OPTIMISATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF GRAPEVINE VARIETIES BY SELECTING ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND CREATING NEW ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES Joachim Schmid, Frank Manty, Ernst Rühl Geisenheim University Institut for Grapevine Breeding Joachim Schmid Entrance to UNESCO world heritage site Rüdesheim Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015Titel der 2 Präsentation Joachim Schmid • Rootstock breeding and the use of rootstocks is the result and the answer to the introduction of phylloxera • All present rootstocks are hybrids of wild Vitis species with specific characteristics Titel der Präsentation Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015 4 VITIS RIPARIA Advantages Phylloxera tolerant very high frost resistance (<‐40°C) early bud break, early ripening good rooting ability Disadvantages susceptible to drought Low lime tolerance Joachim Schmid 5 VITIS BERLANDIERI Advantages Phylloxera tolerant high lime tolerance salt tolerant medium to good drought tolerance Disadvantages poor rooting ability late ripening Joachim Schmid 6 VITIS RUPESTRIS Advantages Phylloxera tolerant good rooting ability average lime tolerance good drought tolerance – but susceptible on shallow soils Disadvantages low vigour (in the motherblock) early bud break Joachim Schmid 7 VITIS CINEREA Advantages Phylloxera resistant good drought tolerance Disadvantages poor rooting ability low lime tolerance late bud break Joachim Schmid 8 ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN HUNGARY, AUSRTRIA AND GERMANY Sigmund TELEKI (1854‐1910) & Franz KOBER (1864‐1943) Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia • Teleki 8 B • Kober 5 BB • Kober 125 AA • Teleki 5 C / 5 C Geisenheim • Selektion Oppenheim 4 / SO 4 • Binova Carl BÖRNER (1880‐1953) Vitis riparia x Vitis cinerea (x Vitis solonis) • Börner (Geisenheim) • Sori (Geisenheim) • Rici (Neustadt) • Cina (Neustadt) Joachim Schmid ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN FRANCE Alexis MILLARDET (1838‐1902) & Marquis Charles de GRASSET (1830‐1899) Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis vinifera • 101‐14 Millardet et de Grasset • 420 A Millardet et de Grasset • 41 B Millardet et de Grasset Georges COUDERC (1850‐1928) Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris / Vitis berlandieri / Vitis solonis • 3309 Couderc • 161‐49 Couderc • 157‐11 Couderc • 1616 Couderc Franz Georges RICHTER (1858‐????) Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 110 Richter • 99 Richter Joachim Schmid ROOTSTOCK BREEDERS IN ITALY Federico PAULSEN (1885‐1937) Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 1103 Paulsen • 775 Paulsen • 779 Paulsen • 1447 Paulsen Antonio RUGGERI (1859‐1915) Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris • 140 Ruggeri • 131 Ruggeri • 42 Ruggeri Joachim Schmid V. cinerea V. cordifolia Börner Cina 44‐53 Malègue Rici 3309 Couderc, 101‐14 Mgt, Schwarzmann V. rupestris V. riparia SO 4 Teleki 8B Gravesac 99 Richter Kober 5BB 110 Richter 5 C Geisenheim 779 Paulsen 1616 C Kober 125 AA V. berlandieri 1103 Paulsen SORI 420 A 140 Ruggeri 161‐49 C 41 B Mgt Binova V. rotundifolia 333 EM 34 E.M. 26 G Fercal R.S.B. 1 VR 039‐16 1613 C VR 043‐43 V. vinifera AxR # 1 1202 C 196‐17 Castel V. solonis 4010 Castel V. labrusca Harmony, Freedom V. champinii (according to C. Vasconcelos, 1995, modified) Joachim Schmid ROOTING HORIZONS AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF VITIS SPECIES Vitis berlandieri V. riparia V. rupestris V. cinerea SO4 3309C 5C 101‐14 Mgt 5 BB Schwarzmann 1103 Paulsen 125 AA Richter 110 8B Börner Joachim Schmid ROOTSTOCKS USED IN GERMAN VITICULTURE Kober 5 BB 125 AA SO 4 Binova 5C Geisenheim V. berl. x V. rip Teleki 8 B 161-49 C 420 A 3309 C (101-14 Mgt.) V. rip. x V. rup. Sori V. solonis. x V. rip 1103 Paulsen Richter 110 V. berl. x V. rup. Börner Cina V. rip. x V. cinerea Rici Joachim Schmid REACTION ON PHYLLOXERA ATTACKS ON LEAVES AND ROOTS Joachim Schmid 15 Rootstocks Clonal Selektion SO 4 (SEL. OPPENHEIM 4) KOBER 5 BB BINOVA cl. 1 Op 1. cl. 2 Gm 1. cl. 13 Gm 2. cl. 47 Gm 2. cl. 13-3 Gm 3. cl. 60 Gm 3. cl. 13-5 Gm 4. cl. Wü 2 4. cl. 13-11 Gm KOBER 125 AA 5. cl. Wü 18 5. cl. 13-13 Gm 1. cl. 1 Gm 6. cl. Wü 62 6. cl. 13-15 Gm 2. cl. 2 Gm 7. cl. Wü 102 7. cl. 13-21 Gm 3. cl. 3 Gm 8. cl. 50 HP 8. cl. Wü 137 4. cl. 4 Gm 9. cl. 14 Op 9. cl. 40 HP 5. cl. 5 Gm 10. cl. 16 Op 10. cl. 11 Op 6. Sel. Dümmler FR 26 11. cl. 31 Op 11. cl. N 101 7. cl. F 261 12. cl. N 201 12. cl. Fr 148 8. cl. 80 HP 13. cl. N 202 13. cl. We 48 9. cl. N 501 14. cl. N 203 10. cl. N 502 15. cl. N 204 16. cl. FR 78 Joachim Schmid Rootstocks Clonal Selektion 5 C GEISENHEIM 161-49 COUDERC 101-14 MGt 1. cl. 6 Gm 1. 161-49 C cl. 3 Gm 101-14 MGt cl. 3 Gm 2. cl. 6-13 Gm 2. 161-49 C cl. 8 Gm 101-14 MGt cl. 8 Gm 3. cl. 6-16 Gm 4. cl. 6-22 Gm 420A Sori 5. cl. 6-52 Gm 1. 420 A cl. 2 Gm Sori cl. 14 Gm 6. cl. 6-53 Gm 2. 420 A cl. 7 Gm Sori cl. 32 Gm 7. cl. 10 Gm 3309 COUDERC 1103 Paulsen 1. 3309 C cl. 18 Gm 1103 Paulsen cl. 92 Gm TELEKI 8 B 2. 3309 C cl. 2 Gm 1103 Paulsen cl. 94 Gm 1. cl. 349-4 Gm 3. 3309 C cl. FR 465/5 2. cl. 349-7 Gm Richter 110 3. cl. 361-2 Gm Börner cl.1 Gm Richter 110 cl. 4 Gm 4. cl. 361-3 Gm Cina cl. N 401 Richter 110 cl. 6 Gm 5. cl. 361-5 Gm Rici cl. N 301 6. cl. L-6 Gm Joachim Schmid TESTING OF CLONAL MATERIAL (PCR AND ELISA) • GLRaV1, GLRaV2, GLRaV3, GLRaV4, GLRaV5, GLRaV9 • GVA • GVB • GfkV-A • GfkV-B • GFLV • ARMV • ToRSV • RG • RRSV • RSPaV • Phytoplasms • Agrobacterium vitis Titel der Präsentation Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015 18 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOTSTOCKS: vigour and appropriate growth behaviour good rooting ability capability of resistance to stress, diseases & pests early and good wood ripening / lignification good graftability (callussing and rooting) ecological variability / special on-site adaptability efficiency of nutrients uptake compatibility with scion variety (affinity) plant longevity positive effects on grape and wine quality Joachim Schmid 19 INTERDEPENDENCIES OF SCION - ROOTSTOCK - SOIL scion variety trellis system location (micro climate) plant spacing fertilisation and manuring soil rootstock Joachim Schmid Effects of increasing vigour leaf area Production of carbohydrate Canopy translucency Joachim Schmid - rootstocks‘ impact on vegetation and growth habit Joachim Schmid Richter 110 101-14 MGt Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid - do weaker rootstocks help reducing yields ? Joachim Schmid Length of internodes of Pinot noir on different rootstocks 125 AA SORI cm Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Do rootstocks have an influence on color density Joachim Schmid ANTHOCYAN CONTENT OF PINOT NOIR GRAPES ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS IN RELATION TO CONFERED VIGOUR (SOBE, 2010) Vigour Vigour Joachim Schmid BUNCH ROT Joachim Schmid