OPTIMISATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF GRAPEVINE VARIETIES BY SELECTING ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND CREATING NEW ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES
Joachim Schmid, Frank Manty, Ernst Rühl Geisenheim University Institut for Grapevine Breeding
Joachim Schmid Entrance to UNESCO world heritage site
Rüdesheim
Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015Titel der 2 Präsentation Joachim Schmid • Rootstock breeding and the use of rootstocks is the result and the answer to the introduction of phylloxera • All present rootstocks are hybrids of wild Vitis species with specific characteristics
Titel der Präsentation Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015 4 VITIS RIPARIA
Advantages Phylloxera tolerant very high frost resistance (<‐40°C) early bud break, early ripening good rooting ability
Disadvantages susceptible to drought Low lime tolerance
Joachim Schmid 5 VITIS BERLANDIERI
Advantages Phylloxera tolerant high lime tolerance salt tolerant medium to good drought tolerance
Disadvantages poor rooting ability late ripening
Joachim Schmid 6 VITIS RUPESTRIS
Advantages Phylloxera tolerant good rooting ability average lime tolerance good drought tolerance – but susceptible on shallow soils
Disadvantages low vigour (in the motherblock) early bud break
Joachim Schmid 7 VITIS CINEREA
Advantages Phylloxera resistant good drought tolerance
Disadvantages poor rooting ability low lime tolerance late bud break
Joachim Schmid 8 ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN HUNGARY, AUSRTRIA AND GERMANY Sigmund TELEKI (1854‐1910) & Franz KOBER (1864‐1943)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia • Teleki 8 B • Kober 5 BB • Kober 125 AA • Teleki 5 C / 5 C Geisenheim • Selektion Oppenheim 4 / SO 4 • Binova
Carl BÖRNER (1880‐1953)
Vitis riparia x Vitis cinerea (x Vitis solonis) • Börner (Geisenheim) • Sori (Geisenheim) • Rici (Neustadt) • Cina (Neustadt)
Joachim Schmid ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN FRANCE
Alexis MILLARDET (1838‐1902) & Marquis Charles de GRASSET (1830‐1899)
Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis vinifera • 101‐14 Millardet et de Grasset • 420 A Millardet et de Grasset • 41 B Millardet et de Grasset
Georges COUDERC (1850‐1928)
Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis solonis • 3309 Couderc • 161‐49 Couderc • 157‐11 Couderc • 1616 Couderc Franz Georges RICHTER (1858‐????)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 110 Richter • 99 Richter
Joachim Schmid ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN ITALY
Federico PAULSEN (1885‐1937)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 1103 Paulsen • 775 Paulsen • 779 Paulsen • 1447 Paulsen
Antonio RUGGERI (1859‐1915)
Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 140 Ruggeri • 131 Ruggeri • 42 Ruggeri
Joachim Schmid V. cinerea V. cordifolia Börner Cina 44‐53 Malègue Rici
3309 Couderc, 101‐14 Mgt, Schwarzmann V. rupestris V. riparia SO 4 Teleki 8B Gravesac 99 Richter Kober 5BB 110 Richter 5 C Geisenheim 779 Paulsen 1616 C Kober 125 AA V. berlandieri 1103 Paulsen SORI 420 A 140 Ruggeri 161‐49 C 41 B Mgt Binova V. rotundifolia 333 EM 34 E.M. 26 G Fercal R.S.B. 1 VR 039‐16 1613 C VR 043‐43 V. vinifera AxR # 1 1202 C
196‐17 Castel V. solonis 4010 Castel V. labrusca Harmony, Freedom V. champinii
(according to C. Vasconcelos, 1995, modified) Joachim Schmid ROOTING HORIZONS AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF VITIS SPECIES
Vitis berlandieri V. riparia V. rupestris V. cinerea
SO4 3309C 5C 101‐14 Mgt 5 BB Schwarzmann 1103 Paulsen 125 AA Richter 110 8B Börner
Joachim Schmid ROOTSTOCKS USED IN GERMAN VITICULTURE
Kober 5 BB 125 AA SO 4 Binova 5C Geisenheim V. berl. x V. rip Teleki 8 B 161-49 C 420 A 3309 C (101-14 Mgt.) V. rip. x V. rup. Sori V. solonis. x V. rip
