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Zonal Dissection of Aalenian Deposits by Ammonites of the Caucasus

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Zonal Dissection of Aalenian Deposits by Ammonites of the Caucasus saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis moambe, t. 3, #2, 2009 BULLETIN OF THE GEORGIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, vol. 3, no. 2, 2009 Geology Zonal Dissection of Aalenian Deposits by Ammonites of the Caucasus Mirian Topchishvili Academy Member, A. Janelidze Institute of Geology, Tbilisi ABSTRACT. The author, on the ground of his own materials on the characteristic complexes of ammonites from various geological sections of the Caucasus, together with all available data on the present-day biostratig- raphy, has worked out a detailed scheme of zonal dissection of the Aalenian deposits of the Caucasus which is correlated with the standard zone scale of Western Europe. © 2009 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci. Key words: the Caucasus, ammonite, argillite, sandstone, zone. 1. Introduction able literature on this group of cephalopod mollusks, the author has detailed and specified some problems on Aalenian deposits are widespread through the whole the zonal stratigraphy of Aalenian deposits of the Caucasus and are predominantly of terrigenous compo- Caucasus. sition. These deposits contain rich and diverse remnants When compiling the Aalenian biostratigraphic of fossils that attracted scientists’ interest for a long scheme, the author used the standard set of zones pre- time. The study of the zonal stratigraphy of Aalenian sented in the book [6]. deposits begins with the work by E. Migacheva [1]. In Stratigraphic constructions are based on the tectonic the Aalenian deposits developed in the interfluves of the peculiarities of the region and are in compliance with the Urup and Belaya Rivers (North Caucasus), she estab- scheme of tectonic zoning of Georgia and the Caucasus lished all the zones of this stage known in Western compiled by I.Gamkrelidze [7, 8]. The Aalenian deposits Europe. K. Rostovtsev [2], who studied the Lower and developed in the Northern Caucasus and in the south- Middle Jurassic of the Western Caucasus and Western western slope lie conformably on Toarcian rocks and they Precaucasus, by index species established the presence are transgressively overlain by Bajocian formations. In of all the three standard zones of the Aalenian stage the southeastern part of the Northern Caucasus, Aalenian here. V. Kazakova [3] made a significant contribution deposits conformably overlie terrigenous rocks of the to the development of the zonal stratigraphy; she stud- Toarcian age and equally conformably pass into Bajocian ied stratigraphically allocated ammonites from the formations. The same picture can be observed on the Aalenian deposits of the Northern Caucasus. Alongside Southern Slope of the Greater Caucasus. However, some- with standard zones, she managed to distinguish local what to the south, on the Dzirula massif of ancient base- ones. Various problems of zonal dissection of Aalenian ment, volcanogenic-sedimentary Bajocian rocks deposits within the South Caucasus (Azerbaijan and unconformably and with traces of washout overlie the red Georgia) have been considered in the works by T. limestones of Lower Aalenian. Within the Georgian part Gasanov, V. Agaev [4] and M. Topchishvili [5]. of the Loki-Karabakh tectonic zone, Aalenian deposits On the ground of his own investigation of gradually pass into volcanogenic rocks of Bajocian age, archistratigraphic ammonites and summarizing all avail- while in the Azerbaijanian part, the latter having at the © 2009 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110 Mirian Topchishvili base a 2-meter-thick bed of basal conglomerates rest on it may be Late Bajocian. According to these ammonites, the uneven surface of clayey-sandy shales of Lower there may be distinguished a subsidiary stratigraphic Aalenian. Within the Narkhichevan area, the basal hori- unit – layers with Ludwigia sp., corresponding to the zon of organogenic-clastic limestones of the Aalenian age Upper Aalenian substage (the Murchisonae zone). transgressively covers the underlying Lower Jurassic rocks Further to the North the Aalenian deposits are de- and, in turn, is transgressively overlain by sandstones, veloped on the territory of the Azerbaijanian part of the with limestone intercalations, of the Bajocian age. Loki-Karabakh zone (Fig.1). They are characterized by restricted development and occur in the headwaters of 2. Aalenian zones and ammonite the river Asrikchai and in the Akhinjachai river basin. associations These deposits, representing the Aalenian lower sub- The southernmost outcrops of the Aalenian depos- stage, make up the upper part (120m) of the Sapharlin its are confined to the Araks intermontane trough, which suite, built of argillites and aleurolites, and the upper- are known only in the Aznaburt village and Negram most part – by tuffaceous sandstones. In this part of the (Nakhichevan) station under the name – the Evinian suite remarkable are the findings of [10] Leioceras suite. They are represented by various sandstones, clays, opalinum Rein., Bredyia subinsignis Opp. and aleurolites and interlayers of orogenic limestones with Catulloceras aratum Buck. The first two ammonites bivalve and cephalopod mollusk fauna. The thickness confine the stratigraphic range of enclosing deposits to of the suite does not exceed 44 m. The ammonites – the Lower Aalenian, Opalinum zone. Ludwigia sp. (cf. umbilicata Buck.) and L. sp.