Berry weight of Pinot Noir on different rootstocks berries) (g/100 weight Berry Rootstock varieties Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid POTASSIUM CONTENT IN GRAPE JUICE ON DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES 2000 Börner 1800 125 AA 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 potassium (mg/l) potassium 600 400 200 0 stoney loam argillaceous loess sandy loam 65% Ca CO3 schist (acid) 20% Ca CO3 (acid) soil type Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Joachim Schmid Current Adaptation Trial Sites A - Geisenheim B - Hattenheim C - Heppenheim D - Ingelheim E - Oppenheim F - Lonsheim G -Bad Dürkheim H - Roschbach I - Endingen J - Heilbronn K- Marktheidenfeld Joachim Schmid DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE ROSCHBACH SCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM Vineyard site Roschbach Year of planting 2002 Row spacing 2,00m Vine spacing 1,20m Training system VSP, single cane Guyot Soil type Clayey loam to loamy sand Water holding 180 capacity (mm) Lime content 0 topsoil (%) Lime content 0‐5 sub soil (%) Joachim Schmid 38 Low vigour Medium vigour High vigour Joachim Schmid DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE GEISENHEIM SCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM Vineyard site Geisenheim Year of planting 2003 Row spacing 1,80m Vine spacing 1,30m Training system VSP, single cane Guyot Soil type Loamy to clayey loam Water holding 360 capacity (mm) Lime content 8‐20 topsoil (%) Lime content 20‐40 sub soil (%) Joachim Schmid 40 Low vigour Medium vigour High vigour Joachim Schmid DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE OPPENHEIM SCION VARIETY PINOT NOIR CL. 20-19 GM Vineyard site Oppenheim Year of planting 2000 Row spacing 2,00m Vine spacing 1,07m Training system VSP, single cane Guyot Soil type sandy loam Water holding 190 capacity (mm) Lime content 15 –20 topsoil (%) Lime content 25 ‐ 50 sub soil (%) Joachim Schmid 42 Low vigour Medium vigour High vigour Joachim Schmid TELEKI 8B Teleki 8B Joachim Schmid 161-49 C 161‐49 C Joachim Schmid BÖRNER Börner Joachim Schmid GRAPES OF PINOT NOIR ON THE ROOTSTOCK 161-49C AND ON BÖRNER ON THE TRIAL SITE OPPENHEIM 161‐49 C Börner Joachim Schmid 47 • Some problems still remain • small genetic basis of the used varieties (10 varieties grown on 90% of vineyards worldwide) • large number of grapevine growing regions (different climates and different soils) Titel der Präsentation Joachim Schmid 16.01.2015 48 PHYLLOXERA RESISTANT ROOTSTOCKS ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR ALL SITES Joachim Schmid 49 Joachim Schmid 50 Aims of Rootstock Breeding phylloxera resistence sufficient wood production (cuttings) good grafting affinity good rooting ability adaptation to soils with high lime content sites with drought conditions positive effects on grape and wine quality Joachim Schmid HOW CAN WE REACH THIS AIMS ? by crossbreeding of varieties Getting a wider genetic range by with well known characteristics using wild Vitis species with special like: characteristics 125 AA 5BB 41B Joachim Schmid CROSSBREEDING till now 124 populations > 60.000 seeds > 20.000 seedlings Joachim Schmid NECROTIC REACTION AFTER PHYLLOXERA ATTACK ON THE LEAF 1351 seedlings with total phylloxera resistance Joachim Schmid FEMALE CROSSBREEDING PARTNERS AND THE PERCENTAGE OF PHYLLOXERA RESISTANT SEEDLINGS IN THE POPULATION 80 70 60 50 (%)40 30 20 phylloxera resistant seedlings 10 0 Berl.