sign in sign up
<<
Home , Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus

European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019

EBOLA

V10.01 OIE BALAI EU AHL

VIRUS ,

SUSCEPTIBLE PREVENTION TRANSMISSION CLINICAL SIGNS SEVERITY TREATMENT ANIMAL GROUPS AND CONTROL

African Contact with all Non African Ebola None Extended viruses: , body fluids and primates: fever, viruses highly quarantine of 60 suids, rodents, aerogenously anorexia, fatal in to 90 days (asympt.)… vomiting, Reston ebolavirus diarrhea, Reston ebolavirus: mortality rate of dyspnea, M. fascicularis, 50% in Macaca hemorrhages, Sus scrofa fascicularis shock, death

FACT SHEET COMPILED BY LAST UPDATE Manfred Brack, formerly German Center, Göttingen, Germany October 2017

FACT SHEET REVIEWED BY Melanie Oesterwind, DVM, MarLab, France Dr. Veronique Blanc, Medical Biology Department, Centre Hospitalier d'Antibes, Antibes, France

DISEASE AGENT Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order : , ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus (formerly Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus), , and Reston ebolavirus.

SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMAL GROUPS African Ebola viruses: Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Papio spp., Mandrillus spp., Cercopithecus spp., Colobus badius, and Chiroptera are suspected as asymptomatic reservoir hosts; Humans, Cephalophus spp., Mus, Soricidae, Hystricidae, suids (Potamochoerus porcus, others) and other mammals might be reservoir or incidental hosts. Reston ebolavirus: Macaca fascicularis, Sus scrofa.

ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL Yes, except Reston ebolavirus.

DISTRIBUTION Reston ebolavirus in the Philippines and China, other Ebola viruses in sub-Saharan .

TRANSMISSION Contact with all body fluids and aerogenously. Transmission to man by eating is suspected.

INCUBATION PERIOD In non human primates (NHP) 3-16 days. In humans 2-21 days.

CLINICAL SIGNS NHP: fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, bleeding from the nose, respiratory signs, weight loss, skin rash, hair loss, hemorrhage, splenomegaly, lethargy, coma, shock, hypothermia, death. African generally cause

Ebola Viruses - Fact Sheet V10.01 European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019 more severe symptoms and have higher mortality rates when compared with Reston ebolavirus. Suids: African Ebola viruses cause fever and respiratory signs; Reston ebolavirus is apparently asymptomatic, potentially exacerbating other . Chiroptera: asymptomatic.

PATHOLOGY AND POST MORTEM FINDINGS NHP, African Ebola viruses: elevated LDH, thrombocytopenia; hemorrhages in skin, mucous membranes and internal organs; enlarged, congested and friable liver, spleen, lymphnodes, adrenal glands and some other organs. Reston ebolavirus in Macaca fascicularis (co- with simian hemorrhagic fever ): maculopapular rash, splenomegaly, petechial hemorrhages, interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolar/alveolar necrosis, adrenocortical necrosis, amphophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, fibrin deposition in splenic cords, lymphoid depletion in the splenic white pulp.

DIAGNOSIS Virology: antigen rapid-test, electron microscopy, PCR, culture, RNA/DNA extraction. Serology: ELISA, immunofluorescence, Western blots, serum neutralization, radioimmunoassay.

SAMPLES REQUIRED FOR LABORATORY ANALYSIS Blood, serum (paired serum samples necessary), tissues.

TREATMENT None. In humans: symptomatic treatment (IV fluids and electrolytes, oxygen, blood pressure treatment, secondary infection treatment), treatment trials (convalescent plasma, antivirals and others), human vaccines in clinical trials.

PREVENTION Extended quarantine: 60 to 90 days. If an outbreak is suspected, the recommendation is to quarantine suspicious animals and euthanise confirmed infected animals. A construct of Ebola/PI-3 viruses given aerogenously protected Macaca mulatta in experimental challenges with Ebola viruses.

CONTROL Use disinfectants for non-enveloped viruses. If not available use strong (0,5%) chlorine solution for surfaces, heating at 60°C for 60 minutes, or boiling for 5-20 minutes. Freezing does not inactivate filoviruses. Use full personal protective equipment and follow strict sanitary procedures at all times. All non-disinfectable material is to be discarded, and all waste to be treated as infectious waste.

LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS Infection with Ebola viruses in animals is notifiable to the competent authorities of each Member State under BALAI (Council Directive 92/65/EEC). International health regulations require immediate reporting of any acute hemorrhagic fever syndromes in humans to the World Health Organisation (WHO). ECDC classifies Ebola viruses as 4 : local authorities must be alerted when a human case is suspected, and testing by ENIVD or WHO reference laboratory follows.

RELEVANT DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES Search engine for national reference laboratories in the EU on the website of the EVD-LabNet: https://www.evd-labnet.eu/evd-labnet-directory-search

REFERENCES 1. Anon. 2002. More Ebola fever deaths in Africa. (From the UN integrated regional information networks). Lab. Primate Newsl. 41 (2): 25-26. 2. Anon. 2003. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - Congo. Lab. Primate Newsl. 42 (2): 16-17.

