in be tested at some point. the view taken by Harrison, so there is no telling Mahoning County whether it was there in the 1920s or not. The Dining There remains some question, however, as to just Belmont County Fork is in a fairly isolated area, and no recorded Indian how much prehistoric activity, if any, may have been A very small standing stone, only five or six feet trails are known to have passed nearby. associated with other prominent Ohio standing high, was discovered during the course of a Phase I stones. Another conspicuous standing stone lying in Even more isolated is the "Indian Watch Tower" archaeological survey in south-central Section 30 of the Mahoning River just between the Lake Milton north of U.S. Route 22 in Moorefield Township, about Warren Township, Belmont Co., Ohio (Murphy 1996). dam and the site of Shilling's Mill, in Berlin Township, 9 miles west of Cadiz. It is about eighteen feet high, An erosional remnant of Uniontown sandstone, it has long been known (Fig. 2, 3). It supposedly bore about ten by ten feet at the top, and stands on a stood on the edge of a small ridge at the head of a Indian rock carvings at one time (Davis 1897), but broad, sloping base (Fig. 7). Strip mining has second-order tributary of Spencer Creek. Shovel the editor of the Antiquarian doubted that the extended to within a few feet of the landmark, and the testing around the base of this standing-stone
18 intriguing vertical block that stood behind it is no the axis of this level portion of ridgetop, spaced ca. 10 References longer there. Examination of the entire surface of the m apart. All of these revealed extremely shallow Bennett. Emerson Indian Watch Tower revealed no evidence of prehis eroded topsoil filled with sandstone channers. Careful 18550 The Forest Rose: A Tale of the Frontier. Cincin toric petroglyphs, and while the steep hillside on trowelling to the subsoil revealed no artifact material nati: J.A. & U.P. James. which ft lies was partially covered with leaf litter, suffi or other indications of prehistoric activity. Inspection cient ground was exposed to determine that no char of the four Prider Road standing stones revealed no Davis, A.H. coal, flint chippage. or other indications of prehistoric prehistoric petroglyphs, although a crudely pecked 1897 [Petroglyph on Mahoning River. Berlin Township, activity are associated with this standing stone. "1850" date was noted. Mahoning County, Ohio]. Antiquarian 1:305-306. Despite its name, this is the least impressive of all the Harrison. Joseph T. Athens County standing stones that have been examined. 1922 The Pillars of Harrison County. Ohio State Further afield, Peters (1947) has described several Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 31:120- Guernsey County standing stones or "tea tables" in Athens Co., Ohio. 127. An undated (after 1918, based on AZO photo The most impressive is known as the Mineral Tea graphic paper mark) "real photo" postcard (Fig. 8) led Table and lies on a high, narrow ridge overlooking 1927 The Story of the Dining Fork. Cincinnati: C.J. Kre- hbielCo. to the re-discovery of the Birds Run Standing Rock. Raccoon Creek, just northwest of the village of Min This standing stone lies on a narrow, north-south eral (Fig. 14). It has eroded from the massive Lower Hothem, Lar trending ridge between two small tributaries of Wills Freeport sandstone, here more than sixty feet thick, 1988 Mount Pleasant Excavation. Ohio Archaeologist Creek, about a mile north of the settlement of Birds and stands at the end of a steep ridge along the north 38(1): 12-15. Run, in the SE '/» of Section 12, Wheeling Township, side of the valley of Raccoon Creek. Peters also illus Murphy, James L Guernsey Co. and is the only one that can be trates a pair of twin standing stones near the village of 1996 A Phase I Archaeological Survey of a Proposed reached by car. It currently provides an impressive Beebe, along the south side of the Hocking River in Strip Mine Area, Warren Township, Belmont view of the valley of Birds Run, but the view has been easternmost Athens County. County, Ohio. ODNR Permit Application No. artificially enhanced by recent strip mining. Compar The ground surrounding the base of the Mineral D1059-1. Submitted to Valley Mining, Inc., ison with a recent photograph (Fig. 9) shows very Tea Table is well exposed by erosion and careful October 15.1996. little erosion in some eighty years. Examination of survey revealed no flint chippage or other indications Peters. W. E. bare ground along the adjacent access road and of prehistoric activity. The top of the ca. 20 foot high around the base of the Birds Run Standing Stone 1947 Athens County, Ohio. Athens, Ohio: Privately tea table was not examined, but a few historic graffiti printed. revealed no evidence of prehistoric activity. Its promi decorate the adjacent sandstone outcrop. nent ridgetop location along the valley of Birds Run Rusnak. Michael suggests that it may have been a prehistoric guide- Conclusions 2002 Standing Rock in Kent, Ohio: An Early Ohio Land post if not trail marker. Careful examination of nine of the better known mark and Fording Place on the Mahoning Trail. standing stones remaining in eastern Ohio, including Ohio Archaeologist 52(1): 19-21. Only two and a half miles to the north of the Birds surface survey and some shovel testing, has failed to Run Standing Stone, a series of four prominent Schneider, Norris F. discover any archaeological evidence of prehistoric standing stones lie along a narrow ridge overlooking a 1966 Morgan County Woman Remembers Crash of activity. In the case of the McConnellsville Tea Table small tributary of Wills Creek, in the northwest quarter Scenic Devil's Tea Table. Zanesville Times and the Cadiz Stone, examination is not possible, of Section 1, Wheeling Township. Recent timbering Recorder, April 10,1966. since the sites have been destroyed, although the rendered these standing stones highly visible from locale of the McConnellsville standing stone still exists Stout. Wilber Prider Road (Fig. 10). They lie at approximately the 1952 Standing Stone. Ohio Journal of Science 52(6): and can probably be located and surveyed. same elevation as the Birds Run standing stone and 321-327. all are probably formed by erosion of the underlying That several of these prominent features did serve Swauger, James L Buffalo sandstone of the lower Conemaugh Group as landmarks along prehistoric trails seems certain, as 1984 Petroglyphs of Ohio. Athens. Ohio University (Fig.11-13). The Prider Road standing stones offered in the case of the Kent Standing Rock (Rusnak 2002) Press. a unique opportunity to examine the surrounding area and very likely in the case of the Cadiz Stone and for associated prehistoric activity, for directly to the probably the McConnellsville Tea Table, even possibly Vickers, Earnest W. south of them the ridge provides a very level area suit the Mineral Standing Stone. These four all stood 1910 A Ust of the Ferns of Mahoning County with Spe able for a camp site. The entire area had been tim along documented prehistoric trails or major water cial Reference to Mill Creek Park. The Ohio Natu bered, and this activity provided considerable ground ways. The question of their visibility from any signifi ralist 10(4): 86-88. cant distance during prehistoric times is a real one, surface exposure. The whole area was examined at Winslow. John D, and George W. White but any similar geologic features are deserving of ca. 1 m. intervals, without revealing any flint chippage 1966 Geology and Ground-water Resources of Portage or other indications of prehistoric activity. Nonethe serious archaeological consideration whenever County, Ohio. U.S. Geological Survey. Profes less, with permission of the landowner, a series of four encountered today. sional Paper 511. Washington, D.C. 1 meter square shovel test units was excavated along
Figure 1. A rare 19th century stereoscopic view of the Kent "Standing Rock," by Kent photographer James Wark. ca. 1871.
Figure 2. Circa 1909 postcard view of the Mahoning River Standing Rock.
19 Figure 6. The "Scio Stone" as it appears today. Figure 3. The Mahoning River Standing Rock as it appears today.
* .:
i - vl HcF •.fly 7 i ~.. J5WJ JS Hi |9 B
figure 7. Trie "Indian Watch Tower" near Nottingham Church, Harrison County. A ca. 1920 postcard view
Figure 4. An early postcard view of the Morgan County "Devil's Tea Table."
Figure 5. An early postcard view of the "Standing Rock" near Cadiz, Figure 8. An early real photo postcard view of the Bird's Run destroyed by strip mining. Standing Stone.
20 ^•r^3^?-i[.''J9
'4* •* -iJ r'rl Jjl| ^gBSfcS */•'•! *?
figure 9. 7he S/rd's Run Standing Stone today. Guernsey County.
