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Paperboard As a Substrate for Biocompatible Slippery Liquid

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Paperboard As a Substrate for Biocompatible Slippery Liquid Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 2020; 35(3): 479–489 Nanotechnology Mariia Mikriukova*, Johanna Lahti, Janne Haapanen, Jyrki M. Mäkelä and Jurkka Kuusipalo Paperboard as a substrate for biocompatible slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0102 Received December 12, 2019; accepted August 2, 2020; previously Introduction published online August 25, 2020 Recently, much attention has been paid to functional ma- Abstract: Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces or SLIPS terials. Nowadays the material should have not one, but were frst introduced in 2011 by Wong et al. who reported several functions in order to meet modern needs. For the a bioinspired self-repairing surface with remarkable slip- packaging materials, for example, the main function is pery properties. Generally, production of these surfaces in- preservation of the product and possibility of easy trans- cludes fossil-based or expensive materials and processes portation. Thus, the strength and barrier properties of the that are available mainly in laboratory scale. In this study, material are positioned in priority. However, progress does slippery surfaces with sliding angles of less than 10° are not stand still and some new functions are added to the obtained using fbre-based material – paperboard – that is standard ones, e. g., the functions of “intellectual” pack- commercially available in large-scale and also cheap com- aging, which can signal the quality of the product. Spe- pared to substrates generally used in this feld. The hier- cial attention is also paid to such properties as hydropho- archical nanostructure that is a necessary condition for bicity/oleophobicity of the material. Along with superhy- appropriate droplet mobility was obtained by the liquid drophobic materials (contact angle exceeds 150°), slip- fame spray method. This method is fast, scalable, has a pery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) that possess variety of optimization parameters and can be utilized in self-cleaning properties are actively studied (Wong et al. roll-to-roll technology that is traditional in paper industry. In this work, paperboard serves not only as a substrate, but 2011). This remarkable property can work, e. g., inside the also as a reservoir for the lubricant, thus it is important to package, providing a more efcient or complete removal evaluate the afnity of the material for the oils and esti- of the product (Mukherjee et al. 2018). In case of slippery mate the capillary movement. Therefore, Cobb and Klemm lubricant-infused surfaces, a drop of liquid does not stick methods were used when choosing a paperboard material. to the object, but is sliding on the surface even at a slight In addition to synthetic oils, rapeseed oil was also utilized inclination, removing contaminations (Lafuma and Quéré as a lubricant, which potentially leads to eco-friendly and 2011, Wooh and Butt 2017). Thus, such surfaces can re- recyclable slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces. duce product waste and contribute to optimal material re- cycling. Keywords: capillary movement; liquid fame spray; lu- Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces are known to bricant imbibition; paperboard; slippery liquid-infused be bioinspired self-repairing system with unique prop- porous surfaces. erties, such as water repellence, dropwise condensation (Anand et al. 2012, Rykaczewski et al. 2014), repellency to ice and frost (Kim et al. 2012, Chen et al. 2013, Wilson et al. 2013, Manabe et al. 2014, Qiu et al. 2014, Juuti et al. 2017), *Corresponding author: Mariia Mikriukova, Tampere University, inhibition of corrosion (Qiu et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2015, Paper Converting and Packaging Technology, Faculty of Engineering Yang et al. 2015) and biofouling (Epstein et al. 2012, Wang and Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 589, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland, et al. 2015, Manna et al. 2016). SLIPS can be described as e-mail: [email protected] Johanna Lahti, Jurkka Kuusipalo, Tampere University, Paper solid-liquid systems, consisting of a nanotextured sub- Converting and Packaging Technology, Faculty of Engineering and strate and a lubricant distributed in its structure. Lubri- Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 589, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland, e-mails: cants generally include ionic liquids (Anand et al. 2012), [email protected], [email protected] vegetable or synthetic oils, such as silicone oil, perfuori- Janne Haapanen, Jyrki M. Mäkelä, Tampere University, Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014, nated oil, cottonseed (Mukherjee et al. 2018) olive or co- Tampere, Finland, e-mails: [email protected], conut oils (Manna and Lynn 2015). A variety of materials [email protected] can be utilized as a substrate, including polymer mem- Open Access. © 2020 Mikriukova et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 