Danitza Fabianet Aguayo Torrez Tutor: Lic. Luz Narda Maceres Ochoa Relator: Lic

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Danitza Fabianet Aguayo Torrez Tutor: Lic. Luz Narda Maceres Ochoa Relator: Lic Postulante: Danitza Fabianet Aguayo Torrez Tutor: Lic. Luz Narda Maceres Ochoa Relator: Lic. Luis Sucujayo Chavez La Paz – Bolivia 2015 AGRADECIMIENTOS: En primer lugar agradecer a Dios y a la Virgen por bendecirme con la fortaleza y la salud, no dejarme caer en momentos difíciles e impulsarme a seguir mi camino. A la Licenciada Luz Narda Maceres Ochoa con quien tuve fortuna de comenzar la carrera y ahora tuve la dicha de contar con su guía, apoyo y paciencia en la realización de esta tesis como tutora. Al Licenciado Luis Sucujayo Chavez que gracias a su apoyo, guía y corrección se logró culminar esta tesis. DEDICATORIAS: A mi familia mi Padre y mi Hermana por el apoyo y amor brindado en todos mis años de estudio en especial a mi Madre que me encamino a la carrera gracias a su esfuerzo, sacrificio y paciencia logre ser profesional. A Johnny por mostrarme cada día que tengo la fuerza de vencer cualquier obstáculo en mi vida con amor y comprensión. PRESENTACIÓN El presente trabajo de investigación, titulado “Impacto del ATPDEA en las Exportaciones de la Fabricación de Prendas de Vestir de Tejido de Punto y Ganchillo de camélidos”, está enfocado en diez empresas bolivianas las cuales realizan todo el proceso de cadena productiva para la exportación de sus productos, siendo empresas prioritariamente exportadoras estas empresas atravesaron dificultades el año 2008 cuando EE.UU. excluyo a Bolivia del ATPDEA por no mantener sus políticas antidrogas, razón por la cual se perdió un amplio mercado, aun así la demanda de las prendas de vestir de punto y ganchillo de camélidos se mantuvo tanto en EE.UU. como en otros países. Las fuentes en la investigación son las encuestas (anexos) y entrevistas con las empresas y productores. Los datos estadísticos obtenidos de libros, informes, tesis, artículos e internet (anexos). El siguiente trabajo está estructurado en seis capítulos: CAPITULO I, abarca todo lo referente a la contextualización del problema, los objetivos, justificación, alcances y metodología del trabajo. CAPITULO II, hace referencia al marco teórico el cual está compuesto por la teoría clásica del comercio internacional, evolución de la teoría de competitividad, el enfoque de las cadenas productivas, cadena productiva de los clústers. Así como el marco conceptual que nos permitirá encontrar los conceptos específicos utilizados en el documento de investigación y el marco legal en que el sub sector desarrolla sus actividades productivas. CAPITULO III, abarca el análisis de la cadena productiva de camélidos, donde también se enfoca el ATPDEA en Bolivia y el efecto en el sector de estudio. CAPITULO IV, hace referencia a la posible aplicación de clúster a la cadena productiva de camélidos. CAPITULO V, corresponde al marco práctico con la estimación del modelo econométrico y la comprobación de la hipótesis. CAPITULO VI, conclusiones y recomendaciones de la investigación. Universidad Mayor De San Andrés Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Financieras Carrera de Economía CONTENIDO CAPITULO I 1. MARCO METODOLOGICO .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introducción ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Planteamiento del Problema ................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Identificación del Problema ................................................................................. 3 1.2.2 Formulación del Problema ................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objetivos de la Investigación .............................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Objetivo General. .................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Objetivos Específicos. .......................................................................................... 6 1.4 Justificación ............................................................................................................ 6 1.4.1 Justificación Teórica ............................................................................................. 6 1.4.2 Justificación Económica ...................................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Justificación Social................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Alcances de la Investigación ............................................................................... 7 1.5.1 Alcance Temporal .................................................................................................. 7 1.5.2 Alcance Espacial .................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Hipótesis................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.1 Formulación de la Hipótesis ................................................................................ 7 1.6.2 Identificación de Variables ................................................................................... 8 1.6.2.1Variable independiente – relación causa ......................................................... 8 1.6.2.2 Variable dependiente – relación efecto ........................................................... 8 1.7 Metodología de la investigación ......................................................................... 8 1.7.1 Tipo de investigación ............................................................................................ 8 CAPITULO II 2.1 MARCO TEORICO .................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 La Teoría Clásica del Comercio Internacional ................................................ 9 2.1.1.1 Adam Smith y las Ventajas Absolutas ........................................................... 10 2.1.1.2 David Ricardo y las Ventajas Comparativas ................................................ 11 Universidad Mayor De San Andrés Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Financieras Carrera de Economía 2.1.1.3 Teoría de los valores internacionales de Stuart Mill .................................. 13 2.1.2 Definición de Cadena productiva ..................................................................... 13 2.1.3 Evolución de la Teoría de la Competitividad ................................................. 14 2.1.3.1 Definiciones de la firma o sector .................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Determinantes de la competitividad de Michael Porter .............................. 15 2.1.5 Las Estrategias Competitivas Genéricas de Michael Porter...................... 15 2.1.5.1 El liderazgo en costos totales bajos .............................................................. 16 2.1.5.2 La Diferenciación ................................................................................................ 17 2.1.5.3 El Enfoque ............................................................................................................ 18 2.1.6 Modelo de Competitividad Ampliada de Porter ............................................ 18 2.1.6.1 Amenaza de la entrada de nuevos competidores ....................................... 20 2.1.6.1.1 Inversión necesaria o Requisitos de Capital ............................................ 21 2.1.6.1.2 Economías de escala ...................................................................................... 22 2.1.6.1.3 Curva de experiencia ...................................................................................... 22 2.1.6.1.4 Ventaja absoluta en costos ........................................................................... 22 2.1.6.1.5 Diferenciación del producto .......................................................................... 23 2.1.6.1.6 Acceso a canales de distribución ................................................................ 23 2.1.6.1.7 Identificación de marca .................................................................................. 24 2.1.6.1.8 Barreras gubernamentales ............................................................................ 24 2.1.6.1.9 Represalias ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1.6.1.10 Amenaza de posibles productos sustitutos............................................ 25 2.1.6.1.11 Poder de negociación de los proveedores .............................................. 26 2.1.6.1.12 Poder de negociación de los clientes ....................................................... 27 2.1.6.1.13 Rivalidad entre competidores existentes ................................................ 27 2.1.7 La existencia de una sexta fuerza .................................................................... 31 2.1.8 Diamante de competitividad. ............................................................................. 31 2.1.9 El modelo de Michael Porter sobre la definición y conformación de los Clústers .............................................................................................................................. 32 2.1.9.1 ...... Crecimiento económico, Clústers industriales y concentración de la manufactura ...................................................................................................................... 34 Universidad Mayor De San Andrés Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Financieras Carrera de Economía 2.1.9.2 Clústers,
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