Figure 10. Distant view of the Prider Road Standing Stones. Guernsey County.
I Figure 11-13. Nearer views of the Four Prider Road Standing Stones.
figure 14. The Mineral Standing Stone, Athens County.
21 FIVE BIRDSTONES by Jim Stephan Bradford, Ohio
Five birdstones are shown in Figure 1. Birdstones of the American Indian by Earl They are all made of banded slate and are Townsend (1959). of various styles. Each artifact is pictured in
Figure 1 (Stephan) Five birdstones. From top to bottom: Miami County, Lucas County, Lewanee, Michigan, Putnam County, Darke County.
22 OHIO AND INDIANA BIRDSTONES by Don Eberle Napoleon, Ohio
Shown in Figure 1 are seven birdstones two miles south of Butler. Center left is County, found in 1943, east of Antwerp. from my collection. Upper left was found in from Richland County, Ohio and was origi The porphyry bird is from 2 miles south 1935 in DeKalb County, Indiana, by Carl nally collected in 1951 by V. E. Ladd of west of Defiance in Defiance County. The Wetoskey, one mile southeast of Garrett. Toledo. Center right was found in 1944 by bottom bird was found in 1900 by A. J. Upper right was also found in DeKalb Roy Oxener southeast of Pioneer, Williams Potts in Steuben County, Indiana. County, Indiana, by Lee Reinhart in 1925, County, Ohio. Bottom left is from Paulding
figure 1 (Eberle) Seven Ohio and Indiana birdstones.
23 A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE PHILLIPS' FARM SITE DAMASCUS, OHIO by A. Charles Mastran Youngstown, Ohio
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the borders of Goshen Twp., Mahoning Sloping characteristics earmark the The author would like to extend his County, off of State Route 534. Bogart Series at between 6-12% while the heartfelt gratitude to the following people At the time of the survey (2002), the Canfield Series ranges from 2-6%. Further, who kindly volunteered their precious time Phillips acreage consisted of a rolling, where Bogart loams generally sit on ter and labor towards the completion of the unplowed plat bordered on its southern races, Canfield deposits reside on broad excavation herein described. First, I would terminus by a forested ravine. The ravine slopes and ridges. like to thank Mr. and Mrs. Bill Phillips both contains a perennial stream at its base. for their gracious invitation to survey their The ravine runs roughly East to West and METHODOLOGY property and for their patience. Next, I expands as it approaches State Route 534. would like to thank my teacher, mentor and It is presently used as a cow pasture. Other A series of nine 2X2 meter test pits laid friend, Dr. John R. White, Chair of the alterations of the landscape proper include randomly in the eastern end of the Phillips' Department Sociology and Anthropology a small man-made pond, and outhouse, upper fields revealed little in the way of cul (YSU), for placing me in the director's chair. tool shed and picnic "fire ring". Moreover, tural material. Attention was then turned to The excavation could not have taken place footpaths and ATV paths allow for the the mounds in the bottom of the ravine. without his guidance, welcome insight and, Phillips' recreational use of the property. The largest of the mounds, designated above all, his compassion. I would also like Mound 1 was sampled for cultural remains. to extend my appreciation to that stalwart A small spring is located upstream (cast) Surface vegetation was stripped off the core of individuals whose enthusiasm, high from the pond and at the base of the mound which was then divided into four spirits, work ethic and, of course, their northern rim of the ravine. Two low-lying equal quarters (Fig. 1). The southwest opinions, all combined to make the exca mounds sit upon the topmost of a three quadrant of Mound One was excavated in vation something more than a field exer tiered alluvial plain which is associated to ten centimeter increments utilizing both cise. These include: Leah Rudy, Dale the northern flank of the stream. The shovel and trowel (Fig. 2). All of the Wright, Marian Kutlesa, Ann Johnson, mounds, themselves within close proximity removed soil was screened through on Chuck Creager, Terry Treater, and Pat to one another, lie, roughly midway quarter inch mesh. Following the comple between the spring and the stream. Carbon. Other participants whose help tion of the excavated quadrant to the sur was welcome at various times include, Erin rounding surface level, a one by four meter Collela, MaryAnne Regan, Nick DeMaio, DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION long trench was excavated along the Derrick Bell, and David James. A special Soils contained within the realm of the mound's east-west axis (Fig. 3). The total thanks goes to Patrick Gainard for his tire Phillips acreage adhere to those soil depth from the top of the mound to the less effort in editing this paper. descriptions identified in the Soil Survey of sterile substrata layer was one meter. In addition, I would like to thank the YSU Mahoning County, Ohio. Soil identities Media Center. In particular, Carl Leet, Pho include both the Bogart Series (BgC) and STRATIGRAPHY tographer, Maria Bleahu, Photo Editor, and the Canfield Series (CdB). Bogart loam is The Phillips site stratigraphy is repre Monica Wibuana, Assistant Photo Editor. typical throughout Mahoning County. sented by two soil profiles. The first profile These soils are light in coloration and fan (Fig. 4) represents the north wall of the Last but not least, I would like to thank out amongst the gently rolling countryside excavated trench. The second profile (Fig. my deceased father, Donald. Though reti which defines the Mahoning County envi 5) details the east wall of the same trench. cent in expressing his pride in me, I know ronment. Bogart he was. I would also like to thank my turfs are sandy, mother, Grace, whose love, like that of gravelly represen other mothers, is set in stone. tatives of the Wis consin Glacial INTRODUCTION Period and they usually appear Conversations between Dr. John R. within the bot White and Mr. Bill Phillips led to permis tomland located sion to carry out a survey reconnaissance between slopes. of the Phillips' farm acreage adjacent to State Route 534. The area in question Additionally, had a long history of giving forth surface Canfield Series artifacts to the site owner. It was decided deposits are also that a systematic random sampling of a classified within portion of the acreage might lead to the the Wisconsin gla discovery of an, as yet, undiscovered cial period. These archaeological site. soils are also light This author took on the role of dig in color, however, director; a decision agreed upon by all the they manifest principals: Bill Phillips and the university, themselves within YSU, represented by Dr. John R. White. sloping and gently sloping zones. Subsurface Can- LOCATION AND SETTING field soils are The Phillips' farm is located in the Dam dense and com Figure 1 Mound One stripped of vegetation. ascus, Ohio Quadrangle, specifically within pacted.
24 Figure 3 Test trench in southwest quadrant. Note: Bare spot figure 2 Sectioned southwest quadrant of Mound One. above trench is a second, smaller mound.
Soil texture remained uniform throughout the north wall profile map reveals a pit or stratigraphic designations along with their the test trench. Identifiable strata charac trough (see Fig. 3) that is noticeably darker corresponding Munsell color codes are teristics revealed the layers to be firm, than those soils which extend throughout self-identifying within each profile. compacted, gritty, sandy and friable the majority of the trench architecture. overall. The soil matrix was interspersed Moreover, the majority of the artifact FEATURES with gravel and small stones. Significant assemblage was recovered from this area. chromatic and hue variations were distin Further, some colors appear to blend into There were no significant features guished via the Munsell color rating their adjacent counterparts (note the associated within overall context of the system. Indeed, the far western portion of dotted lines within the profile). Accordingly, test trench stratigraphy that could be rea sonably identified as being culturally
• _ i 'A L1A Medium Yellow (10YR5/4)
Dark Black Loam (7 YR 2/50) Very Light Yellow (10 YR 7/4) L2B *
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 figure 4 Mound One north profile of southwest quadrant. c m cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
Light Yellow Clavey c* Loom (10 YR 6/4) 20 cm
80 cm figure 5 East profile of Mound One southern quadrant.
