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The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: a Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats
viruses Article The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: A Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats Clifton D. McKee 1,* , Ausraful Islam 2 , Stephen P. Luby 3, Henrik Salje 4, Peter J. Hudson 5, Raina K. Plowright 6 and Emily S. Gurley 1 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; [email protected] 2 Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; [email protected] 3 Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Genetics, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; [email protected] 5 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Nipah virus is a bat-borne paramyxovirus that produces yearly outbreaks of fatal en- cephalitis in Bangladesh. Understanding the ecological conditions that lead to spillover from bats to humans can assist in designing effective interventions. To investigate the current and historical processes that drive Nipah spillover in Bangladesh, we analyzed the relationship among spillover events and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution and size of Pteropus medius roosts, and patterns of land-use change in Bangladesh over the last 300 years. We found that 53% of annual variation Citation: McKee, C.D.; Islam, A.; in winter spillovers is explained by winter temperature, which may affect bat behavior, physiology, Luby, S.P.; Salje, H.; Hudson, P.J.; Plowright, R.K.; Gurley, E.S. -
2020 Taxonomic Update for Phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), Including the Large Orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales
Archives of Virology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04731-2 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales Jens H. Kuhn1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Gaya K. Amarasinghe5 · Simon J. Anthony6,7 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc8 · María A. Ayllón9,10 · Justin Bahl11 · Anne Balkema‑Buschmann12 · Matthew J. Ballinger13 · Tomáš Bartonička14 · Christopher Basler15 · Sina Bavari16 · Martin Beer17 · Dennis A. Bente18 · Éric Bergeron19 · Brian H. Bird20 · Carol Blair21 · Kim R. Blasdell22 · Steven B. Bradfute23 · Rachel Breyta24 · Thomas Briese25 · Paul A. Brown26 · Ursula J. Buchholz27 · Michael J. Buchmeier28 · Alexander Bukreyev18,29 · Felicity Burt30 · Nihal Buzkan31 · Charles H. Calisher32 · Mengji Cao33,34 · Inmaculada Casas35 · John Chamberlain36 · Kartik Chandran37 · Rémi N. Charrel38 · Biao Chen39 · Michela Chiumenti40 · Il‑Ryong Choi41 · J. Christopher S. Clegg42 · Ian Crozier43 · John V. da Graça44 · Elena Dal Bó45 · Alberto M. R. Dávila46 · Juan Carlos de la Torre47 · Xavier de Lamballerie38 · Rik L. de Swart48 · Patrick L. Di Bello49 · Nicholas Di Paola50 · Francesco Di Serio40 · Ralf G. Dietzgen51 · Michele Digiaro52 · Valerian V. Dolja53 · Olga Dolnik54 · Michael A. Drebot55 · Jan Felix Drexler56 · Ralf Dürrwald57 · Lucie Dufkova58 · William G. Dundon59 · W. Paul Duprex60 · John M. Dye50 · Andrew J. Easton61 · Hideki Ebihara62 · Toufc Elbeaino63 · Koray Ergünay64 · Jorlan Fernandes195 · Anthony R. Fooks65 · Pierre B. H. Formenty66 · Leonie F. Forth17 · Ron A. M. Fouchier48 · Juliana Freitas‑Astúa67 · Selma Gago‑Zachert68,69 · George Fú Gāo70 · María Laura García71 · Adolfo García‑Sastre72 · Aura R. Garrison50 · Aiah Gbakima73 · Tracey Goldstein74 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez75,76 · Anthony Grifths77 · Martin H. Groschup12 · Stephan Günther78 · Alexandro Guterres195 · Roy A. -
Molecular Detection of a Novel Paramyxovirus in Fruit Bats from Indonesia
Sasaki et al. Virology Journal 2012, 9:240 http://www.virologyj.com/content/9/1/240 RESEARCH Open Access Molecular detection of a novel paramyxovirus in fruit bats from Indonesia Michihito Sasaki1†, Agus Setiyono3†, Ekowati Handharyani3†, Ibenu Rahmadani4, Siswatiana Taha5, Sri Adiani6, Mawar Subangkit3, Hirofumi Sawa1, Ichiro Nakamura2 and Takashi Kimura1* Abstract Background: Fruit bats are known to harbor zoonotic paramyxoviruses including Nipah, Hendra, and Menangle viruses. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of paramyxovirus RNA in fruit bats from Indonesia. Methods: RNA samples were obtained from the spleens of 110 fruit bats collected from four locations in Indonesia. All samples were screened by semi-nested broad spectrum reverse transcription PCR targeting the paramyxovirus polymerase (L) genes. Results: Semi-nested reverse transcription PCR detected five previously unidentified paramyxoviruses from six fruit bats. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these virus sequences were related to henipavirus or rubulavirus. Conclusions: This study indicates the presence of novel paramyxoviruses among fruit bat populations in Indonesia. Background indicate the presence of henipavirus or henipa-like The genus Henipavirus in the subfamily Paramyxoviri- viruses in Indonesian fruit bats, suggesting the need for nae, family Paramyxoviridae, contains two highly patho- further epidemiological investigations. genic viruses, i.e., Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Hendra Menangle virus, belonging to the genus Rubulavirus of virus causes fatal pneumonia and encephalitis in horses the Paramyxoviridae family, has been identified in ptero- and humans. The first case was identified in 1994 and pus bats from Australia [14]. Menangle virus is a zoo- Hendra virus disease still continues to arise sporadically notic paramyxovirus that causes febrile illness with rash in Australia [1,2]. -