480 | M. Mikriukova et al.: Paperboard as a substrate for biocompatible slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces branes, silicon flms, fabrics (Shillingford et al. 2014), met- et al. 2017, Niemelä-Anttonen et al. 2018). However, paper als (Kim et al. 2012, Wilson et al. 2013, Wang et al. 2015) and paperboard, being a porous medium, are promising and even paper (Glavan et al. 2014). The most important materials for slippery surfaces. Paper provides a number of component of the SLIPS concept is a nanostructure on sur- functional properties; it is textured, bio-based, easy to tai- face of the substrate. A hierarchical structure is fabricated lor, commercially available, suitable for roll-to-roll manu- on the substrate, providing key functions of SLIPS (Wong facturing and for surface treatment. In addition, the use et al. 2011, Kim et al. 2013). This feature is responsible for of paper or paperboard as a substrate potentially makes special wetting properties, and it allows retaining a suf- it possible to solve a problem that is important for SLIPS cient amount of lubricant. Lubricant should have a chem- system – depletion of lubricant. When the layer of lubri- ical afnity to the substrate and form a continuous flm on cant is depleted on the surface, additional portions can the top of nanostructure. come from the substrate media, which acts as a feeding Recent papers describe a variety of techniques for im- layer due to the capillary phenomena. Thus, the aim of parting the required nanostructure to the surface, includ- this study is choosing optimal paper material, which will ing growing of nanoflaments (Artus et al. 2006), lithogra- have poor afnity to water, but will have appropriate oil phy (Pokroy et al. 2009) or anodization (Wang et al. 2015). capacity to serve as a lubricant reservoir. Selected grade is These techniques enable fabricating the SLIPS with ex- processed with TiO2/SiO2 nanoparticle coating to achieve cellent characteristics, such as hydrophobicity and high hierarchical structure on the surface. Obtained system is mobility of water droplets on the surface. Nevertheless, impregnated with lubricant to create SLIPS. In fact, utiliz- most of these methods include technologically compli- ing not only synthetic, but also vegetable oils, it was possi- cated procedures that are incompatible with roll-to-roll ble to fabricate SLIPS, which are completely based on eco- production. As known, roll-to-roll processes are consid- friendly materials. Finally, slippery behaviour of produced ered an essential part of the paper and packaging indus- structures is studied, determining sliding angles and hys- try. Therefore, this study deals with a liquid fame spray teresis. (LFS) technique, which is compatible with roll-to-roll pro- duction (Teisala et al. 2010, Stepien et al. 2011), imparting functional properties to the surface, achieving the hierar- chical structure necessary for SLIPS (Teisala et al. 2013a). Materials and methods Depending on the future function of the coating, vari- ous chemical substances can be deposited in liquid fame Materials spraying method; silver oxide, for example, provides an- tibacterial properties to the surface (Brobbey et al. 2017), The following commercially available paperboard materi- and silicon oxide provides hydrophilic properties (Aromaa als were investigated in this research (Figure 1): et al. 2012b). Ensocoat by Stora Enso, a coated solid bleached sul- The main advantages of LFS coatings include self- fate (SBS), with a three-layer fbre structure of chemical healing properties (Teisala et al. 2013b), high line speed in pulp, a double-pigment coating on the top and one layer roll-to-roll process (Teisala et al. 2010, Mäkelä et al. 2011, coating on the reverse side (dark surface layers on Fig- Haapanen et al. 2019), relatively low cost (Haapanen et al. ure 1). Grammage is 275 g/m². 2019) and a variety of optimization parameters (Mäkelä MetsäBoard Classic FBB, a double blade coated fold- et al. 2011). On the other hand, due to relatively high tem- ing boxboard (FBB), hard sized, with three-layer fbre peratures of the deposition, the use of LFS for heat sensi- structure of bleached chemical and bleached mechanical tive materials can be challenging. pulp. Grammage is 250 g/m². This study describes binary TiO /SiO coating ob- 2 2 Cupforma Natura by Stora Enso, a bleached cup board tained by combining titanium and silicon containing pre- (BCB) with multilayer construction of bleached sulphate cursor. LFS coating of TiO2 provides superhydrophobic pulp, while the middle layer contains chemi-thermome- properties for paper substrate (Teisala et al. 2010, Stepien chanical pulp. Grammage is 260 g/m². et al. 2011). At low concentrations, silica does not switch the wettability (Haapanen et al. 2015), but it positively af- Distilled water was used for Cobb and Klemm tests, fects the durability of structure and its wear resistance and pure Milli-q water – for contact angle measurements. (Stepien et al. 2013a). Silicone oils (PDMS) of diferent viscosities were pur- Most studies deal with flms and membranes as a sub- chased from Sigma-Aldrich. Commercial cooking rapeseed strate for SLIPS (Wong et al.
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