Dark Yellow Ctavev Of Loom (10 YR
25 introduced such as postholes, fire poking around a backfill pile. Fortunately, Dimensions recorded included: maximum hearths, blade caches, or manuported the other two cup stones were recovered in length/width as well as maximum thick rock cluster features. situ (Fig. 6). Both examples were retrieved ness. Each stone was weighed in kilo ARTIFACTS from the aforementioned western portion grams. All of the pit depths and diameters Pitted Stones of the test trench and at the same depth, were recorded. Interestingly, there were, on ninety centimeters. Additionally, the pair lay some of the stones - for want of a better The Phillips site artifact assemblage con nearly perpendicular to one another and term - preformed pits. These pre-forms or tained some interesting finds in the way of were only separated by a mere eighty-five "pre-pits" appear on the cup stone sur both ground and flaked stone tools. centimeters with one stone apiece resting faces as discernable and uniform depres Ground stone tools consisted of four "cup" at the base of the north and south walls of sions whereby one can place a thumb or or "nut" stones. Unfortunately two of the the trench respectively. an index finger in order to "feel" them. recovered specimens were deemed fortu These depressions, though noticeable in itous finds with their respective prove The recovery of these four stones diameter, are literally millimeters deep and niences marked unknown. These were although culturally problematic, neverthe the author had no real means to measure recovered, instead, by Mr. Phillips while less fields free empirical data to those whom may have an interest in them. these depths.
Figure 6 One of two cup stones in the test trench and in situ is prominent at the top and right of the photo. The second, smaller stone, is centered at the base of the photo.
Stone 1 (Fig. 7) Stone 3 (Fig. 9) Length: 21.1 cm Length: 16.3 cm Width: 19 cm Width: 14 cm Thickness: 9.8 cm Thickness: 5.1 cm Weight: 3.6 kg Weight: 2.1 kg Total number of pits: 5 Number of pits: 1 Pit depths: 1.4-2.0 cm, mean = 1.72 cm Pit depth: 1.7 cm Pit diameters: 3.0 - 3.6 cm, mean = 3.38 cm. Pit diameter: 3.7 cm Number of pre-formed pits: 4 Number of pre-formed pits: 2 Pre-form diameters: 1.4 - 3.6 cm, mean = 1.62 Pre-pit diameters: 2,2.3 cm
Stone 2 (Fig. 8) Stone 4 (Fig. 10) Length: 20.4 cm Length: 17.1 cm Width: 14.8 cm Width: 16.6 cm Thickness: 7.9 cm Thickness: 5.5 cm Weight: 2.6 kg Weight: 1.5 kg Number of pits: 3 cm Number of pits: 2 Pit depths: 1.1-2.0 cm, mean = 1. 6 cm Pit depth: .9,1.5 cm Pit diameters: 2.4 - 4.0 cm, mean = 3.3 cm Pit diameter: 3.1, 3.3 cm (Note: Obverse side of Stone 2 displays pecking area round the pit.) Number of pre-formed pits: 4 Number of pre-formed pits: 3. Pre-pit diameter: 1.5 - 2.5cm, meanl .97 cm Pre-pit diameters: 2.2 - 2.4cm, mean = 2.3 cm
26 mL\
figure 7 Pitted Stones
a/obverse
Figure 8 Pitted Stones
a/obverse
Figure 9 Pitted Stones
a/obverse b/reverse
Figure 10 Pitted Stones
27 Points and Preforms Type C - Hafted biface with triangulat Type H - Proximal fragment of stemmed Eight flaked stone tools were recovered ed blade. Slight excurvated sides. Lobate biface. Convex profile. Proximal end from Mound 1 (Fig. 11). Five of these stemmed. Multiple, fine random fluting beveled. Distal portion unifacially flaked. bifaces could be classified simply as pre (Fig. 11c). Specimen has rough, squat hourglass forms. Here, the tools take on a rudimenta Length: 3.1 cm shape. Both the Proximal and Distal ends ry shape which stops short of what one Width: 2.1 cin are expanded and excurvate. (Fig. 11 h). would refer to as a completed tool, i.e. , a Thickness: .5 cm Length: 1.7 cm "typed" projectile point. The chipping Remarks: Width: 2 cm sequence is crude and random. Andrefsky AKA: Adena Stemmed Thickness: .6 cm (2002) lists five stages in projectile point (Justice 1995: 194) Remarks: construction. These are 1) choosing a blank Contracting Stemmed AKA: Pentagonal base hafted scraper flake; 2) primary edging of the flake; 3) thin (Andrefsky 2002: 177) (Converse 1998: 154-155) ning the bifaces; 4) secondary modification Note: Specimen represents an example via flaking and thinning and shaping into a Type D - Thick lanceolate biface. Slight of a broken point being re-used. preform; and 5) refined or tertiary flaking haft with very shallow side notching. which trims the haft and blade elements Coarse random fluting. Excurvated blade SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS into a "finished" point. edges. Flat base. Haft Terminus contains A casual conversation between Dr. Five of the Phillips site tools appear to be beveled edge. Thick convex cross section John R. White (YSU) and property at the stage four level. Moreover, determin (Fig. 11 d). owner, Mr. Bill Phillips, resulted in the ing what is and is not a preform depends on Length: 5.4 cm undertaking of a limited archeological the ideas and goals of the tool creator as Width: 2.1 cm survey of Mr. Phillips' farm acreage. well as the cognitive processes imbued Thickness: 1.1 cm Examination of a ravine running roughly within the researcher. In examining such Remarks: east to west on the property, revealed finds, White (2002) lists three considera AKA: Preform (Andrefsky 2002: 183) two low-lying mounds resting upon the tions for type identification: 1) different Shallow Side Notched (Converse third terrace of a three-tiered alluvial locales attribute different names to similar 1998: 93) Steele Dam (Griffin 1966: plain adjacent to a perennial stream looking types; 2) those assuming the pos Plate L1) flowing at the base of the ravine. In addi ture of point identifier assign often impor tion, a spring was noted in close associ tance to physical attributes which leads to Type E - Thick, hafted triangulate and ation to both the mounds and the stream multiple labeling such as "triangular, biconvex bifaces. Coarse random flutes. watercourse. The southwest section of stemmed . .. pentagonals, etc"; and 3) is a Flat base with truncated haft. Haft has the larger of the two mounds, Mound 1, failure to recognize the influence of individ beveled edge (Fig. 11e). was removed to the surrounding surface uation in tool-making. Length: 4.5 cm level. In a second round of excavation, a In consideration of Andrefsky's and Width: 2.1 cm 1x1x4 meter long trench was con White's criteria, the Phillips bifaces have Thickness: 1.1 cm structed along the east-west axis of the been identified as types. Various point Remarks: quadrant. The subsequent trench profile "identities" are listed for them here AKA: Brewerton End Scraper (Ritchie revealed subtle yet distinguishable where applicable. 1969: 100) stratigraphy that was reasonably uni form in texture throughout the trench. Close examination of soil strata utilizing Type A - Non hafted ovate base, the Type F - Thick, biconvex, hafted lance the Munsell color chart, identified the base is flat. Flutes are multiple, random olate biface. Straight stem. Flat base. color range within various hues of and irregular. The blade edges are excur- Coarse random fluting. Excurvate blade browns and yellows. These soils are but vated and beveled (Fig. 11a). sides. Left blade edge assumes an asym tressed against a dark brown-to-black Length: 3.35 (centimeters) metrical position in relation to the right subsurface pit or trough located at the Width: 2.1 cm blade edge (Fig. 11 f). extreme west area of the trench profile. Thickness: .6 cm. Length: 5.35 cm Remarks: Width: 2.45 cm. An artifact assemblage, consisting of AKA: Preform (Andrefsky 2002: 31) Thickness: 1.15 cm four pitted stones and eight bifacially Remarks: worked chert points, was recovered via Type B - Ovate biface with excurvate AKA: Preformed prehistoric biface with shoveling, troweling and screening. The haft element. The base is convex. A pen hafted stem (Andrefsky 2002: 192) majority of these finds were recovered tagonal or triangulated blade with beveled Buckner/Adena type stemmed knife. within the margins of the darkly colored edges. Multiple coarse and irregular flut (Griffin 1966: 182 and Plate Early trough and the leading, or western edge, ing (Fig. 11b). Adena (rounded proximal portion of of the yellow-brown material of the Length: 3.3 cm stem missing) (Converse 1998: 109) mound lens. The discovery of two of the Width: 2.05 cm pitted stones was fortuitous, having Thickness: .7 cm. Type G - Thin, triangulate biface. Flat been recovered in a back fill pile. Remarks: base. Straight blade sides. Fine random Conversely, two more stones were found AKA: Preform (Andrefsky 2002): fluting. Distinct side notch on left side. in situ and within close association to Untouched Pentagonal Cluster Specimen is missing the left barb. The one another at the base of the test (Justice 1995: 215-216) right side of the specimen is missing both trench. Cache blade (Hothem 1986: 130; the barb and ear (Fig. 11 g). There are no specific conclusions to Ritchie 1969: 186, 203, 221, 225; Length: 2.7 cm be drawn at this time. The site appears Converse 1998: 112) Width: 1.6 cm to be bereft of any real or well-defined, Note: Type B bears a striking resem Thickness: .4 cm cultural activity or sequencing. The blance to those bifaces identified as Remarks: mound is a hydrological construct which cache blades. Understand that the author AKA: Brewerton Side Notched (Ritchie can easily be attributed to water-born realizes that this specimen may be too 1969: 109) Bird Point (Hothem 1986: deposition. Mound 1's lenticular archi small to place it in that category accord 132) Newton Falls (Archaic Side-notch) tecture is the result of the alluvial depo ing to some. Hothem 986:90) sition of sands, silts, and gravels
28 REFERENCES CITED Andrefsky Jr., William 2002 Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. Cambridge University Press: London.