Rift Valley Fever Virus Nipah Virus
Rift Valley fever virus Nipah virus (henipaviruses) Zoonotic viruses cross inter-species barrier Hana Weingartl Adjunct professor, Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Head, Special Pathogens Unit National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease Canadian Food Inspection Agency Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health It is not in virus interest to kill the host /cell Zoonotic viruses often cause diseases with high fatality rate in humans with short clinical phase - survival of a human host is irrelevant Productive infections of multiple species, and successful intra- and inter- (optional) species transmission without a requirement for adaptation in a “new” host Interspecies barriers geographical, ecological (Wallace’s line) - Entry into the host cell: attachment to the host cell = interaction with a specific host cell receptor ability to enter the host cell to deliver the genetic information - Replication within the host cell: interaction with cell factors (molecules) in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm virus needs to gain (partial) control over specific cell functions, such as metabolism and replication to produce progeny host defence mechanisms Reservoir host Amplifying host Enzootic x Epizootic Sporadic x Endemic x Epidemic x Pandemic Dead-end host Goals of (zoonotic) viruses 1. Find/encounter a new host 2. Enter the cell by a pathway that ensures replication 3. Produce mRNA, replicate the genome, generate virus proteins, evade host defences – stage I 4. Assemble progeny virus, leave the cell 5. Evade host defences – stage -
Zika Virus Infection
ZIKA VIRUS UPDATE 2016 LARRY M. BUSH, MD, FACP Affiliated Professor of Clinical Biomedical Sciences Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University Affiliate Associate Professor of Medicine University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine / Palm Beach County NEWLY IDENTIFIED INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PATHOGENS (2) Year Disease or Pathogen 2012 MERS-CoV 2009 H1N1 2004 Avian influenza (human cases) 2003 SARS 1999 Nipah virus 1997 H5N1 (avian influenza A virus) 1996 New variant Creutzfelt-Jacob disease; Australian bat lyssavirus 1995 Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma virus) 1994 Savia virus; Hendra virus Source: Workshop presentation by David Heymann, World Health Organization, 1999 NEWLY IDENTIFIED INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PATHOGENS (2) Year Disease or Pathogen 2012 MERS-CoV 2009 H1N1 2004 Avian influenza (human cases) 2003 SARS 1999 Nipah virus 1997 H5N1 (avian influenza A virus) 1996 New variant Creutzfelt-Jacob disease; Australian bat lyssavirus 1995 Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma virus) 1994 Savia virus; Hendra virus Source: Workshop presentation by David Heymann, World Health Organization, 1999 Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases • Emerging infectious diseases: Infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population. • Global : • Regional: • Re-emerging Diseases: Diseases’ incidence in human has increased during the last 20 years or threatens to increase in the near future. • Global: • Regional: GLOBAL EXAMPLES OF EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AS Fauci Factors responsible for emerging -
Nipah Virus (Niv)
Nipah Virus (NiV) Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus. NiV was initially isolated and identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers and people with close contact with pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. Its name originated from Sungai Nipah, a village in the Malaysian Peninsula where pig farmers became ill with encephalitis. Given the relatedness of NiV to Hendra virus, bat species were quickly singled out for investigation and flying foxes of the genus Pteropus were subsequently identified as the reservoir for NiV (Distribution Map). In the 1999 outbreak, Nipah virus caused a relatively mild disease in pigs, but nearly 300 human cases with over 100 deaths were reported. In order to stop the outbreak, more than a million pigs were euthanized, causing tremendous trade loss