1982 Who's Who at Sinclair
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												  Sinclair User Is Published Monthly 29 COMPETITION WINNER We Profile the Winner of Our first CompetitionJune 1982 The independent magazine for the independent user •••• NOWA • RPM ,. ZX SPECTRUM: CLIVE DOES IT AGAIN We interview Nigel Searle, head of Sinclair's computer division A mother's view of the computer generation Meet the winner of our first competition Eight pages of programs Plus: helpline, mind games, new products, book reviews AMAZE ADVENTURE GAME FOR rifi ZOGS is a brand new game for the 16K ZX81, unlike any other game you've seen on the ZX81. This is without doubt the best game available for this computer, and if you don't believe us, ask somebody who has seen it, or go down to your local computer shop and ask for a demonstration. mAZOGS is a maze adventure game with very fast-moving animated graphics. A large proportion of the program is written in machine code to achieve the most amazing graphics you have ever seen on the Df.81. You will be confronted by a large and complex Maze, which contains somewhere within it a glittering arid fabulous Treasure You not only have the Please se nd int problem of finding the treasure and bringing it out of the maze, you must also face Oty itern Price the guardians of the maze in the form of a force of fearful Mazogs. Even if you survive their attacks you could still starve to death if you get hopelessly lost. B, Fortunately, there are various ways in which you can get help on this dangerous For E10 0 0 inclusive mission. 9 There are three levels of difficulty, and the game comes complete with i e nclose• cne que / P 0 comprehensive instructions.
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												  Tearing up the RulesJewish RENAISSANCE A FRESH PERSPECTIVE ON JEWISH CULTURE SPONSORED BY DANGOOR EDUCATION JULY 2018 £7.25 TEARING UP THE RULES VIENNA’S CULTURE REVOLUTION IS THERE LIFE AFTER ROTH? AMOS OZ MOROCCO MEETS VENEZUELA The future of Jewish fiction Peace is still possible The restaurant that’s defying the crisis JR Pass on your love of Jewish culture for future generations Make a legacy to Jewish Renaissance ADD A LEGACY TO JR TO YOUR WILL WITH THIS SIMPLE FORM WWW.JEWISHRENAISSANCE.ORG.UK/CODICIL GO TO: WWW.JEWISHRENAISSANCE.ORG.UK/DONATIONS FOR INFORMATION ON ALL WAYS TO SUPPORT JR CHARITY NUMBER 1152871 JULY 2018 CONTENTS WWW.JEWISHRENAISSANCE.ORG.UK JR YOUR SAY… Reader’s rants, raves 4 and views on the April issue of JR. WHAT’S NEW We announce the 6 winner of JR’s new arts award; Mike Witcombe asks: is there life after Roth? FEATURE Amos Oz on Israel at 10 70, the future of peace, and Trump’s controversial embassy move. FEATURE An art installation in 12 French Alsace is breathing new life into an old synagogue. NATALIA BRAND NATALIA © PASSPORT Vienna: The writers, 14 artists, musicians and thinkers who shaped modernism. Plus: we speak to the contemporary arts activists working in Vienna today. MUSIC Composer Na’ama Zisser tells Danielle Goldstein about her 30 CONTENTS opera, Mamzer Bastard. ART A new show explores the 1938 32 exhibition that brought the art the Nazis had banned to London. FILM Masha Shpolberg meets 14 34 the director of a 1968 film, which followed a group of Polish exiles as they found haven on a boat in Copenhagen.
