Filovirus (FV)

Summary Filovirus is transmitted to Summaryhumans or monkeys through wild animals and by direct contact Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, of infected bodily fluids from consectetur adipiscing elit, sed human to human. Hemorrhagic do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut fever, organ failure and internal/ labore et dolore magna aliqua. external bleeding are the clinical Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis signs in humans and nonhuman nostrud exercitation ullamco primates. The most common laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea method for screening for filovirus commodo consequat. in nonhuman primate colonies is by MFIA or ELISA using serum for detection of infected antibodies. RESEARCH MODELS AND SERVICES

Filovirus (FV)

Classification when two outbreaks of Ebola occurred in northern Zaire Single-stranded, negative-sense RNA, enveloped and southern Sudan. Five species of Ebolavirus have been identified to date: Zaire, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Taï Forest Family (formerly Ivory Coast), and Reston, Virginia, USA. In 1989, Filoviridae filovirus was introduced into a NHP colony in Reston from Affected Species animals originating from the Philippines. Ebola-Reston is the only known filovirus that does not cause severe disease in Nonhuman primates (NHPs) (chimpanzee, monkey, humans; however, it can still be fatal in monkeys. macaque, orangutan, and baboon) and humans The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and Frequency spreads in the human population through human-to- The risk of NHPs in commercial primate colonies becoming human transmission. The exact transmission mode from infected with filovirus is extremely low. However, filoviruses the natural virus reservoir to a host (nonhuman primate) are zoonotic and transmissible to humans from infected is unknown. However, animal-to-person and person-to- NHPs, and therefore require routine screening during person transmission occurs via direct contact of infected quarantine while importing animals. bodily fluids or contaminated materials. Two laboratory Transmission experiments have demonstrated the viruses have limited Members of the filovirus family are Marburgvirus and infectivity through small-particle aerosols. Airborne spread Ebolavirus, named after their sites of outbreak. The first among humans has not been clearly demonstrated. filovirus outbreak with Marburgvirus occurred in 1967 in Germany and Yugoslavia, when laboratory technicians handling tissues from African green monkeys developed hemorrhagic fever. Ebolavirus was first identified in 1976

EVERY STEP OF THE WAY www.criver.com Clinical Signs References Filovirus can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in both https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/filoviridae.html humans and nonhuman primates. The time frame from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ infection to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Initial Serologic Cross-Reactivity of Human IgM and IgG symptoms in humans are sudden onset of fever, fatigue, Antibodies to Five Species of Ebola Virus, Adam MacNeil, muscle pain, headache, and sore throat. This is followed by Zachary Reed, Pierre E. Rollin, Viral Special Pathogens vomiting, diarrhea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and Branch, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. bleeding. Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA, Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Dalgard DW, Diagnosis Johnson ED, Ksiazek TG, Hall WC, Peters CJ, Lancet. Filovirus causes an acute, serious illness which is often 1990 Mar 3;335(8688):502-5. fatal in both humans and NHPs. The historic mortality rate Ebola virus disease and the veterinary perspective, in human ranges from 25% to 90%. There is currently Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. Semra Gumusova, no licensed vaccine for filovirus, although several are in Mustafa Sunbul, and Hakan Leblebicioglu, PMCID: development due to recent human outbreaks in Africa in PMC4450609, 2015; 14: 30, Published online year 2015-16. Multiple assays are used to confirm filovirus 2015 May 28. doi: 10.1186/s12941-015-0089-x. infections: antibody or antigen capture ELISA, serum neutralization, RT-PCR, EM, and in vitro virus isolation. Early medical intervention is critical in improving chances of survival. Test results should be scrutinized, taking into consideration filovirus disease prevalence in the local general population. Interference with Research

Due to the high mortality rate of filovirus-infected animals, its interference with NHP studies is not a factor.

Prevention and Treatment In the event of an outbreak, infected NHPs and humans should be isolated, and follow the viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions initiated per CDC guidelines.