for Malaysia. Since this outbreak, no subsequent cases (in neither swine nor human) have been reported in either Malaysia or Singapore. In 2001, NiV was again identified as the causative agent in an outbreak of human disease occurring in Bangladesh. Genetic sequencing confirmed this virus as Nipah virus, but a strain different from the one identified in 1999. In the same year, another outbreak was identified retrospectively in Siliguri, India with reports of person-to-person transmission in hospital settings (nosocomial transmission). Unlike the Malaysian NiV outbreak, outbreaks occur almost annually in Bangladesh and have been reported several times in India. Transmission Transmission of Nipah virus to humans may occur after direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs, or from other NiV infected people. -
To Ebola Reston
WHO/HSE/EPR/2009.2 WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans Geneva, Switzerland 1 April 2009 EPIDEMIC AND PANDEMIC ALERT AND RESPONSE WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans Geneva, Switzerland 1 April 2009 © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distin- guished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the policies of the World Health Organization. -
A Look Into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins
viruses Review A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins Shanna S. Leventhal, Drew Wilson, Heinz Feldmann and David W. Hawman * Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; [email protected] (S.S.L.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (H.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-406-802-6120 Abstract: In 2016, the Bunyavirales order was established by the International Committee on Taxon- omy of Viruses (ICTV) to incorporate the increasing number of related viruses across 13 viral families. While diverse, four of the families (Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Phenuiviridae) contain known human pathogens and share a similar tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomic organization. In addition to the nucleoprotein and envelope glycoproteins encoded by the small and medium segments, respectively, many of the viruses in these families also encode for non-structural (NS) NSs and NSm proteins. The NSs of Phenuiviridae is the most extensively studied as a host interferon antagonist, functioning through a variety of mechanisms seen throughout the other three families. In addition, functions impacting cellular apoptosis, chromatin organization, and transcrip- tional activities, to name a few, are possessed by NSs across the families. Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Phenuiviridae also encode an NSm, although less extensively studied than NSs, that has roles in antagonizing immune responses, promoting viral assembly and infectivity, and even maintenance of infection in host mosquito vectors. Overall, the similar and divergent roles of NS proteins of these Citation: Leventhal, S.S.; Wilson, D.; human pathogenic Bunyavirales are of particular interest in understanding disease progression, viral Feldmann, H.; Hawman, D.W. -
Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture
BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT published: 04 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.561502 Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan 1, Michael K. Lo 1, Payel Chatterjee 1, Mike Flint 1, Stuart T. Nichol 1, Joel M. Montgomery 1, Barry R. O’Keefe 2,3 and Christina F. Spiropoulou 1* 1 Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, 2 Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States, 3 Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), highly pathogenic hantaviruses, cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Currently no therapeutics are approved for use against these infections. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a high-mannose oligosaccharide-binding lectin currently being evaluated in phase I clinical trials as a topical microbicide for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04032717, NCT02875119) and has shown Edited by: broad-spectrum in vivo activity against other viruses, including severe acute respiratory Alemka Markotic, syndrome coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Nipah virus. University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic,” Croatia In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric Reviewed by: tandemer 3mGRFT against ANDV and SNV. Our results demonstrate that GRFT is a Zhilong Yang, potent inhibitor of ANDV infection. GRFT inhibited entry of pseudo-particles typed with Kansas State University, United States ANDV envelope glycoprotein into host cells, suggesting that it inhibits viral envelope Gill Diamond, University of Louisville, United States protein function during entry. -
And Filoviruses Asit K