Converse, Robert N. 1998 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeology Society of Ohio: Lancaster, Ohio.
Griffin, James Bennet 1966 "The Fort Ancient Aspect", University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No. 28, Ann Arbor.
Hothem, Lar 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio. Hothem House Books: Lancaster, Ohio.
Justice, Noel D. 1995 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Mid-Continental and Eastern United States: A Modern Survey and Reference. Indiana University Press: Bloomington.
Krombein, W.C., & L.L. Sloss 1963 Stratigraphy and Sedimentation. W.H. Freeman & Co.: San Francisco.
Lessig, Heber, W.F. Hales, RW. Reese & G.J. Post 1971 So/7 Survey of Mahoning County, Ohio. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. U.S. I Govt. Printing Office: Washington, D. C. Ritchie, William A. 1969 The Archaeology of New York State. The American Museum of Natural His tory. Natural History Press: Garden City, figure 11 Points and Preforms NY.
White, John R. brought about by the rising and ebbing 1) the presence of multiple pits consti 2002 "The McDonald High Point Collection: of the stream at various times in the tute multiple uses; 2) the makers took A Proposal Typology of Points From Northeastern Ohio and Western Penn past. Indeed, the stream environment, the time to make them; 3) the overall sylvania, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 52, size, shape and weight of the specimens limited by the kinetic energy of water No.4, pp. 11-13. flow, stream or channel shape, and the are roughly uniform; 4) their size and stream walls usually dictate the configu weight probably precluded them from ration of any one deposit. Thus, "in any being transported, as usable stone is in single stream, the deposits develop as abundance; 5) pit depths and diameters elongate lenses" (Krumbein & Sloss: are themselves uniform; and 6) three of 1963). The overall shape and structure the Phillips' pitted stones contain multi of Mound 1 conforms to these criteria. ple pits whose adjacent sides touch or Further, surface soils from the adjacent nearly touch. ravine slope moved downward to the Beyond the appearance of the pitted stream and terrace beds during various stones and the recovery of bifacially climatic changes in time. Deposition lay worked stone points, themselves some ers expanded and grew in height from what problematic in identification, the these hydro-erosional activities. More Phillips survey merely testifies to the over, the activity of the nearby spring arrival and passing of nomadic site would, in times past, also contribute to users. However, the obverse to that sup mound construction as sands and silts position is that the Phillips' assemblage would be moved by spring flow. provides a localized and intimate piece The recovery of four pitted stones of archaeological evidence tantalizing constitutes a significant "find". Their dis enough to warrant further interest and covery was completely unexpected. therefore continuing the excavation for Their existence could be an indication those willing. that the Phillips' Site contains a degree of cultural depth in that it may have been a seasonal encampment site which was visited regularly in the past. At least six observations can be made of the stones:
29 THE USE OF CORDUROY-SCAFFOLDING AS AN AID IN INDUSTRIAL SITE EXCAVATION by A. Charles Mastran and Dale Wright
Industrial archaeological sites are often proper was ultimately destroyed. Periodic to expedite excavation procedures, reduce overburdened by large amounts of debris episodes of urban renewal through time physical exertion, and thereby quicken the and soil-fill which can present problems in saw the placement of road and home con pace of excavating. removing the material during the excava struction carried out directly above the Field supervisor, Dale Wright instituted tion process. Macro-sites are typically remains of the furnace. Sequences of con an efficient strategy for the removal of inundated by an immensity of cyclopean struction and land clearing resulted in earth cyclopean fill in both a methodically and fill, i.e. a stratigraphy that is generously and debris being forced over the rim of the economically sound manner. The tech laced with plethora of large rocks, stones, Mill Creek ravine and onto the disassem nique is presented here. wood, and brickbats all randomly dis bling furnace remains below. In due A series of 2x8 and 2x10 planks were persed throughout the strata of such a site course, this detritus covered all that was laid parallel to each other within various and in no particular cultural context. This fill left of the furnace remains. In addition, levels of the furnace site hence trans- phenomenon is particularly true in those trees and brush sprang from this material versing them. (Fig. 2). The effect resembles excavations that identify the site itself as and, eventually, most telltale signs of the a section of early corduroy road. As an the artifact. furnace's existence were removed leaving archaeological field technique, however the The Mill Creek Furnace (circa- 1830- only a very small portion of the furnace plank scaffolding now serves as a shov 1850) located within the Youngstown, Ohio bosh inwall visible to the naked eye. eling platform. Metro Parks System serves as a represen Excavation during the 2003 field season Most archaeologists know that fill is tative example of the site-as-artifact. revealed large stratified deposits of brick shoveled much faster from a level surface Abutted against decomposed shale bats, ash, sand, and large, randomly dis but would not use such a scaffold system bedrock outcroppings spread throughout tributed ashlar stones and rocks (Fig. 1), for fear of destroying the integrity of their the Mill Creek ravine, the Mill Creek Fur The remaining one third of the furnace sites. That said, the overburden sur nace was constructed by the Heaton stack was uncovered. Field technicians rounding the Mill Creek furnace environs brothers during the first third of the nine charged with uncovering the furnace presented a unique set of excavation cir teenth century. This was an era when blast became all too familiar with their shovel cumstances which lent themselves well to furnace construction and use was, gener blades coming to abrupt, painful halts. the corduroy-scaffold method. This tech ally, a cottage industry based within local Their picks constantly bounced off of the nique presents itself as an adaptive field communities and propagated by entrepre- large fragments of the ashlar stone of the strategy for best removing copious neurship and individuality. Furnace opera stack which was now strewn haphazardly amounts of cumbersome soil and debris. tions arose within those communities throughout the site stratigraphy in com The technique also precludes the use of wherein labor, necessary raw materials and plete disarray. Struggling through this type heavy equipment which could, inadver geographic conditions availed themselves of a working environment is, needless to tently destroy any remaining architecture of to such ventures. say, difficult. However, such excavation such a site. Further, the scaffolding method When the Mill Creek Furnace went out of conditions also serve to spur creation of is more cost efficient than the hourly rates blast, approximately two-thirds of the stack new methods and strategies which serve charged by heavy equipment operators.
figure 1 Chuck Creager laying planks and Dale Wright. figure 2 Dale Wright shoveling off the planks.
30 AN OBSIDIAN KNIFE FROM ROSS COUNTY, OHIO by John C. Rummel 478 Burns Drive North Westerville, Ohio 43082-6026 Obsidian was a highly prized material to the Ohio Hopewell people, and in fact, it is exclusive to only the Middle Woodland period in the Midwest. (Griffin, 1965:146). It is the furthest exotic source from Ohio with the origin being the Obsidian Cliffs in Wyoming. While artifacts of obsidian have been found in outlying Ohio Hopewell sites, such as Manring, Turner and Fort Ancient, the majority of the obsidian was found in the major Hopewell sites of Ross County, particularly Mounds 11 & 25 of the Hopewell Mound Group and at Mound City. Obsidian has a propensity to produce remarkable conchoidal fractures which makes it possible, by skilled artisans, to produce the ceremonial knives and spears upwards of 18 inches in length. Another feature of obsidian that may have been utilized by the Hopewell in their cere monies is the extremely fine edge of the blades which is many times sharper than a modern-day scalpel used by surgeons. The obsidian knife in figure one was col lected in Ross County, Ohio and was for merly in the collection of Dr. William C. Mills, author of the Archaeological Atlas of Ohio and former Curator of Archaeology at the Ohio State Archaeological and Histor ical Museum. The knife is 4% inches long and exhibits areas of being exposed to extreme heat.
Reference Griffin. James B. 1965 "Hopewell and the Dark Black Glass," Michigan Archaeologist. Vol. 11, Numbers 3-4.
Figure 1 (Rummel) Obsidian knife, Hopewell Group, Ross County,Ex-Dr. Ohio William• Mills collection.
31 PREHISTORIC LONG-DISTANCE TRADE IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA by Leland W. Patterson 418Wycliffe Houston, TX 77079
INTRODUCTION section on high volume trade. ally only identified by exotic materials Long-Distance trade is recognized by It should be noted that prehistoric long found at long distances from sources, with the presence of exotic materials and distance trade is generally described in little data on types of materials traded at unusual artifact types at prehistoric sites. terms of geographic dispersion of an intermediate exchange points. Exotic items are defined here as types of exotic material from a source location. There are some good examples of pre materials with source locations of over 100 Archaeological data do not usually provide historic down-the-line trade in the Late km (62 miles) from a site. This is, of course, descriptions of the many reciprocal Archaic Mortuary Tradition (790-60 BC) of an arbitrary definition, with other distances exchanges that characterize a long-dis western Southeast Texas (Patterson 2000). used in the literature to define long-dis tance trade network. Within a trade net Small amounts of exotic items are included tance trade. work, some exchange transactions would with larger amounts of grave goods of a There are many examples of prehistoric be invisible in the archaeological record, more local nature. Large corner-tang long-distance trade in the eastern United such as perishable items and local types of bifaces are from Central Texas at a dis States, first by hunter-gatherer cultures and artifacts. Models of long-distance trade are tance of about 150 miles (242 km). Boat- later by more sedentary cultures having discussed here, with special attention stones and stone beads are from Arkansas agriculture. Long-distance trade first given to down-the-line trade and high at a distance of about 350 miles (565 km). becomes noticeable in the Middle Archaic volume trade. A single copper pin or awl dated to 60 BC period at about 4500 BC with marine shell is made of material from the upper Great in Tennessee (Dye 1996:157) at a distance MODELS OF TRADE Lakes at a distance of about 1275 miles of 400 miles (645 km) from the Gulf. By Renfrew and Bahn (2000:368) have (2056 km). 4000 BC, many exotic materials were being given ten models for trade, some of which Long-distance trade in the Southeast traded, such as copper, marine shell, can be considered for long-distance trade. during the Middle Archaic (6000-3000 BC) steatite, chert, and banded slate (Milner Down-the-line trade seems to be the most could be of the down-the-line type. Stone 2004:43; Webb 1974:280, 315). common type of long-distance trade in the beads from the Interior Highlands have Long-distance trade in the eastern prehistoric eastern United States. In this been found as far south as Florida, and United States increased in the Late Archaic trade method, a commodity travels across shell beads from the Gulf have been found period (3000-500 BC). The Late Archaic successive territories through successive as far north as Tennessee (Bense 1994:76). cultures of Ohio had many artifacts of exchanges. For a commodity traded, marine shell, copper, steatite, cannel coal, down-the-line trade leads to an exponen HIGH VOLUME TRADE and exotic cherts (Converse 2003:108). tial dropoff of abundance of the com When a substantial amount of an exotic The Poverty Point culture of Louisiana of modity with distance from source (Renfrew material is found at a location at a long dis the Late Archaic period is an extreme and Bahn 2000:371). Most descriptions of tance from the source, a dropoff model for example of intensive trade of many exotic down-the-line trade represent a linear slice down-the-line trade does not apply. materials, and is discussed further in the of a wider trade network, because trade Gibson (1994:160) has noted that there is section on high volume trade. can go in several directions from the com no general pattern of distance decay for In the first millennium BC (Early Wood modity source and intermediate exchange exotic materials at Poverty Point in land), the Adena culture of Ohio, West Vir points. Down-the line trade is discussed in northern Louisiana. Milner (2004:85) has ginia, and Kentucky had imported copper, more detail in the following section. commented that down-the-line movement steatite, marine shell, and mica (Dragoo Some models of trade given by Renfrew of goods was not the only way that exotic 1963:184, 185; Webb and Snow 1974:90, and Bahn cannot be generally applied to items moved long distances in the Middle 91, 98, 101). Copper has been found in long-distance trade. Direct procurement by Woodland (Hopewell) period. Southeast Texas in this time interval (Pat travel to the source of a material is limited The Poverty Point site and surrounding terson 2000). The Tchula culture of the by the difficulty of prehistoric long-distance sites in northern Louisiana are known for central Mississippi Valley had copper travel. Exchange at a social boundary is large quantities of exotic materials, such during this time period (Morse and Morse limited by the sizes of social territories. All as novaculite, copper, slate, steatite, 1983:147). of the models that use a central exchange galena, granite, northern gray chert, The Ohio and Illinois Hopewell of the point are limited for long-distance applica Dover chert, white chert, and hematite Middle Woodland period (200 BC-AD 500) tions. High volume long-distance trade is (Gibson 1994:159; Smith 1991:173). One represent another extreme example of discussed here in relation to what models area of the Poverty Point site yielded an long-distance trade in eastern North might be used, particularly in view of the estimated 71,000 kg of exotic materials America, in both diversity and quantities of limitations of archaeological data. (Gibson 1994:160). Some exotic items at exotic materials. Hopewell is discussed Poverty Point were from sources at more further in the section on high volume trade. DOWN-THE-LINE TRADE than 1600 km, but most exotic materials The Mississippian culture (AD 900-1600) There are many examples of prehistoric at Poverty Point were from distances of was located along the Mississippi River down-the-line trade in the eastern United 250 to 900 km (Gibson 1994:158). Water and into the Southeast, as well as into States, where a dropoff model can be ways were important in the shipment of Oklahoma, Northeast Texas, and North applied with only a few specimens of tons of bulky materials, using rivers such west Louisiana. Many of the Mississippian exotic materials found at long distances as the Red, Mississippi, Arkansas, Ten centers engaged in long-distance trade on from sources. In many cases, down-the- nessee, Ohio, and Ouachita (Gibson a large scale, such as marine shell and line trade appears to have been of a spo 1994:159; Smith 1991:177). Many source copper at Spiro in Oklahoma (Milner radic nature. Down-the-line trade is easy to locations for exotic materials found at 2004:179, 154, 139). Mississippian long visualize with a series of intermediate Poverty Point have been identified, such distance trade is discussed further in the exchange points. This type of trade is usu as steatite (Smith 1991:Figure 2), copper,
32 northern Gray chert, galena, novaculite, as Mill Creek chert from Illinois, and marine Johnson, J.K. and hematite (Gibson 1994:Figure 1). shells from the Gulf (Knight 2004:Table 2). 1994 Prehistoric Exchange in the Southeast, Gibson (1994:161) notes that there are no The large amounts of exotic materials in Prehistoric Exchange Systems of data on materials that were traded from found at Poverty Point, Hopewell sites, and North America, edited by T.G. Baugh and J.E. Ericson. pp. 99-125, Plenum Poverty Point. large Mississippian sites does not fit the Press, New York Ohio Hopewell sites of the Middle down-the-line model for long-distance Archaic period are well known for large trade. It appears that water transportation Knight, V.J. quantities and many types of exotic was important for high volume long-dis 2004 Characterizing Elite Midden Deposits at materials. Some of these exotic materials tance trade at these locations. Moundville. American Antiquity are obsidian from Wyoming, copper from 69(1):304-321 the upper Great Lakes, Knife River flint MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE from North Dakota, catlinite from Min Exotic lithic materials at distances of Lafferty, R.H. nesota, chlorite from the Carolinas, mica several hundred kilometers from sources 1994 Prehistoric Exchange in the Lower Mis sissippi Valley. In Prehistoric Exchange from Georgia, and marine shells from the do not necessarily indicate long-dis Gulf and Atlantic coasts (Converse Systems in North America, edited by tance trade. Highly mobile hunter-gath T.G. Baugh and J.E. Ericson. pp. 177- 2003:246, 297). erers can carry materials for long 213, Plenum Press, New York Yellowstone obsidian is separated from distances during seasonal subsistence the Ohio earthworks by a distance of 1430 rounds (Johnson 1994:105). Milner, G.R. miles (2300 km), and the distance for 2004 The Moundbuilders. Thames and transport by water would be more than CONCLUSIONS Hudson, New York twice the straight-line distance, with the There has been progress in identifying Missouri River being the longest stretch source locations for exotic materials Morse, D.F., and PA. Morse 1983 Archaeology of the Central Mississippi (Milner 2004:83). Water transportation of (Johnson 1994). However, complete Valley. Academic Press, New York obsidian to the Ohio Hopewell would have descriptions of long-distance trade still used the Yellowstone, Missouri, Missis cannot be obtained from the archaeolog Patterson, LW. sippi, Ohio, and Scioto Rivers. Water trans ical record. There are generally few indica 2000 Late Archaic Mortuary Tradition of portation of Knife River flint from North tions of what materials were given in return Southeast Texas. La Tierra 27(2):28-44 Dakota to Ohio would have also used for exotic items. Also, there is generally much of the same route. little indication of how trade was con Renfrew, C, and P. Bahn The Illinois Hopewell may have served ducted at any intermediate exchange 1996 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and as an intermediate shipping point for mate points. The down-the-line trade model can Practices. Thames and Hudson. New York rials from the west going to Ohio. Obsidian be applied to many examples of long-dis has been found at Illinois Hopewell sites tance trade. However, there are many Smith, B.W. (Milner 2004:70). There is little record of examples of high volume long-distance 1991 The Late Archaic-Poverty Point Trade what Ohio Hopewell inhabitants gave in trade where distance decay cannot be Network. Geoscience and Man 29:173- return for exotic materials (Milner 2004:85). applied, and where water transportation 180 Materials going to the Ohio Hopewell seems to be important. from the Southeast, such as mica and Complete descriptions of long-dis Webb, WS. steatite, may have used a water route of tance trade are likely to remain elusive in 1974 Indian Knoll. University of Tennessee the Tennessee, Ohio, and Scioto Rivers. the future for reasons given above. Press, Knoxville The Copena culture of the middle Ten Some additional details of long-distance Webb, W.S., and C.E. Snow nessee River may have been a gathering trade are probably buried in the high 1874 The Adena People. University of Ten point for materials from the Southeast, with number of site reports in the gray litera nessee Press, Knoxville Hopewell style copper artifacts found at ture of CRM archaeology. Copena sites and farther east at sites such as Tunacunnhee in Northwest Georgia REFERENCES CITED (Milner 2004:84). Bense, J.A. The Mississippian culture along the Mis 1994 Archaeology of the Southeastern United sissippi River and into the Southeast had States. Academic Press, New York high volume long-distance trade. Cahokia Converse, R.N. in Illinois is well known for marine shell and 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeological copper artifacts (Milner 2004:139, 154, Society of Ohio 158). Whelk shell could have been trans ported by water to Cahokia directly up the Dragoo, D.W. Mississippi River from the Gulf coast. 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of the Copper at Cahokia was from the upper Adena Culture. Annals of Carnegie Great Lakes. Lafferty (1994:201) has noted Museum, No. 37. Pittsburgh possible trade between Cahokia and the Spiro site in Oklahoma, involving copper Dye, D.H. from Cahokia and bois d'arc wood bows 1996 Riverine Adaptation in the Midsouth. in from Spiro. Large whelk shells could have Of Caves and Shell Middens, edited by K.C. Carstens and P.J. Watson, pp. 140- been transported to Spiro from the Gulf 158, University of Alabama Press using the Mississippi and Arkansas Rivers. The Moundville site in Alabama obtained Gibson, J.L exotic materials from sources within a few 1994 Empirical Characterization of Exchange hundred kilometers in the lower Systems in Lower Mississippi Valley Pre Appalachian Mountains, including Fort history, in Prehistoric Exchange Systems Payne chert, copper, and mica (Knight in North America, edited by T.G. 2004:309, 311). This site also has exotic Baugh and J.E. Ericson, pp. 127-175, materials from more distant sources, such Plenum Press, New York
33 A FINE GLACIAL KAME GORGET by Lloyd Harnishfeger 203 Steiner Rd. Pandora, Ohio 45877
On July 16, 2004, Mr. John Diller was inspecting a washout in the drainage system on his farm. Protruding from the side of a hole was a perfect slate two- hole gorget. Its pristine condition is undoubtedly due to the fact that it was sixteen inches below the surface of the ground well below implement depth. There is not a scratch or abrasion on any of its surfaces. It is 6V2 inches long and Figure 1 drilling is slightly cylindrical and done (Harnishfeger) Two- from the bottom. hole Glacial Kame gorget found by Mr. This fine piece probably originated with John Diller - top the Glacial Kame culture. Although such and bottom views. gorgets resemble two-hole Hopewell examples, those in Glacial Kame have holes which are more widely separated as in the Diller example. It has a flat lower surface and a slightly rounded upper sur face - also typical of Glacial Kame slate.
figure 2 (Harnishfeger) John Diller holding his rare find.
A KNOX COUNTY FLUTED POINT by Carl Harruff Sparta, Ohio
On her first surface hunting trip my wife Paula found this small point. She was searching a gravelly knoll - where I told her she wouldn't find anything - when she walked over to me and asked me if the piece she found was anything. The fluted point is made of Indiana Hornstone, a stone quarried in southern Indiana, a long way from Knox County.
figure 1 (Harruff) Three inch fluted point from Knox County.
34 A NETHERS FLINT PALEO POINT by Harry Heckman 37 Tenth St. McMechen, WV 26040
On a hilltop south of Moundsville, West Virginia, is a site known as Round Bottom Hill. There were two Adena mounds there which were called Travis No. 1 and Travis No. 2. A developer removed ten feet from the top of this hill and this 4/-6 inch blade along with a sheet of mica were exposed. They were located in Travis No. 2 situated between large stones well above the mound floor. There were no bones on the mound floor since the acid of the area makes osseous material quickly disappear. The Adena people may have found this blade and kept it as an item of curiosity. Early points are rare in this area - my only Paleo point is a small Hi-Lo type made of Coshocton flint which is some what earlier than the Piano point shown here. Late Paleo sites with lanceolate and stemmed lanceolate points are rather figure 1 (Heckman) Paleo point made of Nethers flint. (Editor's Note: Paleo points of Nethers flint are plentiful in this area. extremely rare.)
COPPER POWDER FLASK FROM ERIE COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224
Les Gerken, a member of the San dusky Bay Chapter and the ASO, found the powder flask pictured in figures 1 & 2 on the Lake Erie shoreline in Erie County, Ohio. The flask is made of copper and measures 6.75 inches in length and 3.5 inches at its widest part. The flask contains decorative stampings on both sides. There is a hunting scene with hunters and dogs on the obverse and a festoon of fruit on the reverse. Both scenes are framed in ornate scrolling vine and floral motifs. Discussions with knowledgeable mem bers of the chapter suggest that the powder flask dates to the 1840s, although similar types were made throughout the 1800s, and it was most likely made in Europe and imported to America. Les also noted that the flask would have had a brass top with a pouring spout. Much thanks to Les for sharing this unusual find.
figure ) & 2 Obverse and reverse of Erie County Copper Powder Flask.