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												  Issue #1 August 2015 Zxzine Table of Contentszxzine Issue #1 August 2015 zxzine table of contents Published by: Timothy Swenson [email protected] [email protected] Editorial .......................... 1 ZXzine is published as a service to the Sinclair ZX81 community. Writers are invited to submit articles for publication. Readers The ZX80 and ZX81 are invited to submit article In The USA ........................... 1 ideas. Created using Open Source Tools: Plotting with Z88dk ........................... 5  OpenOffice  Scribus  Gimp  SZ81  EightyOne ZX81 BASIC Compilers ........................... 6 Copyright 2015 Timothy Swenson Drawing a Line ........................... 8 Creative Commons License  Attribution  NonCommercial  ShareAlike Astronomical Algorithms On You are free: The ZX81 ........................... 9  To copy, distribute, display, and perform the work. MicroSync Services ........................... 10  To make derivitive works.  To redistribute the work. Editorial doing right. Ideas for article is invited, along with articles themselves. The topics of articles can be I've been a ZX81 user since the first was advertised anything that is ZX81 related. I'm hoping that the in the United States and used it for a number of ZX81 community will find the ezine interesting, years, including using it as much as I could in my entertaining and useful. first two years of college. Eventually moved on to the QL, but still liked the ZX81. A few years ago, I had the programming itch and decided to do a little The ZX80 and ZX81 assembly programming using emulators and ZX81 in the USA cross assemblers. Since then I've touched on C with Z88dk. What I like about the ZX81 is that I don't Sinclair Research Limited have to spend any time worrying about the user interface or making the program pretty.
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												  OF the 1980STHAT MADE THE HOME COMPUTER REVOLUTION OF THE 1980s 23 THAT MADE THE HOME COMPUTER REVOLUTION OF THE 1980s First published in 2021 by Raspberry Pi Trading Ltd, Maurice Wilkes Building, St. John’s Innovation Park, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0DS Publishing Director Editors Russell Barnes Phil King, Simon Brew Sub Editor Design Nicola King Critical Media Illustrations CEO Sam Alder with Brian O Halloran Eben Upton ISBN 978-1-912047-90-1 The publisher, and contributors accept no responsibility in respect of any omissions or errors relating to goods, products or services referred to or advertised in this book. Except where otherwise noted, the content of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). Contents Introduction. 6 Research Machines 380Z. 8 Commodore PET 2001. 18 Apple II. 36 Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81. 46 Commodore VIC-20 . 60 IBM Personal Computer (5150). 78 BBC Micro . 90 Sinclair ZX Spectrum. 114 Dragon 32. 138 Commodore 64. 150 Acorn Electron . .166 Apple Macintosh . .176 Amstrad CPC 464. 194 Sinclair QL . .210 Atari 520ST. 222 Commodore Amiga. 234 Amstrad PCW 8256. 256 Acorn Archimedes . .268 Epilogue: Whatever happened to the British PC? . .280 Acknowledgements . 281 Further reading, further viewing, and forums. 283 Index . .286 The chapters are arranged in order of each computer’s availability in the UK, as reflected by each model’s date of review in Personal Computer World magazine. Introduction The 1980s was, categorically, the best decade ever. Not just because it gave us Duran Duran and E.T., not even because of the Sony Walkman.
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												  How 1980S Britain Learned to Love the ComputerLean, Tom. "Computers for the Man in the Street." Electronic Dreams: How 1980s Britain Learned to Love the Computer. London: Bloomsbury Sigma, 2016. 61–88. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 30 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472936653.0006>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 30 September 2021, 11:40 UTC. Copyright © Tom Lean 2016. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. CHAPTER THREE Computers for the Man in the Street arly in 1980, adverts began appearing in British newspapers Efor something rather unusual. Sandwiched between pages of economic and social troubles, Thatcherite politics and Cold War paranoia was an advert for a small white box. It looked a little like an overgrown calculator, but declared itself to be the Sinclair ZX80 Personal Computer, and could be bought, ready made, for just £ 99.95. Despite the implausibly low price, the ZX80 was not only a ‘ real computer ’ , but one that cut through computer ‘ mystique ’ to teach programming, and was so easy to use that ‘ inside a day you ’ ll be talking to it like an old friend’ , or so the advert said. It was an impressively crafted piece of marketing, creating an impression of aff ordability and accessibility, ideas hitherto rarely associated with computers. The little white box, and the bold claims that sold it, marked the beginning of a redefi nition of computers as aff ordable and everyday appliances for the masses. At the time microcomputers were broadly split between two basic types.