1103 Paulsen Richter 110 V. berl. x V. rup.
Börner Cina V. rip. x V. cinerea Rici
Joachim Schmid REACTION ON PHYLLOXERA ATTACKS ON LEAVES AND ROOTS
Joachim Schmid 15 Rootstocks Clonal Selektion
SO 4 (SEL. OPPENHEIM 4) KOBER 5 BB BINOVA cl. 1 Op 1. cl. 2 Gm 1. cl. 13 Gm 2. cl. 47 Gm 2. cl. 13-3 Gm 3. cl. 60 Gm 3. cl. 13-5 Gm 4. cl. Wü 2 4. cl. 13-11 Gm KOBER 125 AA 5. cl. Wü 18 5. cl. 13-13 Gm 1. cl. 1 Gm 6. cl. Wü 62 6. cl. 13-15 Gm 2. cl. 2 Gm 7. cl. Wü 102 7. cl. 13-21 Gm 3. cl. 3 Gm 8. cl. 50 HP 8. cl. Wü 137 4. cl. 4 Gm 9. cl. 14 Op 9. cl. 40 HP 5. cl. 5 Gm 10. cl. 16 Op 10. cl. 11 Op 6. Sel. Dümmler FR 26 11. cl. 31 Op 11. cl. N 101 7. cl. F 261 12. cl. N 201 12. cl. Fr 148 8. cl. 80 HP 13. cl. N 202 13. cl. We 48 9. cl. N 501 14. cl. N 203 10. cl. N 502 15. cl. N 204 16. cl. FR 78
Joachim Schmid Rootstocks Clonal Selektion
5 C GEISENHEIM 161-49 COUDERC 101-14 MGt 1. cl. 6 Gm 1. 161-49 C cl. 3 Gm 101-14 MGt cl. 3 Gm 2. cl. 6-13 Gm 2. 161-49 C cl. 8 Gm 101-14 MGt cl. 8 Gm 3. cl. 6-16 Gm 4. cl. 6-22 Gm 420A Sori 5. cl. 6-52 Gm 1. 420 A cl. 2 Gm Sori cl. 14 Gm 6. cl. 6-53 Gm 2. 420 A cl. 7 Gm Sori cl. 32 Gm 7. cl. 10 Gm 3309 COUDERC 1103 Paulsen 1. 3309 C cl. 18 Gm 1103 Paulsen cl. 92 Gm TELEKI 8 B 2. 3309 C cl. 2 Gm 1103 Paulsen cl. 94 Gm 1. cl. 349-4 Gm 3. 3309 C cl. FR 465/5 2. cl. 349-7 Gm Richter 110 3. cl. 361-2 Gm Börner cl.1 Gm Richter 110 cl. 4 Gm 4. cl. 361-3 Gm Cina cl. N 401 Richter 110 cl. 6 Gm 5. cl. 361-5 Gm Rici cl. N 301 6. cl. L-6 Gm
Joachim Schmid TESTING OF CLONAL MATERIAL (PCR AND ELISA)
• GLRaV1, GLRaV2, GLRaV3, GLRaV4, GLRaV5, GLRaV9 • GVA • GVB • GfkV-A • GfkV-B • GFLV • ARMV • ToRSV • RG • RRSV • RSPaV • Phytoplasms • Agrobacterium vitis
Titel der Präsentation Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015 18 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOTSTOCKS:
vigour and appropriate growth behaviour
good rooting ability
capability of resistance to stress, diseases & pests
early and good wood ripening / lignification
good graftability (callussing and rooting)
ecological variability / special on-site adaptability
efficiency of nutrients uptake
compatibility with scion variety (affinity)
plant longevity
positive effects on grape and wine quality
Joachim Schmid 19 INTERDEPENDENCIES OF SCION - ROOTSTOCK - SOIL
scion variety
trellis system location (micro climate)
plant spacing
fertilisation and manuring soil
rootstock
Joachim Schmid Effects of increasing vigour
leaf area
Production of carbohydrate
Canopy translucency
Joachim Schmid - rootstocks‘ impact on vegetation and growth habit
Joachim Schmid Richter 110
101-14 MGt
Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid - do weaker rootstocks help reducing yields ?