[9] - found Within the Georgian part of the Loki–Karabakh in this suite, enable to attribute the most part of the tectonic zone the Aalenian stage with its characteristic Evinian suite to Late Aalenian, though a definite part of ammonites is distinguished on the Loki salient of the Fig. 1. Schematic map of tectonic zoning of the Caucasus I – Pre-Caucasian (Scythian) platform; II – Fold system of the Greater Caucasus: II1 – Laba-Malka zone, IIa,IIb – Pshekish-Tirniauz suture zone, II – Forerange zone, II – Main Range zone: II 1 – Central Uplift subzone (of the crystalline core), II 2 – western subsidence zone of the 2 3 3 3 3 Main Range, II3 – Eastern subsidence zone of the Main Range, II4 – External zone of Mountainous Daghestan, II5 – Kazbegi-Lagodekhi zone, II6 – Mestia-Tianeti zone; II7 – Chkhalta-Laila zone, II8 – Gagra-Java zone; III – Transcaucasian intermontane area; IV – Fold system of the Lesser Caucasus: IV1 – Loki-Karabakh zone, IV2 – Sevan-Akera zone, IV3 – Kafan zone, IV4 – Miskhan-Zangezur zone, IV5 – Yerevan- Ordubad zone; V – Inliers of crystalline basement (Dz – Dzirula, Lk – Loki salients and Sh – Shamkhor anticlinorium); VI – Araks intermont- ane trough; 1 - Boundary between tectonic units of the first order; 2 – boundary between tectonic zones; 3 – deep faults; 4 – transcurrent fault. Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, no. 2, 2009 Zonal Dissection of Aalenian Deposits by Ammonites of the Caucasus 111 ancient crystalline basement, in the flyschoid rock mass Racha, where the Toarcian deposits are followed by a of the Jandara suite – total thickness 250m. In the upper rock mass (1000 m) with nearly the same content of part (130-150m) of the suite both Aalenian substages sandstones and clay rocks, though in places the first with the zones Opalinum and Murchisonae are estab- element predominates over the other one. According to lished. The assumption is justified by the Early Aalenian A.I. Janelidze [13] the above mentioned deposits com- Costileioceras cf. costosum Quenst. and the Late prise Costileioceras costosum Quenst. All these ammo- Aalenian Ludwigia murchisonae Sow.. found in argil- nites make it possible to establish the existence of the lites interstratified with aleurolites and inequigranular Lower Aalenian Opalinum zone in the Sori suite depos- sandstones in the Gorastskali river gorge. The Aalenian its. As for the upper substage, its existence is conven- age of the upper part of the Jandaric suite is also proved tional here. In the ascending section nearly everywhere by Bredyia subinsignis Opp. and Ludwigia sp. (ex. gr. between the Aalenian terrigene sediments and the murchisonae Sow.) respectively found in the headwa- volcanics of the Bajocian porphyritic series a gradual ters of the river Bejanazarsu [11] and in the Damblutka transition is observed. Therefore in the continuous sec- river gorge [12]. tion from the Lower Aalenian to Bajocian the existence On the territory of the Central Uplift Zone of the Upper Aalenian should not be doubtful. The last (Transcaucasian intermontane area) the Aalenian de- outcrop of the Aalenian part of the Sori suite is observed posits outcrop on the periphery of the Dzirula salient of in Kartli in the interfluve of the rivers Lekhura and the ancient crystalline basement. Within the southern, Aragvi; here, like the above mentioned regions of the south-western and northern peripheries of the salient Gagra–Java tectonic zone, the Aalenian is substantiated they are represented only by the lower Aalenian sub- by specific ammonites (Leioceras opalinum Rein., L. stage, separated in the upper horizons (12-13m) espe- comptum Rein. è Costileioceras costosum Quenst.), and cially characteristic of the Mediterranean red organic is represented by its lower substage corresponding to limestones (“ammonitico rosso”) constituting the the Opalinum zone. Shrosha suite. On the left bank of the river Kvirila, near On the southern slope of the Main Range of the the village of Saghvine they contain Leioceras opalinum Greater Caucasus, within the Kazbegi-Lagodekhi tec- Rein. and L. comptum Rein. and on the opposite bank at tonic zone Aalenian deposits, distinguished by relatively the Martotubani village – Planammatoceras tenuinsigne rich fauna complex, comprising
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