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												  De Grater Bygger Upp Slar Tillbaka— Den femte dagen av halier mig hart och jag kan- hungerstrejken var jag myc- ner hur hon darrar. Vi som ket dalig och de forde mig till besoker landet utan journa- sjukhuset i tv& dagar. Jag blev listvisum slanger blixtsnabbt tvungen att avbryta strejken. in kameror, bandspelare och anteckningsblock bakom Roker nervost bokhyllorna. June ar fortfarande mycket Vi vantar spant, men en tunn. Kladerna sitter lost pa stund senare kommer Essa kroppen och hon darrar i Moosa in och berattar att handerna och tander cigarett Mostard har gatt. Han var pa cigarett. Det marks att det dar i ett helt annat arende. tar heirt pa henne att beratta June ber att f& lasa en dikt. om fangelset. Men hon fort- — Jag horde den forsta satter envist, driven av vetska- gangen pa en begravning for pen om att det ar viktigt att fyra ar sedan och den holl folk far veta vad som hander i mig och mina kamrater uppe Sydafrika. Och trots hennes i fangelset. Mostard kanner skora yttre ar ogonen stadiga ocksa till den, for han avlyss- och brinnande. nade allt vi sa i fangelset. — Den 17:e november hamtade de mig och korde Lugnande tablett mig till sakerhetspolisens Hon laser med lag rost som kontor i Kapstaden. Jag for- ibland sviker henne och jag des in i ett litet, kalt rum och uppfattar bara nagra strofer de stangde noga fonstret och av dikten. dorren, trots att det var en It is better to die fo r an idea mycket het dag. that will live — De befallde mig att st& than to live fo r an idea med ansiktet mot en vagg.
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												  Electronic Dreams: How 1980S Britain Learned to Love the Computer. London: Bloomsbury Sigma, 2016Lean, Tom. "The Boom." Electronic Dreams: How 1980s Britain Learned to Love the Computer. London: Bloomsbury Sigma, 2016. 115–141. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 28 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472936653.0008>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 28 September 2021, 15:11 UTC. Copyright © Tom Lean 2016. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. CHAPTER FIVE The Boom uying from a computer shop could be a bewildering Bexperience in 1983. You enter in search of expert help, tentatively move your way past the screens fl ashing with the newest games, racks of computer magazines and programming books, and fi nd a pale teenager who seems to work here. ‘ You want to buy your fi rst computer? ’ he asks ‘ Well, let ’ s see what we ’ ve got in stock … want to learn about computers? How about trying a ZX81? A bit old, and black and white, and the keyboard is a piece of plastic, but it ’ s cheap and there ’ s lots of software for it … Perhaps a BBC Micro? It’ s the one the kids use at school, and it ’ s been on television a lot, and its got Econet, the Tube, a printer port, ah but it’ s £ 400 … maybe something cheaper? The Oric ’ s quite nice if you like a 6502 machine, but there ’ s loads more games for the Spectrum… You don ’ t like the rubber keyboard? I ’ d off er you an Electron but we ’ ve got none in, so try a good old VIC-20, it ’ s only got 5k of RAM but we sell an expansion pack.
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												  Il BASIC Nei Personal E Home Computer Dal 1975 Al 1984Il BASIC nei personal e home computer dal 1975 al 1984 Schede Tecniche Storia dell’Informatica a.a 2015/2016 Romano Ceccatelli - hmr.di.unipi.it/Corso 1/37 MITS Altair 8800 Il MITS Altair 8800 è stato uno tra i primi microcomputer disponibili sul mercato. È stato sviluppato e commercializzato dalla Micro Instrumentation & Telemetry Systems, Inc. (MITS), azienda con sede ad Albuquerque (Nuovo Messico, USA). Era dotato di un'interfaccia basata su interruttori (24). Agendo su di essi si può programmare in codice binario, mentre il risultato delle elaborazioni viene visualizzato tramite il lampeggio dei LED (36) posti sul pannello frontale. Esso conteneva appunto 36 LED: 16 per il bus degli indirizzi, 8 per i dati, 8 per lo stato e i restanti erano usati per visualizzare lo stato della CPU. C’erano, inoltre, una serie di interruttori per inserire gli indirizzi e i dati, oltre ad un insieme di interruttori per il controllo del sistema. Bill Gates e Paul Allen decisero di scrivere un linguaggio di programmazione per far funzionare l'Altair. Il risultato fu una versione semplificata del BASIC chiamata Altair BASIC. Poiché diverse parti elettroniche non erano ancora disponibili al momento della progettazione, e per risolvere i problemi di NOME MITS Altair 8800 dimensione della scheda madre, fu necessario inventare un apposito connettore, oggi noto come bus: questa nuova struttura di AZIENDA E LUOGO MITS DI PRODUZIONE Albuquerque Nuovo trasferimento dati divenne in seguito uno standard, chiamato S- Messico USA 100. Con questo accorgimento fu possibile spostare parte della logica dalla scheda madre su altre schede, con cui comunicava ANNO 1975 tramite il bus.
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												  The ZX SeriesThe ZX Series In the early eighties Sir Clive Sinclair developed the ZX series of computers. These computers were some of the first affordable computers that hobbyist could have. ZX80 Computer The ZX80 was released in 1980. It was the first computer with a retail price below $200 going for $199.95. It had 1K of static ram, a 4K ROM with integer basic. It had a processor speed of 3.5MHz. It used a black and white TV with 24 rows of 32 characters and a graphical resolution of 64x48. The screen would blank out when doing calculations and only display when an input or pause was set causing the screen to flicker. There was no sound or joystick and cassette tapes were used to load and save programs. The keyboard was a membrane instead of actual keys. You could buy a 16K RAM Pack separately to increase its memory. There were 50,000 sold mainly in the UK. It was sold as a kit or assembled ZX81 Computer In 1981 Sinclair came out with the predecessor of the ZX80, the ZX81. The ZX81 retailed for $99.95 since the IC count was significantly reduced by using a custom chip the ULA. The major improvements were the 8K ROM with floating point basic and a new screen mode that permitted the display to always be shown. Other than these differences it had the same features as the ZX80. It could also have its memory expanded with a 16K Ram Pack. 350,000 were sold worldwide in the first year of production and also came as a kit or assembled.
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											Retromagazine 00 Eng.PdfEDITORIAL SUMMARY Welcome to our first international issue! RetroMagazine is a well underway project started in Page 3 ◊ The best version of BASIC October 2017 by a small group of Italian retrocomputing Page 6 enthusiasts. ◊ Don’t ever buy a Vectrex! Page 11 Yes, we know, there are many magazines dedicated to ◊ The .d64 format – part 1 retrogames and they are gorgeous; so why the need for an Page 16 additional homebrew fanzine? ◊ Interview with Gideon Zweijtzer How many times reading those publications have you felt Page 20 ◊ Sinclair QL: mistakes, misfortune and so that something was missing? There are lot of nice pictures and a good variety of games, but... where is the code? many regrets Where are the explanations of programming techniques? Page 30 ◊ Cyrus (ZX SPECTRUM) VS. Colossus Where is the real experience of the end users? (ATARI 800XL) The idea behind our project is to reproduce the same Page 33 ◊ HIBERNATED 1 (Amiga/C64) feeling as the glorious magazines back in the day. Page 34 Magazines like Amstrad Computer Users, Bit, Compute!'s ◊ CIVILIZATION (MS DOS) Gazette, Input... They all taught tons of pimply boys the Page 37 basis of coding on their home computers! Those magazines ◊ THE PAWN (All platforms) used to contain a good balance of programming examples, hardware insights and game reviews. People involved in the preparation of this issue In memory of those magazines we adopted the shape of a PDF fanzine, instead of a more modern blog or website, to fully revitalize the spirit of the good old times. • Robin Jubber • Gianluca Girelli Do you remember the feeling while awaiting for the next issue? We want to recreate that and also give a second • Francesco Fiorentini • Leonardo Giordani chance to anybody who missed out on learning these things as a kid.
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											The Battle of Britain's Home ComputersThe Battle of Britain's Home Computers Gareth Halfacree What is a Home Computer? ●Low-cost ●Compact and bijou ●At least a nodding familiarity with user-friendliness ●More complex than a programmable calculator ●More flexible than a word processor ●Specifically targeted at home and educational use 2 What is a British Home Computer? ●Designed by a British company ●Manufactured anywhere ●Sold in the UK for at least a brief period ●Available as a preassembled unit, not just a kit ●Priced around the £200 mark, or lower ●Success and longevity no barrier ●Eight-bit technology - “the golden era” 3 What is a British Home Computer? “It's not easy for a U.K. citizen to write about home computers for an American magazine. We use the term to refer to an altogether different object on our side of the Atlantic. In the U.S.A., an Apple II is a home computer; the IBM PC in its smaller configurations is a home computer; the Macintosh is a home computer. In the U.K., those computers would be considered rather expensive as business computers, let alone for home use.” Dick Pountain, BYTE Volume 10 Number 01, 1985, p.401 4 Notable Exceptions: The Newbear Electronics 77/68 1977, £50 (~£314) ● CPU: Motorola 6800 ● RAM: 256 bytes ● Arguably the first British home computer ● Exclusively sold as a kit ● Direct-memory toggle switches 5 Notable Exceptions: The Nasco Nascom 1 1977, £229.19 (~£1,397) ● CPU: Zilog Z80 ● RAM: 2 kilobytes (to 32KB) ● Launched as a kit, later available preassembled ● Included full-size keyboard and video output ● Sold as “evaluation kit”
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												  The Computer Museum Report, FallTHE COMPUTER MUSEUM REPORT VOLUME 14 FALLIWINTER 1985 ItIUU/J/1Jjj Board of Directors Corporate Members Core Members Contributing Members John William Poduska. Sr. Benefactor- SlO.OOO or more Harlan E. and Lois Anderson Kenneth R. Adcock. J.D. Addelston. Chairman Charles and Constance Bachman Lawrence Adrian. Timothy Anderson. Apollo Computer Corporation American Express Foundation C. Gordon Bell Isaac Auerbach. Richard G . Bahr. John American Federation of Information Erich and Renee Bloch Banning. Art & Betty Bardige. Steve F. Gwen Bell. President Processing Societies' Henry Burkhardt III Barneby. John C. Barstow. G.C. Beldon. The Computer Museum American Telephone & Telegraph Co.' R. Steve Cheheyl Jr .. James Bell. Allred M. Bertocchi. Dr. Apollo Computer. Inc: Robert C. and Eleanor W. Chinn John H. Blankenship. Daniel S. Bricklin. Erich Bloch Bank of America' National Science Foundation Robert G . Claussen Philip D. Brooke. Fred and Nancy Bank of Boston William Congleton Brooks. D.F. Brown. Gordon S. Brown. David Donaldson The Boston Globe' Alex d 'Arbeloff Lawrence G. Brown. Roger M. Buoy. Ropes and Gray ComputerLand' Arnaud de Vitry James Burley. James Burnett. Maria L. Control Data Corporation' Sydney Fernbach David Donaldson Carr. Charles and Virginia Casale. Data General Corporation' Douglas Drane George Chamberlain. Donald Computer Consultant Digital Equipment Corporation' Robert Everett Christiansen. Richard J. Clayton. C. Lester Hogan Hewlett-Packard Kenneth G. Fisher James F. Cody. Richard Corben.Howard Fairchild Camera and Instrument Honeywell Information Systems Jay W. Forrester E. Cox. Jr .. Michael Cronin. Henry J. International Data Group' Corporation Gardner Hendrie Crouse. Daniel Crowley. David N. International Business Machines. Inc. Winston R.