Joachim Schmid Length of internodes of Pinot noir on different rootstocks
125 AA
SORI
cm
Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Do rootstocks have an influence on color density
Joachim Schmid ANTHOCYAN CONTENT OF PINOT NOIR GRAPES ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS IN RELATION TO CONFERED VIGOUR (SOBE, 2010) Vigour
Vigour
Joachim Schmid BUNCH ROT
Joachim Schmid Berry weight of Pinot Noir on different rootstocks berries)
(g/100 weight
Berry
Rootstock varieties Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid POTASSIUM CONTENT IN GRAPE JUICE ON DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES
2000 Börner 1800 125 AA 1600 1400 1200 1000 800
potassium (mg/l) potassium 600 400 200 0 stoney loam argillaceous loess sandy loam 65% Ca CO3 schist (acid) 20% Ca CO3 (acid) soil type
Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Current Adaptation Trial Sites
A - Geisenheim B - Hattenheim C - Heppenheim D - Ingelheim E - Oppenheim F - Lonsheim G -Bad Dürkheim H - Roschbach I - Endingen J - Heilbronn K- Marktheidenfeld
Joachim Schmid DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE ROSCHBACH SCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM
Vineyard site Roschbach Year of planting 2002 Row spacing 2,00m Vine spacing 1,20m Training system VSP, single cane Guyot Soil type Clayey loam to loamy sand Water holding 180 capacity (mm) Lime content 0 topsoil (%) Lime content 0‐5 sub soil (%)
Joachim Schmid 38 Low vigour
Medium vigour
High vigour
Joachim Schmid DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE GEISENHEIM SCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM
Vineyard site Geisenheim Year of planting 2003 Row spacing 1,80m Vine spacing 1,30m Training system VSP, single cane Guyot Soil type Loamy to clayey loam
Water holding 360 capacity (mm) Lime content 8‐20 topsoil (%) Lime content 20‐40 sub soil (%)
Joachim Schmid 40 Low vigour
Medium vigour
High vigour
Joachim Schmid DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE OPPENHEIM SCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM
Vineyard site Oppenheim
Year of planting 2000
Row spacing 2,00m
Vine spacing 1,07m
Training system VSP, single cane Guyot Soil type sandy loam
Water holding 190 capacity (mm) Lime content 15 –20 topsoil (%)
Lime content 25 ‐ 50 sub soil (%)
Joachim Schmid 42 Low vigour
Medium vigour
High vigour
Joachim Schmid TELEKI 8B
Teleki 8B
Joachim Schmid 161-49 C
161‐49 C
Joachim Schmid BÖRNER
Börner
Joachim Schmid GRAPES OF PINOT NOIR ON THE ROOTSTOCK 161-49C AND ON BÖRNER ON THE TRIAL SITE OPPENHEIM
161‐49 C Börner
Joachim Schmid 47 • Some problems still remain • small genetic basis of the used varieties (10 varieties grown on 90% of vineyards worldwide) • large number of grapevine growing regions (different climates and different soils)
Titel der Präsentation Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015 48 PHYLLOXERA RESISTANT ROOTSTOCKS ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR ALL SITES
Joachim Schmid 49 Joachim Schmid 50 Aims of Rootstock Breeding
phylloxera resistence sufficient wood production (cuttings) good grafting affinity good rooting ability adaptation to soils with high lime content sites with drought conditions positive effects on grape and wine quality
Joachim Schmid HOW CAN WE REACH THIS AIMS ?
by crossbreeding of varieties Getting a wider genetic range by with well known characteristics using wild Vitis species with special like: characteristics 125 AA 5BB 41B
Joachim Schmid CROSSBREEDING
till now
124 populations > 60.000 seeds > 20.000 seedlings
Joachim Schmid NECROTIC REACTION AFTER PHYLLOXERA ATTACK ON THE LEAF
1351 seedlings with total phylloxera resistance
Joachim Schmid FEMALE CROSSBREEDING PARTNERS AND THE PERCENTAGE OF PHYLLOXERA RESISTANT SEEDLINGS IN THE POPULATION 80 70 60 50 40
(%) 30 20 10
phylloxera resistant seedlings 0
A a A v C 125 Bino 1-49 B Berl. Ress, 628-1 B Dog Ridge 16 Fercal 5 41 B MG A Gm mexicana 112 D Georgikon 28 o 143 101-14 V. nov Joachim Schmid Production of cuttings
Joachim Schmid Success in the nursery
Joachim Schmid Adaptation to different sites
First informations after a few years A wide range of different soiltypes necessary Special attention: limestone, high pH Influence of rootstock on vigour, yield and quality
Joachim Schmid ROOTSTOCKS AND CROSSBREEDING FAMILIES USED IN THE ADAPTATION TRAILS
Joachim Schmid 59 Joachim Schmid 60 Joachim Schmid New Phylloxera resistant rootstocks on limey soil
Gm 9242-3
Gm 9242-1
Joachim Schmid A number of new rootstocks show clear advantages in comparison to the variety Börner
Joachim Schmid THE CHOISE OF ROOTSTOCKS INFLUENCES …
vine vigour yield sugar content organic acids mineral content (K, Ca, Mg) anthocyan content berry weight structur of the grape chlorophyll content
Joachim Schmid 64 • Thanks to the phylloxera situation viticulture without rootstocks is not possible. • Rootstocks are crucial for optimal plant growth and wine quality. • Sustainable viticulture is possible only with healthy rootstock and scion material. • Only clonal selection can guarantee the supply of healthy and virus tested plant material. • Breeding of new phylloxera resistant rootstock varieties as well as a high number of selected clones contribute towards a higher biodiversity. • This allows a better adaptation to different soil types and various climatic situations.
Joachim Schmid 65 Conclusion The introduction of new completely phylloxera resistant rootstocks will contribute to a larger biodiversity, which is a good protection measure against phylloxera and possible new root diseases. Performance characteristics of the new Geisenheim rootstock crosses are comparable with most of the common rootstocks. An increase in rootstock biodiversity is crucial for the future development of a sustainable viticulture.
Joachim Schmid 66 Apart from enabling the cultivation of vines on phylloxera infested sites, choosing the right rootstock is essential for modern grape quality management.
Choosing the wrong rootstock can have a disastrous effect on wine quality
The right rootstock is - a life insurance against Phylloxera - a guarantee for sustainable wine production
Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid