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Pauline Hoggarth Phd Thesis

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Pauline Hoggarth Phd Thesis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by Pauline Hoggarth A dissertation presented in application for the Degree of Ph. D. in the University of St. Andrews Centre for Latin American Linguistic Studies, University of St. Andrews. June 1973 BEST CO" AVAILABLE Certificate I hereby certify that Pauline F. Hoggarth has spent nine terms engaged in research work under my direction and that she has fulfilled the conditions of the General Ordinance No. 12 (Resolution of the University Court No. 1) 1967), and that she is qualified to submit the accompanying thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (gad.) Declaration I hereby declare that the following thesis is based on work carried out by me, that the thesis is my own composition, and that no part of it has been presented previously for a higher degree. The research was conducted in Peru, London and the Centre for Latin American Linguistic Studies, University of St. Andrews, under the direction of Mr. D. J. Gifford. (8ga") Candidate TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface Acknowledgements i and .... .... ." "" "" iv List of Abbreviations .... .... .... .... I. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER .... .... .... "" 1. Aims Methods 1 and .... .... .. (a The 1 purpose of the study .. ." "" (b) The 3 theoretical background . .... (c Fieldwork 17 .... .... .... (d 20 The selection of informants .... (e The linguistic 24 questionnaire .... 2. The Historical Background 26 (a) .... .... Historical contact of Spanish and Quechua in Calca 26 .... .... (b) The post-Conquest relationship of Spanish Quechua in Peru 28 and .... BILINGUAL CCJU UNITY 34 CHAPTER II : THE . .... .... Introduction 34 1. .... .... .... Present-day Calca 34 2. "" "" .... Organization Calca 37 3. Social of .... .. Bilingualism Calca 43 4. in .. .".. .. (a) 43 Introduction .... .".. .. b) The acquisition of Spanish as a 44 second language .... (c) .... The acquisition of Quechua as a second language .... .. ". 45 (d ) 48 Coordinate bilingualism .... .. (e 53 Incipient bilingualism .... .. (f) Language loyalty 55 . .... .. (g) 57 The disadvantages of monolingualism .. CHAPTER III : INTERFERENCE AND INTEGRATION OF QUECHUA IN SPANISH 59 1. Introduction .... .... .... .. 59 .... .... .... 2. Transcriptions 59 The Word Count: Spanish .. 3. Lexical Integration 60 Interference and . .. 60 a Introduction .... .... .. 60 b Names of plants and animals .... food 62 c) Words relating to clothing and .. 64 d Words relating to agriculture .... Words 65 e) in other categories .... .. f) Toponymy and personal names .... 66 g) Lexical interference and intogra- tion: 68 summary . .... .... Phonemic 4. Interference and Integration .. 69 Introduction 69 a) .... .... .. b) The phonemes of Quechua and Spanish .. 70 c) Phonemic interference in the speech of informants whose first language is Spanish 72 .... .... .. (d) Phonemic interference in the speech of informants whose first language is Quechua 75 (e) .... .... .. Phonemic interfereno3 in the speech 76 of coordinate bilinguals . .... (continued) Table of Contents page (f) 77 Stress changes .... "" "" "" (g) Phonemic interference and integra- 77 tion: summary .... .... 78 5. Grammatical Interference and Integration .. (a) 78 Introduction .... .. (b) .... 78 The transfer of bound morphemes . .. (c) 79 The transfer of syntactic patterns .. (d) Grammatical interference and integra- 83 tion: summary . .. ."". ." 6. Conclusions 83 .... .... .... CHAPTER IV e INTERFERENCE AND INTEGRATION OF SPANISH 85 IN QUECHUA .... .. .".. .,.. 85 1. Introduction .... .... .. "" 2. The Word Count 86 .... .... .... 86 3. Lexical Interference and Integration . .. (a ) Introduction 86 .... .. ". .. (b Words related to the church and 87 religion .... .... .... (c) Words related to politics and the law 89 .... .... .... (d) 90 Words related to education .. (e) Words related to time/distance/ the seasons 90 (f) .... .... .... Words related to trades and pro- 91 fessions "" "" "" "" (g .... 92 Words related to agriculture .... (h drink 93 Words related to food and . .. (i Words related to diseases and medicine "" "" "- "" 93 (j) .... Words used in the telling of folk tales "" "" "" "" 94 (k) .... Words related to leisure and enter- tainment 94 (1) .... .... .... Words relating to the household 95 and clothing "" "" (m) .. "" "" Words relating to village life 95 (n) .... Toponymy and personal names .... 96 (o) Compound forms 96 (p) .... .... .. Lexical interference and integra- tion: 96 summary . .... .... 4. Phonemic Interference Integration and .. 98 (a) Introduction 98 (b) .... .... .. The phonemes of q.iechua and Spanish 99 (c) .. Phonemic interference and integration in the speech of informants whose first language is Spanish 99 (d) .. ." Phonemic interference in the speech of informants whose first language is Quechua 101 .... .... .... (e) Phonemic interference in the speech of 101 coordinate bilinguals .... .. f) Stress 101 and tone ohanges .... .. (g) Phonemic interference and integra- tion: 102 summaiy ." ." "" ". 103 5. Grammatical Interference and Integration .. (a) Introduction 103 .... .... Table of Contents (continued) page (b) The transfer of bound morphomes . 103 (c) .. The transfer of syntactic patterns 103 (d) .. Grammatical interference and integra- tion: 106 summary . .... .... 6. Conclusions 106 .... .... .. CHAPTER V: SU ARY AND CONCLUSIONS: THE PROSPECTS FOR BILINGUALISM 108 .... .... .... 1. Introduction 108 .... .... .... 2. Linguistic Implications of Bilingualism in Calca 108 .... .... .... .. 3. Social Implications of Bilingualism in Calca 112 .... .... .... .. 4. Current Prospects for Bilingualism in Peru. 114 CORPUS OF EXAMPLES FROM THE QUE7CHUATRANSCRIPTIONS 119 . .... Introduction 119 .... .... .... .... .. Index to the corpus 121 . .... .... .... .. The Corpus 136 .... .... .... .... .. Bibliography 282 .... .... .... .... .... Appendices : I. Word Counts 285 . .... .... .... II. List of Informants, with reference to sex, age, occupation and linguistic ability .. 287 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is a story told among Quechua speakers in the region of Calca which goes as follows: - Kunan huj cuentuta willasqayki. Kimsa ch'uspachakuna uraysmurgan punamanta wasinkumanta. Hinaspanmi haykusganku kermesta, huj llagtapi keres kasqa. Chay llaqtaman haykuspanku manan paykuna casteilanota yacharankuchu. Mesapi tiyaykusgankullacha uyariran- ku huj ladokunaq wiragochakunaq rimasgankuta: "Hemos h©cho " Cheyman hujninnataq "Hemos hecho nosotros ... nispa. nimusga: " Hujninnataq "Eso ... nispa. nimusga: merecemos" nispa nisqa. Hinaspanmi ripusqanku wasinkuta ripushasqanku machasqa. Machasqa ripuspankullatagmi carreterapi tarisqanku huj runata carro sarurapusga. Hinaspa paykunata chay wiraqocha carruyoq nirgan: " "Nosotros " "Pin kayta ruwargan? nispa. pues ... hujnin niaga. "Hemos hecho " "Pin kayta Hujnintagmi nisqa: ... ruwarqan? Hakuchis puestoman" nispa nisqa. Hinaspa niqtinmi nisqa: "Eso merecemos" nispataqqa. Chayllan chaykamallataq. free English The translation is: - (the Now I'm going to tell you a story. Three Indiana Quechua means literally "three little coca bags") came down from their homes in the mountains. They went into the town where there was a fair. None of the three any Spanish. As they were sitting spoke (the having a meal, they listened to the gentlemen tern wir coc is used by the Indians of white or Spanish-speaking people) on the " Another other side talking. One said, "Wo have ... said, " deserve it. " (Those "We've done ... A third said, "We really phrases are the snatches of Spanish conversation overheard by the Indians. ) Well, then the three Indians went off home, very drunk. As they went along, all drunk, they came across a man who had been run over by a car. The owner of the car said, "Who did this? " "We have " "We've done " ... said one of the men. ... said another. "Who did this? Just come along to the police station, " (the said driver). "We really deserve it, " said the last man. And that's the end of the story. There may be several more convincing versions of this tale, but idea is hears the general clear enough - the Quechua speaker, who a little Spanish when he goes to town, and then uses it in the wrong situation to his own detrimaity in this case being taken off to gaol. Several stories like this are told among Quechua speakers against themselves. When I first hoard this particular tale it recalled a remark made by Diebold about certain stories in circulation among the Mexican Indians of Oaxaca, in which they too laughed at themselves for the ii awkward situations brought on them because of a very limited knowledge of Spanish. One story is a parallel of the Quechua tale - Huave 1 Indians go to the market in Tehuantopec, with farcical results. This parallel aroused my interest in thu contact of Quechua and Spanish in the town or village context and led to two periods of field work in the town of Calca, and the investigation described in this dissertation. Acknowledgements The four years of work on this project were made possible in the first place by a two-year grant from the Lloyd Scholarship Fund. Two field trips
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