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Veterinary and Biomedical Science Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Department of 2016 Overview of Rhabdo- and Filoviruses Asit K. Pattnaik University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Michael A. Whitt University of Tennessee Health Science Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vetscipapers Part of the Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons, Cell and Developmental Biology Commons, Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons, Medical Sciences Commons, Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology Commons, and the Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology Commons Pattnaik, Asit K. and Whitt, Michael A., "Overview of Rhabdo- and Filoviruses" (2016). Papers in Veterinary and Biomedical Science. 229. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vetscipapers/229 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Veterinary and Biomedical Science by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Biology and Pathogenesis of Rhabdo- and Filoviruses (2016), edited by Asit K Pattnaik and Michael A Whitt. Copyright © 2016 World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. Used by permission. digitalcommons.unl.edu CHAPTER 1 Overview of Rhabdo- and Filoviruses Asit K. Pattnaik1 and Michael A. Whitt2 1 School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 The authors contributed equally to this work. Emails: [email protected] ; [email protected] Summary Enveloped viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded monopartite RNA genome have been classified into the orderMononegavirales . -
Virus Pathogen Resource (Vipr) March 2019 New Features in Vipr
Virus Pathogen Resource (ViPR) March 2019 New Features in ViPR New Genome Annotation Tool New RNA Structure Data VIGOR4, a new genome annotation tool is In collaboration with the NIAID-funded Loading Virus Pathogen Database and AnalysisAbout Resource Us Community (ViPR)... Announcements Links Resources Support now available on the Zika virus portal. VIGOR4 Orfeome project, we have released new RNA News & Events (Viral Genome ORF Reader) is developed by structure data for MERS-CoV on the ViPR • June 9-13, 2019: Positive Strand J. Craig Venter Institute. VIGOR 4 predicts site. This new dataset is generated as part RNA Viruses, Killarney, Ireland. Oral protein sequences encoded in a viral of the effort to identify, characterize and presentation. genomes by sequences similarity searching then determine the role of uncharacterized against curated viral protein databases. viral genesSearch that may function to auto- Analyze• July 21-25, 2019: Annual Conference Save to Workbench regulate virus replication efficiency and host In the next few releases, we will enhance the Search our comprehensive database for: Analyzeon Intelligent data online: Systems for Molecular Use your workbench to: responses. The structure data is predicted Biology, Basel, Switzerland. current VIGOR4 implementation and make it Sequences & strains Sequence Alignment Store and share data available for other virus familes. using SHAPE chemical reactivity data (PMID: 22475022Immune). epitopes • AugustPhylogenetic 4-9, T2019:ree 24th International Combine working sets 3D protein -
Understanding Ebola
Understanding Ebola With the arrival of Ebola in the United States, it's very easy to develop fears that the outbreak that has occurred in Africa will suddenly take shape in your state and local community. It's important to remember that unless you come in direct contact with someone who is infected with the disease, you and your family will remain safe. State and government agencies have been making preparations to address isolated cases of infection and stop the spread of the disease as soon as it has been positively identified. Every day, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is monitoring developments, testing for suspected cases and safeguarding our lives with updates on events and the distribution of educational resources. Learning more about Ebola and understanding how it's contracted and spread will help you put aside irrational concerns and control any fears you might have about Ebola severely impacting your life. Use the resources below to help keep yourself calm and focused during this unfortunate time. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is one of numerous Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. It is a severe, often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). Ebola HF is caused by infection with a virus of the family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus. When infection occurs, symptoms usually begin abruptly. The first Ebolavirus species was discovered in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo near the Ebola River. Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically. There are five identified subspecies of Ebolavirus.