Ebola Viruses - Fact Sheet V10.01 European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019

3. Dalgard, D. W., et. al. 1992. Combined simian hemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus infection. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42. 152-157. 4. Elliot, C. H., et. al. 1993. Improved specificity of testing methods for filovirus antibodies. J. Virol. Methods 93: 85-100. 5. Formenty, P., et.al. 1999. Ebola virus outbreak among wild living in a rain forest of Côte d’Ivore. J. Infect. Dis. 179 (Suppl. 1): S 120 - S 126. 6. Geisbert, T. W., and P. B. Jahrling. 1990. Use of immunoelectron microscopy to show Ebola virus during the 1989 United States epizootic. J. Clin. Pathol. 43: 813 - 816. 7. Geisbert, T. W., P. B. Jahrling, M. A. Hanes, and P. M. Zack. 1992. Association of Ebola-related particles and antigen with tissue lesions of monkeys imported to the United States. J. Comp. Pathol. 106: 137-152. 8. Geisbert, T. W., J. B. Rhoderick, and P. B. Jahrling. 1991. Rapid identification of Ebola virus and related filoviruses in fluid specimens using indirect immunoelectron microscopy. J. Clin. Pathol. 44: 521 – 522. 9. Huggins, J. W. 1997. Filoviridae. In Richman, D. D., R. J. Whitley, and F. G. Hayden (eds). Clinical Virology. Churchill Livingston, New York. Pp 899 – 908. 10. Ikegami, T., et.al. 2002. Histopathology of natural Ebola virus subtype Reston infection in cynomolgus macaques during the Philippine outbreak in 1996. Exp. Anim. 51: 47-455. 11. Kalter, S. S., R. L. et. al. 1997. Viral infections of nonhuman primates. Lab. Anim. Sci. 47: 461-467. 12. Lenz, H, D., W. Slenczka und H. Feldmann. 1998. Infektionen durch - und Ebolaviren. Übersicht und Möglichkeiten der Labordiagnostik. Epidemiol. Bull. 45: 317 – 319. 13. Leroy, E. M., et. al. 2005. Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 438: 575 – 576. 14. Leroy, E. M., et. al. 2004. Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of Central African wildlife. Science 303: 33 – 34. 15. Leroy, E. M., et. al. 2004. A serological survey infection in central Africa of Ebola virus in nonhuman primates. J. Infect. Dis. 190: 1895 – 1899. 16. Maruyama, T., et. al. 1999. Ebola viruses can be effectively neutralized by antibody produced in natural human infections. J. Virol. 73: 6024 – 6030. 17. Miller, R. K., et al. 1990. Update: Ebola-related filovirus infection in nonhuman primates and interim guidelines for handling nonhuman primates during transit and quarantine. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 39 (2): 22 – 23. 18. Miranda, M. E., et. al. 1999. Epidemiology of Ebola (subtype Reston) virus in the Philippines, 1996. J. Infect. Dis. 179 (Suppl. 1): S 115 – S 119. 19. Morvan, J. M. et. al. 1999. Identification of Ebola virus sequences present as RNA or DNA in organs of terrestrial small mammals of the Central African Republic. Microbes Infect. 1: 1193 – 1201. 20. Palacios, G., et.al. 2006. Mass tag polymerase chain reaction for differential diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12: 692 – 695. 21. Peters, C. J., et. al. 1994. Filoviruses as emerging pathogens. Semin. Virol. 5: 147 – 154. 22. Rollin, P. E., and T. G. Ksiazek. 1998. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92: 1 – 2. 23. Rollin, P. E., et. al. 1990. Detection of Ebola-like viruses by immunofluorescence. Lancet 336: 1591. 24. Rollin, P. E. et al. 1999. Ebola (Subtype Reston) virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 179 (Suppl. 1): S 108 – S 114. 25. Roper, W. L. 1990. Filovirus infections in newly imported monkeys. Science 250: 492. 26. Wolfe, N. D., et. al. 1998. Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research. The missing link? Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4: 149 – 158. 27. Wyers, M., et.al. 1999. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of lesions associated with Ebola virus in an naturally infected . J. Infect. Dis. 179 (Suppl.1): S 54 – S 59. 28. CDC Ebola Virus Disease: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/index.html

Ebola Viruses - Fact Sheet V10.01 European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians - Transmissible Diseases Handbook 2019

29. WHO Ebola vaccines, therapies and diagnostics: http://www.who.int/medicines/emp_ebola_q_as/en/ 30. Ebolavirus and Infection, factsheet by Iowa State University 31. ECDC Factsheet Ebola and Marburg Viruses: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/ebola-and-marburg- fevers/facts/factsheet

Ebola Viruses - Fact Sheet V10.01