35 EXAMPLES OF BANDED SLATE by Rick Waibel South Charleston, Ohio
Shown are outstanding examples of artifacts made of banded slate. Banded slate was gathered from the glacial drift by many cultures and was the preferred stone for many prehistoric artifacts because of its color and workability. A good deal of raw slate, some of it dark red or maroon, is found on the surface of fields in western Ohio although random pieces also occur elsewhere in the state. Numerous gorgets, pendants and ban- nerstones are made of banded slate, some of it is quite striking and colorful because of its contrasting banding and tints of dark blue, gray, red or brown. On the left in Fig. 1 is a Glacial Kame gorget from Union County, Ohio, and on the right is an Adena pendant from Henry County, Indiana. The three Glacial Kame gorgets in Fig. 2 are from Henry County, Indiana, Mingo, Logan County, Ohio, and Lapell, Indiana.
figure 1 (Waibel) Banded slate pieces with contrasting bands.
Figure 2 (Waibel) Glacial Kame elliptical gorgets of banded slate.
36 CACHE FOUND IN MADISON COUNTY by Bill Likens Unionville Center, Ohio
In the spring of 2004, Danny Crissinger and I were given permission to hunt a field east of Big Darby Creek in Madison County. Danny found a Delaware chert blade at the edge of the field and five rows away I found two blades on top of each other. We hunted the immediate area and found a total of eight blades. We compared what we had discovered and went carefully back over the area again. We found a total of twenty-two Delaware chert pieces - seventeen blades, one core, two bladelets, an end scraper and one awl. In the same area we found a 4'A inch by 2'A inch sandstone abrading tool. The field produced a few other artifacts but we will hunt it in the future for more of this unique deposit. Since this area is underlain with lime stone of the Columbus-Delaware forma tion it is possible that this flint came from a local quarry and was prepared for removal to a distant site for further reduction. figure 1 (Likens) Cache of Delaware chert blades from Madison County.
AN ONONDAGA FLINT ECCENTRIC by Chris Osborne 748 Hamburg Rd. Fredonia, Pennsylvania 16124
This rare Eccentric was found in Trumbull County, Ohio in 1997. It is VA inches long and 1 inch wide. It is made of Onondaga flint which was probably transported to northeastern Ohio by glacial action and used by local prehis toric people.
figure 1 (Osborne) Eccentric from Trumbull County, Ohio.
37 AN INDIANA MORTAR AND PESTLE by Rick Waibel South Charleston, Ohio
This unique mortar and pestle were found in Randolph County, Indiana, many years ago by Howard Jerles on his farm. Although there is no proof of association since they were found on the surface, the fist-sized bowl and miniature pestle were undoubtedly parts of the same aboriginal tool kit. Both made of sandstone, this small mortar and pestle were probably used for grinding seeds, leaves or other plant material for perhaps medicines. This kit could also have been used to grind pigments or paint. There is also the thought that hallucinogenic plants or fungi could have been prepared in it.
Figure 1 (Waibel) Small sandstone mortar and pestle from Randolph County, Indiana.
AN EXPANDED NOTCH POINT by Walt Sperry Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050
The fine Expanded Notch point shown in the photograph was a personal field find in the spring of 1984. It is 27A inches long and made of Flint Ridge chalcedony. As with many such points it has been re- sharpened many times giving it steeply beveled blade edges and an almost twisted appearance. The barbs, although thin and delicate, are still intact. It was found partially exposed in a plow furrow on the edge of a small rise in an open field. Because of its pristine and unbroken condition, it is probable that it was brought to the surface for the first time when I found it - having been buried for nearly 7,000 years.
Reference Converse, Robert N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types Archaeological Society of Ohio
figure 1 (Sperry) Expanded Notch point from Knox County.
38 ARCHAIC BEVELS FROM KNOX COUNTY, OHIO by Carl Harruff Sparta, Ohio
Archaic Bevels are widespread in Ohio. Despite the wide distribution, it is unusual to find an unbroken example. They obvi ously were heavily used and resharpened by their makers in the Archaic period - hence the beveled edges. They were apparently often damaged in use. Figure 1 shows Archaic Bevels I have found on the surface in Knox County. They are made primarily of Flint Ridge and Upper Mercer (Coshocton) flints.
figure 1 (Harruff) A thirty-year long collection of Archaic Bevels in Knox County.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
August 31, 2004
Mr. Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, OH 43064
Dear Bob, First, congratulations again on probably the best and most informative conference I ever attended on the subject of archaeology. Both Chris Ellis and Mike Gramly, who I met there, were helpful with identifying some of my Knox County artifacts. They are not only professional, but also true gentlemen. I'm sure you have already received the enclosed review of your book which was published earlier this month in the Plain Dealer, but if not, you have one now. I agree that it is "an impressive achievement" and you should be proud. Mike Fath 16113 Rapids Rd. Burton, OH 44021 (440)834-1085 [email protected]
39 BOOK REVIEW
The Spiro Mound: A Photo Essay The Spiro Mound: Photographs from the Collection of Dr. Robert E. Bell
Merriam Station Books, 8716 Old Brampton Rd., Oklahoma City, OK 73132 Hardback - 406 pages - $50, plus $5 shipping
By Larry and Christopher Merriam
For those who have heard only generalities of the Spiro Mound in LeFlore County, Okla homa, this book will put the wealth of material taken from this famous site in perspective. Dr. Robert Bell, a native Ohioan from Marion County, not only excavated at the Spiro Mound but gathered a large album of photographs of artifacts many of which were never published. The Merriams have put together the numerous photographs of the many exotic objects from Spiro in a hardback book which should be on the shelf of every serious student. Lairy and Chrtitophfri •' Robert N. Converse Photographs from the Cotlettfon Dr. Roba t i. be a
Announcing A New Book Archaeology and Artifacts of Darke County by Elaine Holzapfel
A 12,000 year history of human occu This colorful and informational book will history and history of Darke and sur pation in West Central Ohio 120 pages, prove a valuable addition to Midwestern rounding counties and is written in a 35 color plates, numerous black and archaeological libraries. Filled with readable and understandable text. One white plates, perfect binding. $25.00 plus copious color plates and numerous black of only two or three such books ever $2.00 shipping and white illustrations. published in Ohio, it will take its place as Archaeology and Artifacts of Darke an important contribution to archaeolog Published by County records for the first time the ical literature. sites and artifacts of west central Ohio. Archaeological Investigations, LLD From the time of the Paleo Americans to 415 Memorial Drive historic Fort Greenville, Miss Holzapfel Greenville, Ohio 45331 shows detailed photographs of the pre
f£«**l t fcrher Arl Mr*et»
40 EXCELLENT SUMMER SHOW AT SEAMAN'S FORT by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Road Stow, Ohio 44224
The Sandusky Bay and Their Fires Are shards alongside the reproductions found about 100 feet apart. Didion also Cold Chapters of the ASO sponsored an allowed visitors to better visualize how the had a personally found pendant engraved excellent summer show on August 15th. pottery appeared as a whole, how the with a fish that has appeared in an earlier The show featured both locally found pre shards might have fit together, and how the issue of Ohio Archaeologist. historic material, as well as several excel pots might have been used. The show had a number of other Ohio lent displays of artifacts found elsewhere in Les Gerken had a display containing artifact displays as well. Jim and Dan Ohio. A photo exhibit of excavations con a group of personally found Erie Bartlet, father and son, shared examples ducted by the two chapters included pic County pieces, including a two holed of slate and flint from the Little Darby tures of the Jenkins and Taylor sites, as gorget, a spine back gorget, a number Creek area. Robin McAbee from Cold well as the Betchman site of the Sandusky of celts, as well as a fine archaic point Water, Ohio had a display of slate, hard- Culture. In addition, Sandusky Chapter and a paleo lance. stone tools and large points. Frank Meyer president George DeMuth led a tour of the David Didion showed two groups of of Spencerville showed his large collec nearby Seaman's Fort earth works. There uniface and pre-form blades of pieces tion of Ohio dovetail and fine fluted were also several examples of locally found found in Huron County. One group of 15 points. Mike Barron displayed his exten artifacts displayed by chapter members. blades and a second group of 20 blades sive collection of fine slate artifacts and Larry Pisano of Their Fires Are Cold - mostly made of Nellie chert and miniature artifacts. Gene and Lynne shared 10-plus frames of personally found Coshocton-type upper Mercer flint - were Edwards also had an artifact display. Erie County artifacts, including a number of Ashtabula and side notch points. He stated that he had been searching the same site for over 20 years. Pisano also shared a huge flint ridge Adena knife that he called his "find of a lifetime" from Erie County that once graced the back cover of Ohio Archaeologist. There was an outstanding pottery dis play by Dick Amerine and Bill Young. The two Sandusky Bay Chapter members pre sented frames of Huron County pottery shards that contained examples of pressed Huron County pottery shards. cord markings and dentition. Next to the shards, Young exhibited his full sized reproductions of prehistoric Ohio pottery. Young makes the pottery based on archae Larry Pisano shows Erie Frank Meyer shares his dovetail collection ological evidence. Displaying the pottery County artifacts.
ASO PALEO SYMPOSIUM RECAP by Gary Kapusta Ravenna, OH
The Archeological Society of Ohio and presenting for Dr. Olaf Prufer, Linda limits and other commitments we would held its first annual symposium on May Spurlock. still be there today further discussing 22, 2004. This was the greatest event During the break before dinner, I was theories being presented to us - utterly ever assembled in our lifetime. The best asked by Dr. Doug Owsley to join him fantastic! of the best were there to educate us along with Dr. James Chatters and Dr. A dream was fulfilled this day. Robert about the first humans to inhabit this Dennis Stanford for casual conversation. I N. Converse had the vision to make this continent. Never before were so many could not believe this once in a lifetime symposium a reality along with a hard highly recognized archaeologists and opportunity offered me. I felt as if I were working group of ASO members and the anthropologists from this country and dreaming. Was this real? Yes, it was! persistent drive of President Brian Foltz. Canada assembled in one place on the We all had an enjoyable chat for nearly This day went off without a problem. same day to speak on a joint subject. To a good hour and a half, ranging from If you were not there, you missed the be in the midst of the people you only point types, materials, ideas, theories and greatest day in the history of Ohio read about or see on TV documentaries the state of archaeology in Ohio. archaeology. However, ASO recorded the was astounding. This was one of the greatest high entire day's events and will soon be Among the participants were Dr. Doug lights in my life to spend time with these offering the Symposium on VHS or DVD. Owsley, Dr. James Chatters, Dr. Dennis fine gentlemen who were as down to Details will be announced at a later date. Stanford, Dr. Thomas Dillehay, Dr. James earth, as you or I. All throughout the Adovasio, Dr. Richard Michael Gramly, Dr. day, there was nothing but positive Reference energy. Everyone was in sync with the Arti-facts Newsletter Christopher Ellis, Dr. Dale Gnidovec, Vol. 22 - 2004 Robert N. Converse, Dr. Brian Redmond programs. If it were not for the time
41 FROM THE COLLECTORS' CORNER
Two Young Northern Ohio Collectors
Matt Treible and his cousin Jennifer hunting in November 2003. Matt found a stemmed lanceolate and Jennifer an Archiac corner notch.
WHEN YOU GET THAT PHONE CALL
This spring I got a phone call from my grandson, Dakota Kelly, asking if I wanted to go rock hunting - never mind what I was doing or where we were going. He had just moved to Union County and we received permission to hunt a farm just outside Marysville. Along an outwash my grandson 1 found a salvaged 3 /2 inch Paleo Square Knife made of Coshocton flint. He received second place in the Field Found Contest at the next ASO meeting and "Pa" was very proud of Dakota's efforts to keep the family tradition alive.
Dakota Kelly at the ASO meeting with his ribbon. Paleo knife found by Dakota Kelly.
42 YOUR TAX DOLLARS AT WORK Reprinted from ACPAC Newsletter The American Committee for Preservation Of Archaeological Collections PO Box 1171 Whittier, CA 90609-1171
AND YET AGAIN, KENNEWICK MAN n K-MAN - THIS JUST IN Even after two courts ruled that the scientists could study the Plaintiffs' attorneys, Paula Barran and Alan Schneider, have filed bones found alongside the Columbia River, the omnipotent U.S. a Memorandum with the court in reply to the Tribal Response to an Army Corps of Engineers "has objected to so many aspects of the earlier motion to dismiss the tribes as intervenors. Confused ?, well scientists' study plan that a new round of litigation is probable," that's what attorneys are for. Barran and Schneider state that after according to Alan Schneider, an attorney for the scientists (Tomas six years of litigation and a court decision in the Plaintiffs' favor, the Alex Tizon Los Angeles Times, August 2, 2004.) Tribes basically haven't a leg to stand on in court in this case. Their While Corps lawyer Jennifer Richman insists "We are trying to Response makes it clear "that endless relitigation is their aim." work it out," Schneider believes it will take another court order to "There is no merit to the Tribes' argument that dismissal would make the Corps hand over the skeleton. "The case is long from be improper because they have a 'spiritual, cultural, and property over," he added. interest in the remains.' . . . That argument is in direct contradic Forensic anthropologist George Gill (University of Wyoming) tion of the findings by this court and the Ninth Circuit that the calls Kennewick Man "one of the most important archaeological skeleton has no demonstrated link to the Tribes or any other finds ever in North America." Different origins for Native Ameri present-day American Indian tribe. Those findings are now final, cans are suggested because of the variety in artifacts and cul and as a consequence the Tribes lack the requisite standing to tural practices between tribes. Gill is one of the many people support their intervention claim. interested in performing a scientific study of the now famous "Plaintiffs began this litigation eight years ago this fall. They bones who hope they will live long enough to see it completed - are still waiting for an opportunity to study this important or even begun. skeleton. It would be improper to permit persons who have no relationship to the skeleton to interfere with the court's study order and force plaintiffs to wait even longer." EDITOR'S NOTE: For those of our readers who are not familiar with ACPAC, it is one of the few organizations who stood up for the preservation of archaeo logical collections and for taking the politics out of archaeology. A small voluntary donation to cover cost of postage will get you on their mailing list and contribute to their efforts. The ACPAC Newsletter will be an eye-opener for many of our readers.
DEAR FRIENDS OF AMERICA'S PAST
1 August 2004
On May 22, 2004 The Archaeological Society of Ohio helds its first ever Symposium "The Peopling of the New World." During the dinner ceremony a check was presented to your Organization for $500.00 which consisted of donations from our ASO Chapter members. The ASO stated that it would match that donation when all the costs of hosting the Symposium were finalized. The finalized costs are in and the Board of Directors approved a matching donation of $500.00 to be given to your Organization to further your studies of the past. On behalf of our Society's officers and membership please accept our donation and keep up the good work.
Sincerely,
Gary J. Kapusta - Treasurer ASO
TWO NEW YORK ADENA CACHE BLADES by Buzz Hesse Otego, New York
These Adena cache blades were found his death in 2003. I obtained the blades side of Carrs Creek near its confluence by 12 year-old Arthur Chase on his from his wife Phyllis. The location on the with the Susquehanna River. These are father's farm in 1911. When Arthur Chase farm where they were found is not exact, the only known examples of Adena passed away the blades were inherited however the family believed they were blades to have been found on the upper by his son Howard who owned them until located on a marginal terrace on the west Susquehanna region. figure 1 (Hesse) Two large Adena cache blades made of Flint Ridge flint. Largest blade is slightly over 8 inches in length while the smaller example is slightly less than 7 inches.
43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.