NOVEMBER 1991 JOURNAL

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Phone (202) 872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington AFSA VIEWS Strunk and White on EEO AFSA was asked by one of its members to define its position on several affirmative action issues. Affirmative action was discussed in our last two AMERICAN FOREIGN editorials and was the subject of a specialJournal issue in October. But the query SERVICE ASSOCIATION we received helped us to clarify our own position. We want to share the Governing Board President: HUME A. HORAN questions and our response with our members; we would welcome management’s State Vice President: WILLIAM A. KIRBY replies to the same questions. The somewhat abridged text of our reply follows: AID Vice President. PRISCILLA DEL BOSQUE US1A Vice President: BERNARD HENSGEN The questions about affirmative action that you put to AFSA are the sort of Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ questions that many Foreign Service people are asking themselves today. Such Secretary: TERESA CHIN JONES Treasurer: JOSEPH HUGGINS questions are part of a national debate on affirmative action, and they deserve State Representatives: CATHERINE BARRY PURNELL DELLY a clear answer. When an institution cannot clearly state its personnel policies, HARRY GALLAGHER others will rightly suspect that it feels defensive or is tiying to hide something. ROBERT PERRY BARBARA REIOUX So let AFSA try its hand at being clear and frank. AID Representatives: MICHAEL S. ZAK You ask: “Should scores on entrance examinations be altered for any group, WILLIAM McKINNEY USIA Representative: LAUREN HALE based on the race, sex, or ethnic origin of its members in order to increase the Agriculture Representative: TOM HAMBY proportions of that group within the Foreign Service?” Retired Representatives: PATRICIA BYRNE My views on this issue are expressed in the editorial column of October’s DANIEL NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND Foreign ServiceJournal. In the editorial I note some of the failings of our present DAVID SCHNEIDER examination system as it affects minorities. I call on management to work harder Staff Executive Director: SABINE SISK and more effectively to attract minority candidates who will be fully competitive Business Department in this, the most competitive of die federal services. I completely reject the Controller. CATHY FREGELETTE Administrative Manager:SANDRA KARLOWA notion of any necessary conflict in Foreign Service recruiting between repre¬ Executive Assistant: STACEY M. CUMMINGS sentativeness and quality. We Americans deserve a Foreign Service that is Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL legal Services excellent and representative, and it is management’s job to see that we get it. General Counsel: TURN A R. LEWIS AFSA approves—indeed strongly advocates—a more representative gender, Legal Assistant: MARK W. SMITH Law Clerk: EDWIN GANIA racial, and ethnic balance in the service. It does not advocate, however, Member Services Director: CATHERINE SCHMITZ statistical and computing devices as substitutes for more management elbow Representatives: DEBORAH M. LEAHY grease. WARREN TRYON Membership Director: JANET L. HEDRICK You also ask: “Should any group of FSOs be allocated a certain number of Professional Issues. RICHARD S. THOMPSON promotions on the basis of their race, sex, or ethnic origin?” Congressional Liaison. ROBERT M. BEERS Of course not. This question, however, is moot because promotions must not RICK WEISS Director of Scholars!? ips be, are not and have never been allocated on gender, ethnic, or racial lines. and Development: GAIL VOLK The promotion panel system makes it virtually impossible for management to Outreach Department put a racial or gender “spin” on the recommendations of the promotion panels. Program Coordinator: JULIE SMITHLINE Ask your many colleagues who have served on promotion panels. I’d expect The American Foreign Service Association, founded them to say that the process is cumbersome, sometimes inexact, but that it in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official representative of all Foreign selects for merit in ways that are fair, legitimate, and free of bias. If you haven’t Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Development under the terms yet served on a promotion panel, you should volunteer. of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired Finally, you ask, “Should any group of FSOs be allocated a certain number membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ of positions on the basis of their race, sex, or ethnic origins?” To this we’d reply ate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual that such “allocations”, to our knowledge, have occurred only with regard to: dues: Active Members—$80-165: Retired Members— a) the women’s class action suit and the subsequent decision of the federal $45-55; Associate Members—$45. All AFSA members are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: Appeals Court: the department contested the class action suit at the AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business District Court level, but did not contest the decision of the Appeals Court; expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations are deductible as charitable and contributions. b) what we understand to be an assumption that each bureau have at least AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street NW. Washington. D.C. 20037. Executive offices, mem¬ one woman at the deputy assistant secretary of State level. bership, professional issues, scholarship programs, Concerning (a), AFSA, like management, necessarily accepts the decision of insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ the court. Concerning (b), it appears natural to us, with women numbering sel. labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 647-8160. . FAX: (202) 338-6820 • almost a third of the Foreign Service, and several bureaus having as many as five Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730. (Continued on page 53) 2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 FOREIGN SERVICE NOVEMBER 1991 JOURNAL VOL. 68, NO. 11

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALLISON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE HUME HORAN FRANK McNEIL JOE B. JOHNSON BENJAMIN LOWE PHYLLIS OAKLEY Unholy Alliance 24 HANS N. TLICH

“The Independent Voice of the FEATURES Foreign Service” Speaking Out: The Ivy Curtain 14 Editor ANNE STEVENSON-YANG DALE HERSPRING Associate Editor NANCY A. JOHNSON The Dean’s List: A Foreign Ambassador Views the States 20 Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager WILHELM WACHTMEISTER JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Editorial Assistant DEREK TERRELL Design FOCUS: DRUG WARS MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS

FORFIGN SKRVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279). 2101 E Unholy Alliance: Countering Narcotics with Military Aid 24 Street, N.W.. Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is TINA ROSENBERG published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions Operation Islamabad 28 of the writers and does not necessarily represent JOSEPH LIMPRECHT the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9.50 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada ) - $50 per year. Airmail not available. The Problem for Intellectual Property 31 Second-class postage paid at Washington. D.C. ROBERT EVENS0N anti at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FORKIC.N SKHVICK JOURNAL, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Books 36 Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October Betsy L. Anderson on the consular past; John D. Stempel on 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries intelligence in a multipolar world; Anne Stevenson-Yang on a new invited. The appearance of advertisements herein Foreign Service novel; Thomas McNamara on the media and foreign does not imply the endorsement of the services or policy. gtxxls offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. Diplomats in History: Under Siege in Lima 45 American Foreign Service Association 1991

DffARTMENTS Cover: AFSA Views 2 AFSA News 46 Letters 4 Marketplace 54 OPIUM POPPIES Clippings 8 Real Estate 57 Photo by 50 Years Ago 10 Classifieds 59 Alan Sussman/The Image Works Despatch 12

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 LEGAL OBJECTION Is not something missing from this From this does not follow, though, the account? How can the legislatedhuman assumption that our diplomatic efforts To THE EDITOR: rights reporting requirement be ex¬ will be better off the more ethnic The State Department’s annual re¬ plained without mentioning the role port on human rights featured promi¬ groups are represented in the Foreign played in 1975 by Representative Tom nently in the Journal’s September is¬ Service. Harkin (D-IA), then a freshman con¬ sue. Yet the only explanation of how I believe that I, as an American gressman, and in 1976 by Senator citizen, do not represent my ethnic this requirement came about appeared Hubert Humphrey (D-MN), in drafting group—which after so many genera¬ in an abridged interview with Michael the legislation? Intentionally or other¬ tions in the United States is really just Novak. According to Novak’s account: wise, the Journal chose well in enti¬ In early 1977, Senator “Scoop” Jackson generic American. I represent my coun¬ tling Novak’s interview, “Ideological try. Nor do I believe window dressing (D-WA) prodded President Carter into Warrior.” the Foreign Service—no matter the rep¬ giving some speeches, Carter named Greg Thielmann Patt Derian assistant secretary for hu¬ resentativeness of the manikins—en¬ Foreign Service Officer man rights, and “after some resistance hances the Foreign Service’s ability to Washington, D.C. and confusion in the Department of further our national interests and to strengthen our national security. State, it went forward.” Then President To THE EDITOR: Our ability to further our country’s Reagan . . . appointed a group who Ambassador Horan states correctly swiftly went from talking about Human interests is enhanced only by assuring that we have the “first multi-ethnic, the service has the mix of training and Rights to encouraging institutions that democratic state of continental pro¬ talent required to do the jobs involved. would secure human rights. portions” [“Views,” SeptemberJournal|. Paul L. Good Foreign Service Officer Pretoria

ON To THE EDITOR: The July Foreign Service Journal BALANCE quotes Newsweek about the security WE restrictions placed on our staff at the ARE embassy in Moscow. It is shocking to THE realize that personnel serving in such RIGHT a critical post, at a time of momentous PROPERTY change, were prevented from doing MANAGEMENT their jobs. Security precautions are TEAM important, but it is tragic when they are TO permitted to prevent our diplomats WATCH from communicating with the widest OVER possible circle of Soviet citizens. YOUR Shocking, yes, but hardly surpris¬ ing. This is just one more example of HOME J.P. the security “tail” wagging the Depart¬ Wfe ment of State “dog.” Before retiring I encountered other examples of Office PROPERTIES CARE! of Diplomatic Security (DS) strictures that interfered with my mission. I remember well DS roadblocks to 301 Maple Ave West • Dogwood Building • Suite G * Vienna, VA 22180 efforts to find new quarters for our (703) 938-0909 -FAX 281-9782 Consulate General in Montreal. I was anxious to move our staff from one Residential Real Estate Sales—Management real danger—vulnerability to attack by car bomb that could be parked only

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WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES FORD MOTOR COMPANY ADDRESS P.O. Box 600 CITY . STATE. 28801 Wixom Rd. COUNTRY ZIP- Wixom, MI 48393-0600 PHONE NO. L Tel: (800) 338-5759 Fax: (313) 344-6397 FAX/TELEX NO. feet from our ground-floor windows. LOYALTY to support McLeod, and was not at all But to move from that clear and present To THE EDITOR: interested in Thomas’ suggestion that danger, we endured seemingly endless I would like to add my personal McLeod be reversed. So Thomas went delays while attempting to meet DS observations on loyalty to the excellent over Dulles’ head and asked for an demands that we find a perfectly secure ones by another retired labor officer, appointment with the president. locale. For each of my objections to Eugene C. Martinson, in his article in the Eisenhower agreed to see him, and, suggested sites—suitability, location, August Journal. according to Thomas’s letter to me, said morale, health, or efficiency—I received Let me describe one of my own that any loyal citizen who was a socialist the same five-word retort: “That’s not in Marshall Plan security experiences to had the right to be trusted in any the equation. ” In other words, as long as illustrate the harm done by the government job for which he was quali¬ DS’s mission to entomb us in perfect McCarthyites, and how U.S. interests fied. Further, he authorized Thomas to security was met, die Consulate General’s can be affected adversely by the incom¬ repeat what he had been told to the mission was of no importance. Eventu¬ petent administration of our security usual crowd of newspapermen gath¬ ally, a compromise location was found, policies. Shortly after the 1952 election, ered outside the White House. but an outrageous sum was expended Secretary of State Dulles appointed a Shennan Adams, who was present at on what, in my opinion, was needless Capitol Hill staff member friendly to the interview with Thomas, was in¬ security enhancements. Senator McCarthy as assistant secretary structed to pass the president’s view on Another DS cross that nearly all con¬ of State for Administration. His name to the State Department, but so far as sular sections must now bear is the was Scott McLeod. Thomas knew, no correction had been ubiquitous bullet-proof interview win¬ What affected me directly was the forthcoming. All in all, Thomas was dows. No matter how well the windows policy McLeod enunciated publicly in impressed by the president’s fairness, are engineered, they do in fact interfere 1953, to the effect that no socialist really but said he regretted his unwillingness with communications between a con¬ belonged in any important State Depart¬ to do battle with McCarthy or McLeod. sular officer and his client. A visa officer ment position. Since some of my duties In any case, I finished out my Paris tour often has only seconds to make a deci¬ heading the Labor Division of the in 1957 and returned to the Labor De¬ sion: Is the applicant eligible for a visa Marshall Plan in Paris involved repre¬ partment. or is he/she a threat to the national senting the department on a number of My last encounter with McLeod was security, labor market, or welfare sys¬ highly secret NATO committees, I at an embassy party in Dublin. I was tem? Every nuance of the applicant’s marched up to our chief and told him he introduced to the ambassador, who tu med demeanor, body language, voice inflec¬ had a problem, in that I was a living, out to be McLeod. The following ensued: tion, and facial expression can assist in breathing member of the Socialist Party, McLeod: “Weisz, with a “z” sounds making a valid decision. The bullet¬ and a prime example of someone familiar.” proof windows interfere with observa¬ McLeod thought should not be in a I: “I believe you once had some tion of those vital clues. They also create responsible job. (By then, if truth be doubts about me or my affiliations, and a psychological barrier, turning die visa told, I was already a backslider in my ultimately changed your mind.” officer literally into a “faceless bureau¬ socialist views. But I retained my party McLeod: “No, I didn’t change my crat,” thus impeding the building of membership out of nostalgic sentiment mind; it was changed for me.” confidence that helps to elicit a free flow and personal friendship with 1952 So¬ Mortis Weisz of infonnation. I am convinced that the cialist presidential candidate Norman Foreign Service Officer, retired danger to the nation of wrong visa Thomas. Besides, objecting to McLeod’s Washington. D.C. decisions is many times greater than the policy was a matter of principle, as one small enhancement gained to office of my friends in the aid mission in Gemtany CORRECTION security. I submit that the windows had already been told his job had been Due to an editing error, the para¬ provide little added security if the con¬ abolished, and we all understood that graph on page 28 of the article “Assign¬ sular premises are well served by a the action was “security-based.”) ment Louisiana,” by David H. Shinn public access control system that in¬ I told the ambassador that the McLeod [October JournalI was incorrect. It should cludes package searches, metal detec¬ announcement might have dangerous have read as follows: The scope of my tors, and other means to prevent entry repercussions in the international com¬ activities gave me an unusual opportu¬ of weapons. With good open counters munity, as many European governments nity to see the interaction between the and adequate public access controls, I had socialist representatives. The am¬ races on a southern college campus. In have yet to leam of any instance of bassador suggested that before I made Louisiana, relations appear fairly good significant injury. any hiss about the matter, I should write on the surface, but if you look closely, Let us find some way to take the to Norman Thomas, asking what was much remains to be done. The most initiative back from DS. It is long over¬ being done about it in Washington, and common form of racism is prejudice by due. Our mission comes first—theirs is soliciting his advice. When I wrote to whites aimed at people of color. But secondary. Thomas, he told me he had already whites don’t have a monopoly on rac¬ Robert W. Maule been in correspondence with his fel- ism. This year gave me the impression Consul General, retired low-Princetonian, Foster Dulles, on the that the races in the United States are Seattle, Washington matter. It seems that Dulles felt he had increasingly polarized. ■ 6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 MOVING To A NEW COUNTRY SHOULDN'T MEAN STARTING FROM

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Removes: chemicals, nitrates, heavy metals, lead, sodium, etc. AID TO AID. Not only is A.I.D.’s management Used worldwide: in homes, structure outdated, but the agency offices, embassies, jungle THE WASHINGTON POST suffers from confusion about its mis¬ outposts, etc. EDITORIAL, SEPTEMBER 26, 1991 The Agency for International De¬ sion, which Congress has changed velopment ... is establishing some¬ repeatedly, and from frequent leader¬ thing of a reputation for itself. It’s not ship changes over the past decade. . . . the kind the agency needs. .. . A.I.D.’s Its staff has dwindled from a peak white-collar crime rate is higher than 18,000 in the mid-1960s to about 4,000 that of most major U.S. cities, accord¬ today, more than half of whom serve ing to a memorandum prepared by the overseas. agency’s inspector general’s office. With the debate [about develop¬ The inspector general’s analysis has ment priorities] over, [Administrator been challenged by A.I.D. counselor Ronald] Roskens has shifted the focus Kenneth H. Sherper in an internal to streamlining A.I.D.’s management response. Mr. Sherper said the conclu¬ in hopes of restoring the agency’s Simple to use, economical, durable, sions were “false, inaccurate, and stature. So far, his ambitious reorgani¬ all stainless steel. misleading” and based on “badly zation plan has produced only turmoil skewed and distorted data.” . . . The and grumbling . . . But [Inspector fact remains, however, that in the past General Herbert] Beckington . . . says several years, seven senior officials Roskens’ scheme has potential. “It’s a have been convicted of criminal of¬ massive change, and people fear fenses. That should not be the govern¬ change of any kind. But there’s no ment norm. reason it can’t be a promising devel¬ Dr. Roskens does know that his opment.” agency has a problem. . . . That will end only if senior management moves State’s Stepchild Part of A.I.D.’s image problems stem How Your Durastill works. decisively to address those problems that eveiyone agrees exist. from its stepchild relationship with the In the distillation process, water in State Department as well as confusion the boiling tank comes to a boil, about how the two agencies’ missions creating steam. The steam rises, AID’S ARCHAIC leaving behind bacteria killed in BUREAUCRACY interrelate. . . . A.I.D. officials explain the boiling process, as well as, the relationship this way: The State chemicals, minerals and pollutants GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE, OCTOBER 1991 Department decides foreign policy, from the source water. The steam BY CHRISTOPHER MADISON and A.I.D., guided by that policy, moves into the condenser coils A.I.D.’s most publicized problems administers the economic aid pro¬ where it is cooled by air and con¬ are the few instances of corruption. Its grams. Even when Congress and the denses to become pure distilled weaknesses, however, run much State Department decide how much water. deeper. Most serious, say agency in¬ economic assistance a country will Write or call: siders, are flaws in A.I.D.’s manage¬ receive, A.I.D. often has a say in how DURASTILL EXPORT, INC. ment structure and its program design the money will be spent. . . . A.I.D.’s 112 UNION ST. and contract award processes, all of [most] significant role in foreign aid is SO. WEYMOUTH MA 02190 which are archaic and cumbersome. in designing and implementing more FAX: 617-340-0364 USA “In 25 years of government, this is than $3 billion worth of health, educa¬ TEL: 617-337-7990 the worst bureaucracy I’ve ever worked tion and economic development pro¬ with,” says Mark Edelman, A.I.D.’s grams in the poorest countries. Special Discount to FSJ readers (References upon request) deputy administrator, who is leaving A series of recent scandals at the the agency this fall to pursue a busi¬ agency, many involving high-level of¬ ness career. ficials, has called into question A.I.D.’s

8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 ability to carry out its responsibilities tary sessions on independence. Last able to speak such languages as Uzbeki free of corruption. . . . The IG’s office month, Ms. Forsythe was transferred and Kazakh, the notice said, should is not shy about boasting of its record [from the U.S. Embassy in Moscow] to please contact their personnel coun¬ in catching corruption. But some say Canbena, Australia. selor as soon as possible. Beckington’s activities, some of which The massive changes sweeping the focus on technicalities such as travel Soviet Union since last month’s abor¬ CALLING IN THE MARINES expense violations, have cast a pall of tive coup caught the Bush administra¬ THE WASHINGTON POST, SEPTEMBER 16,1991 paranoia and demoralization through¬ tion flat-footed. Even as the balance of BY AL KAMEN out the agency. power shifted to the leaders of the 12 The Marines usually land at night¬ remaining republics, the administra¬ fall. They quickly jump off their buses, Roskens’ Reorganization tion initially clung to a Moscow-ori¬ hit the State Department C Street en¬ The agency’s problems stem largely ented approach. One possible reason trance, and begin their sweep of the from a haphazard organizational struc¬ is that it has largely ignored the handful building. The enemy? The many, the ture centered on 11 bureaus, which of specialists in and out of government bad, the careless. The department of¬ includes three geographical bureaus, who have been urging for some time ficials who have forgotten to lock their six policy-oriented bureaus and two to focus on the politics and problems safes or have left classified documents concerned with administrative mat¬ of the diverse republics. lying about. . . . The Marines, in ters. Many of these bureaus have over¬ The State Department insists that it training for guard duty at U.S. embas¬ lapping responsibilities. Edelman [says], does listen to the specialists. In the sies abroad, leave pink slips in the “Every bureau does the same thing aftermath of last month’s coup, the place of the document at the offender’s that every other bureau does. Every¬ administration has begun paying more desk. . . . Too many slips can lead to thing is duplicated by everybody every attention to the republics. . . . Still, suspensions or other disciplinary ac¬ place . . . everybody’s responsible, so department spokesmen acknowledge tion. no one’s responsible.” [Roskens] has that Mr. [Paul] Goble (the department’s The Marine sweeps cause employ¬ streamlined the organization so that and probably America’s leading expert ees, especially overseas, “to get so fewer officials report to him. . . . Top on Soviet nationalities) wasn’t among compulsive,” said Hume A. Horan, management will include two associ¬ the U.S. officials present at Mr. Baker’s who served in a number of sensitive ate administrators . . . and a policy brief meeting with Estonia’s president posts overseas and now heads AFSA. director. . . . Roskens has also vowed and prime minister. “You close the safe, you reverse the to institute a program for evaluating [Former U.S. Ambassador] Jack dial, you reverse it again,” he said, programs and eliminating those that Matlock says he raised the lack-of- “and still you woiry. I’ve sometimes don’t work. . . and has moved to give expertise issue in the earliest days of said to myself: 'You’ve got to get a field officials more authority to design the Bush administration. [But] it was hold of yourself.’” programs and to make other deci¬ only last spring that the administration The Marines “will simply disem¬ sions. . . . took a small step toward establishing bowel an office and put it back to¬ “Morale is down, worse than ever,” ties to the republics, proposing that the gether again,” Horan said. “They know says one ex-staffer. “I think most people U.S. Embassy in Moscow rent store¬ what to look for. A piece of paper see the reorganization as rearranging fronts in various outlying regions and sticking out of a book, numbers circled the deck chairs.” Reorganization inevi¬ send “circuit riders” from the embassy on a calendar or on a desk pad by tably affects morale, and congressional to visit with local politicians. In Au¬ people who can’t remember the safe staffers report grumbling—and even gust, the State Department was still combinations.” chaos—from the A.I.D. bureaucracy. dickering over lease terms in Kiev, the Overseas, “it’s like cops and rob¬ But Deputy Edelman believes Roskens’ only major post the U.S. was able to bers,” said Horan. “You knew they reforms will work—and will ultimately open during [Matlock’s] tenure. were going to try and get you. It was improve morale. Even now, the department is add¬ kind of a game. When they tag the ing only a handful of new jobs to ambassador they are really happy. FLAT-FOOTED STATE handle the ever-expanding task of You go to the Marine House and they THE WALL STREETJOURNAL, SEPTEMBER 22,1991 monitoring the republics. The Soviet are smiling.” But despite any feeling BY ROBERT S. GREENBERGER Affairs Office has increased the num¬ of harassment the program evokes, Rosemarie Forsythe is a top State ber of experts on nationalities to four Horan said, it serves its purpose, expert on the Soviet nationalities. She from three a year ago . . . and the otherwise, “people will slip into sloppy has traveled extensively across the department plans to add to its embassy habits.” Soviet Union, hired a private tutor to in Moscow six new Foreign Service When people began throwing clas¬ teach her languages of Turkmenia and officers who would augment the cir¬ sified documents into recycling bins, Uzbekistan, and developed such ex¬ cuit-rider program. the Marines promptly found them. A tensive sources that the presidents of Meanwhile, State has just sent out memo soon followed explaining that Georgia and several other republics an urgent notice to all Foreign Service everyone was for helping the envi¬ invited her to attend their parliamen¬ personnel in the building. Anyone ronment, but not recycling secrets. ■

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 A More Representative Foreign Service The Appointment of Assistant Secretary of State G. Howland Shaw and Our Foreign Service By Ellery C Stowell (Reprinted from the American Journal of International Law, April, 1941) There are at present seven women side it may be argued that even in the upon his own observation is much more among the 829 members of the career case of men, special qualifications are likely to impress his examiners than he Foreign Service.... The department has considered in making assignments. . . . will through the mere possession of wealth not favored the entrance of women. It is It is also asserted that women are as and social background. Wealth is no argued that women cannot meet the capable as men of withstanding un¬ longer the great advantage which it for¬ requirement that a Foreign Service offi¬ healthy climates. A more serious objec¬ merly was. Lavish entertaining is no longer cer should be available for any assign¬ tion is the practical consideration that the nile and any display or attempt through ment and capable of fulfilling the duties when a women in the Foreign Service wealth to secure a privileged position of any post. It is argued that women marries she generally resigns and her would militate against that esprit de corps cannot well be appointed to certain training and acquired experience are which is the most important asset of every unhealthy and dangerous posts, and that lost for the service. in certain countries it would not be fitting The candidate who shows a knowl¬ The candidate who shows a to run counter to local prejudice by edge of current political events and knowledge of cu rren t political asking them to perform duties not usu¬ economic conditions and is able to events and economic conditions ally discharged by women. On the other express in good English views based and is able to express in good English views based upon his own observation is much more likely to There Is Only One Place impress his examiners than he will through the mere possession of To Stay In Washington wealth and social background.

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developed a tentative calendar of edi¬ • The United Nations and Multilateral We Want YOUR torial themes for 1992, with the broad Diplomacy goal of focusing more closely on the • Nuclear Proliferation and the De¬ Contribution stnicture and functioning of the foreign militarization of Foreign Policy affairs bureaucracy. We have already • Environmental Diplomacy: Getting As the new year approaches, we begun to examine the scope of diplo¬ ahead of global warming, defores¬ would like to ask for your help in macy, with our September issue on tation, acid rain, and other world¬ producing a vital magazine that will human rights, the October issue on wide threats make a difference. The Journal, as the fairness in hiring and promotion, and • All the President’s Men: A look at professional magazine for the Foreign next month’s Journal, debating what the current players, the upcoming Service, has a small but unique and sort of intelligence the government presidential campaign, and the important role in the foreign affairs needs in the changed world of the process of choosing top officials in community. The Journal intends to lead 1990s. the foreign afairs bureaucracy debate on the scope of diplomacy and Here are the issues we plan to • Dissent: Does the system encour¬ its focus in a changing world. It must act address: age Foreign Service officers to take as a forum for dissent, an articulator of • The role of the National Security dissident points of view? the service’s common goals, and a Council: Has the end of the Cold • The Future of Public Diplomacy chronicler of diplomacy’s past, to revive War changed the council’s mission? • Democratization and Foreign Aid the Foreign Service’s flagging sense of • Immigration and Refugees: Who Write to us, and send your articles. community and of tradition. should craft an immigration and We need your voice. The Journals Editorial Board has refugee policy for the future? — ANNE STEVENSON-YANG

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As they near the end of their mean that these retirees can provide has become increasingly theoretical. A careers, many Foreign Ser¬ students and faculty with new perspec¬ Grand theory, quantitative analysis, mid¬ vice officers (especially po- tives on how foreign policy is formu¬ range theory, and game theoiy have litical officers) begin lated and conducted. The reality, how¬ become part of the standard vocabulary thinking about a second career. For ever, is somewhat different. While re¬ of political scientists. Previously, theo¬ many, that career is academia. Practically tired officers may discover they are retical work in the field changed veiy speaking, entering the academic world welcome in non-teaching positions, if little over the years; a knowledge of requires being accepted by political they attempt to become regular mem¬ Hans Morgenthau or Reinhold Niebuhr scientists, since they staff the depart¬ bers of a political science department, was sufficient. In practice, this meant ments in which international relations is they will probably be greeted with that holding a Ph.D. in political science generally taught. suspicion and, in some cases, hostility. and publishing a book and several Most Foreign Service officers believe There are a number of reasons for this articles qualified one to become a pro¬ that, since they have successfully dealt situation, some justified, some not. fessor in a political science department with the practical side of international after a career in the Foreign Service. The politics both in this country and abroad, Grand theory explosion in theory has changed the colleges and universities will welcome Political science as a discipline (and situation, however. It is impossible to them as teachers with open arms. After international relations is a sub-field of understand political science literature all, 20 or so years in the Foreign Service political science in most universities) without being familiar with a wide

14 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 JHE RESERVE CELLARS OF Ft

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Our best to you. SPEAKING OUT variety of theoretical approaches. Politi¬ tures and societies) may be considered practical background in government, cal scientists, in communicating with irrelevant by many political scientists. who are rarely viewed as “real” political one another, assume that the listener scientists. Political scientists tend to fear understands such approaches as elite School of the practical practitioners, because many academics theory, praetorianism, or political cul¬ Closely related to the theoretical know that the FSO can always say, “But ture. They find it hard to accept indi¬ question is the importance to the political that is not how the process works. I viduals into their discipline who are not scientist of a strong conceptualizing know, I was part of it.” For academics, sufficiently literate (in their eyes) to ability. In using this term, I do not mean many of whom live in small college understand and use these basic terms. the ability to write coherent, under¬ towns far from the hustle and bustle of The reality is that very few Foreign standable briefing memos on complex Washington and who make their repu¬ Service officers understand such theo¬ issues—something FSOs excel at. Rather, tations based on their ability to ma¬ retical frameworks. In fact, in my expe¬ I have in mind the ability to state a nipulate and develop a particular rience, most are hostile to such ap¬ hypothesis, develop indicators, and then theoretical framework, FSOs are proaches. “I don’t need some dumb test the hypothesis. Most FSOs shy away threatening. This is even more the case theory; I deal with the real world,” is a from such abstract, highly structured if the FSO has published extensively comment I have heard only too fre¬ thinking—not suiprising given the op¬ and understands abstract theory as well quently in the department. I have seen erational nature of their work and the as the academic. situations where the only way in which time pressures placed on them, which a concept such as political culture could leave little time (or reward) for con¬ Fear of failing be employed in a State Department ceptualizing. Indeed, one of the worst The academic marketplace is very document was to disguise its use. As a things an FSO can do is to become tight at present. Several universities be¬ result, it is not surprising that very few known as a conceptualizer: someone gan the last recruiting period looking for FSOs are able to speak the language of who is too academic: someone who two or three people to fill vacancies in the political scientist or are able to gain does not have his or her feet on the their departments. By the beginning of their academic respect. ground. From the perspective of many 1991, however, they found the level of political scientists, this situation is unsatis¬ these positions downgraded in some Facts irrelevant factory. In fact, many believe that FSOs cases and eliminated in others. To make Resentment on the part of academics have more in common with political matters worse, a number of universities toward those who participate in the historians than with political scientists. believe it would be unethical to hire policy process is not new. But the Unfortunately, FSOs have a reputa¬ someone with an impressive govern¬ situation has worsened in recent years tion for being experts in telling anecdotes. mental background at the entry level because of the direction political sci¬ “They seldom get to the point. Instead, (and the higher one goes in the academic ence has taken. Today there is often they seem to specialize in telling war hierarchy, the fewer the number of minimal respect for history, language, stories,” is how one senior political available jobs). Faculty, meanwhile, or area knowledge—exactly the areas scientist put it to me. Teaching is much concerned over their own chances for in which FSOs excel. Many political more difficult than many FSOs realize. promotion, fear that bringing such a scientists—including many who spe¬ In my own case, I estimate that I spend person into the department at the as¬ cialize in international relations—believe an average of 14 hours preparing a one- sociate or full professor level will not such knowledge is unnecessary. “We hour lecture to be given at the university only hurt their chances for promotion, it have gone beyond the need for this type level. In addition, teaching involves could change the orientation of the of information,” is the way one political more than reading a text or speaking department away from their theroretical scientist put it to me. Many of them extemporaneously. Techniques vary interests toward more practical concerns believe that their models are so power¬ depending on the level of students and as well (thereby hurting their chances ful that they can dispense with such the nature of the course. For example, for promotion). idiosyncratic information. “Individual teaching undergraduates at a smaller, cases may vary, but we are looking for non-elite university is quite different Political untouchables nomothetic variables, and for that we from handling graduate students at a Given the flack FSOs take in Wash¬ do not need to know languages or have major university. The old adage (which ington for their supposedly “liberal” an intimate familiarity with the history, some FSOs still believe) that “those who views, it may come as a surprise to learn politics, or culture of a particular coun¬ can, do, and those who can’t, teach” is that in many places, they are considered try” is another comment I have heard simply nonsense. too “conservative." I have encountered frequently. The bottom line for the FSO Closely associated with the bias to¬ academics who have little understand¬ is that his or her experience (which ward a theoretical or conceptual orien¬ ing of how the policy process works comes from dealing with different cul¬ tation is a disdain for individuals with a (even though they teach courses on the

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The bottom line is that the Foreign posed such an appointment. In recent their strong managerial back¬ Service officer has been “contaminated” years, however, the power of the senior grounds and familiarity with how by his or her work within the govern¬ faculty has been broken. Indeed, when the State Department and the for¬ ment. it comes to search committees (a small eign affairs community operate, On some university campuses, too, group of individuals—usually four or Foreign Seivice officers can be useful “political correctness” reigns supreme. five—who screen candidates and sug¬ to universities in positions dealing It is forbidden to question policies or gest the most promising to the depart¬ with foreign students or adminis¬ ideas, such as affirmative action, that are ment as a whole), a liberum veto op¬ tering international programs. aimed at improving the status of dis¬ erates. In practice, this means that if one • Analysts in Think Tanks. There are advantaged groups. Such criticism, it is person on the search committee strongly a number of university-like think believed, will be used against the opposes a candidate (for whatever tanks (some associated with uni¬ “struggle” and therefore undercut the reason), that person is scratched from versities, some not) that value an efforts of these groups to throw-off their the list in order to maintain departmental FSO’s practical experience—pro¬ exploitation. I have sometimes found a hannony. In fact, any time there is a viding the officer also has a good greater willingness to openly discuss serious disagreement within a depart¬ publication record. such policies in the departments of State ment on hiring, the normal response is A former FSO should remember that and Defense than in some of our major not to hire anyone. Such disagreements new colleagues will probably be sus¬ colleges and universities. FSOs may be need not be ideological, although that picious of this government transplant. seen on the Washington bureaucratic sometimes occurs; they can be over Breaking into this environment re¬ scene as timid “cookie pushers,” but something as minor as the candidate’s sembles the acclimatization process re¬ they are often more prepared to see methodological or theoretical orienta¬ quired at an overseas assignment: the both sides of an issue are their academic tion. A department that is highly quan¬ local people speak a foreign language colleagues. Consequently, when an FSO titative may reject someone who spe¬ and have a different culture. Breaking in naively suggests on some university cializes in political culture, for example. requires not only persistence and luck, campuses that there are two sides to “He is a veiy competent political scientist, but a good deal of sensitivity and con¬ every issue-—especially controversial but his research does not fit in with the sideration for the concerns of those who ones like affirmative action, abortion, or direction of research in the department” are spending their lives in academia. U.S. policy toward Latin America—and is another typical excuse. Considerable Indeed, the burden is on the FSO to that both deserve to be openly discussed, pressure for confonnity means that prove to prospective colleagues that he or she risks being attacked as a racist, people who think differently may find it their preconceived attitudes about the sexist, or wannonger. difficult to get hired except at the most Foreign Seivice are wrong. The task junior level. The hiring process often should not be too difficult: after all, Foreign Service arrogance turns into an effort to select the least Foreign Seivice officers are trained While part of the problem with the controversial candidate. diplomats. ■ attitudes of political scientists toward FSOs comes from jealousy, the fact is Roads less traveled Dale R. Herspring recently retired that many FSOs also look down on Those truly committed to becoming from the Foreign Service and is cur¬ political scientists. The reference one professors should not give up—only rently a senior fellow at the Woodrow often hears to academic “space cadets,” recognize that the search for a position Wilson Center for International the suggestion that teaching is for those will be uphill all the way. But those Scholars. He has taught at who cannot make it in the real world, willing to consider other entries into Georgetown, Columbia, and the Uni¬ and the disparaging way some FSOs academia have several options, and a versity of Maryland and is the author treat scholars or Peace Corps volunteers Ph.D., publications, and teaching ex¬ or editor of Jive books and more than abroad all reinforce this image. FSOs perience are not always necessities. 40 articles. The author would like to who care about their (or their col¬ Such positions may be as: thank Ambassador Harry G. Barnes leagues) relationship with political sci¬ • Visiting Professor. Political scien¬ Jr. for his helpful comments in the entists should think twice about how tists often feel more comfortable preparation of this article.

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uring a 42yyear diplo¬ ALONG-SERVING fessional. Exceptions are occa¬ D matic career, I have had sional ambassadorial appointments the pleasure of close of a political nature. Such appoint¬ contact with American AMBASSADOR ments, made mostly among out¬ colleagues in Stockholm, standing political personalities, Vienna, Madrid, Lisbon, Algiers, have become more frequent of late. New York (UN), Moscow, and, of VIEWS THE In contrast to American practice, course, Washington. During 15 the political appointees are part of years as ambassador here, I have the Foreign Service career until re¬ dealt with five presidents, six sec¬ AMERICAN tirement, at age 65. Upon entering retaries of State, seven deputy sec¬ the service, they cease to be party retaries of State, and eight chiefs of DIPLOMATIC politicians and are thought to rep¬ protocol. I can, therefore, claim resent not only the incumbent gov¬ some experience on the subject of ernment, but the entire nation. In American diplomacy. SCENE the case of Sweden, that is particu¬ In order to fairly evaluate Ameri¬ larly easy, as foreign policy is basi¬ can diplomatic service, it is useful cally non-controversial among the to analyze the conceptual differ¬ political parties. Thus, for instance, ence between the diplomacy of a as a career diplomat, I have never parliamentary democracy, such as had any difficulty serving govern¬ Sweden, and that of American de¬ ments of varying political color. mocracy. Ours is based firmly on My appointment as ambassador to the concept of a professional Civil the United States was made by a Service. Below the level of cabinet Socialist government, even though minister and—lately—secretary my political inclinations are known general, the service is totally pro¬ BY WILHELM WACHTMEISTER to be far from socialistic.

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 Leaving business to the pros nations. The incentive for the best to This multi-partisanship in foreign join the service would seemingly be policy is, in my view, a source of negatively affected by the limited PeaVe your strength for a small country, not least prospects of reaching the most desir¬ because it enables the conduct of able positions. If that is true, it is all the foreign policy to be entrusted to a more remarkable that the United States skilled, professional Civil Service. Af¬ has a diplomatic service second to most ter all, diplomacy, too, is a profession, none. My long experience allows me though one of generalists rather than to make such a categoric statement. specialists. The dentist, surgeon, or Knowledge, honesty, candor, often important general can hardly be recruited on combined with the necessary sense of political merits alone; if that were the humor, are qualities that I have found case, I would hate to be the patient or in abundance among American col¬ investment the soldier under the command. Di¬ leagues everywhere. Numerous plomacy differs somewhat in its degree friendships for life have resulted. This of specialization, but only somewhat. has been particularly true during my With the Only an outstanding personality can 15 years in Washington. compensate by his personal qualities and stature for the lack of professional Humble centers of power management knowledge and experience. To serve in this capital is a real A great power such as the United privilege. It is a great professional States can afford the luxury of choos¬ challenge, with many opportunities to ing personal representatives of the make a difference for one’s country, president as envoys to other great otherwise a not too frequent experience powers. The American ambassador for a diplomat. It is both easy and can expect to have direct and frequent difficult in comparison with the great you trust. personal access to the head of state to European capitals. Easy, because whom he is accredited. In that case, it Washington is basically a political Rental and Management can be an advantage for the ambassa¬ capital, where access to decision¬ of Tine Properties in dor to be known as a personal friend makers in the administration and of his president. The condition, how¬ Congress is better than in most other Alorthwest ‘DC, CheVy Chase, ever, must be that the envoy is a great capitals. Difficult, because of the “Bethesda and Potomac person of outstanding quality—an tremendous competition among dip¬ Averell Harriman, a David Bruce, an lomats for that same access. A standard Ellsworth Bunker, a John Sherman rule for governments should be to Cooper, a Robert Strauss to mention keep their representatives for a suffi¬ some extraordinary persons who come ciently long period to enable them to easily to mind. But it also presupposes develop the personal relations that that the ambassador is provided with a alone will empower them to perform competent diplomatic staff, in particular their duties to maximum effect. Obvi¬ a deputy chief of mission, to assist him ously, I have no complaints against my with the diplomatic work. These con¬ own government in this regard. The ditions fulfilled, I have no problem competition means a fierce pace of with a reasonable measure of political activity. If you let down for a moment, appointments. On the contrary, ap¬ you find yourself left behind or outside. pointments of such high caliber often My experience is that power in are a stimulating infusion and enhance Washington often rests rather far down Executive Housing the prestige of diplomatic service. On in the hierarchy. Except for the most Consultants, Inc. the other hand, diplomatic appoint¬ important matters of principle, the ments of mediocre personalities as opinion of the desk officer or senator’s 7315 Wisconsin Avenue rewards for political or financial sup¬ aide may very well turn out to be Suite 1020 East port will demoralize and harm a decisive. Therefore, the second secre¬ Bethesda, Maryland 20814 country’s Foreign Service. Such dam¬ tary of the embassy often carries as 301/951-4111 age can be surprisingly long-lasting. much weight as the ambassador—a Given the frequency of political stimulating thought for younger diplo¬ appointments to the most popular and mats. “We care for your home prestigious embassies, one would ex¬ The duties of an embassy in Wash¬ as if it Were our oWn. ’ pect the American Foreign Service to ington are not restricted to bilateral be inferior to those of comparable affairs. There is a constant demand

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 back home for information and ex¬ to the extent that he declared the Humphrey and Walter Mondale, both change of views with the U.S. govern¬ newly appointed Swedish ambassador warm friends of Sweden. ment regarding international affairs (not me) unwelcome for the time In March 1974, the ban was lifted throughout the world. This gives a being. This, of course, was not diplo¬ and I was appointed to Washington; global perspective to the daily routine macy. It was punishment for bad the earlier appointee, having tired of of the embassy and enhances the al¬ behavior, and played into the hands waiting, had received another post. ready strong sense of living and of leftist America-bashers in Sweden, The task was a positive one in the working in the mainstream of world whom the government tried to contain. sense that the relations could go only events. That is an important compo¬ The quarantine lasted for 14 months. in one direction, upward. It was, in¬ nent of the uniqueness of Washington During that time, diplomatic exchanges deed, the strong wish of both govern¬ as a diplomatic post. were restricted to the director level in ments that the abnormal situation be Washington. In Stockholm we did not corrected as soon as possible. After all, Cold War in miniature engage in such a game but gave the Sweden is one of America’s oldest Representing Sweden in Washing¬ U.S. charge free access as before. friends, one of the first to recognize the ton during all these years—the last A sign that the anger in Washington nation’s independence. I was warmly three as dean of the diplomatic corps— had abated came when I visited Wash¬ received by President Nixon and his has, of course, been the highlight of ington as political director in Novem¬ administration, and when, a few months my professional life. It began as a ber 1973-1 was invited at short notice later, the Ford Administration took challenge. The relations between the to see Secretary of State Henry office, this unhappy phase in Swedish- two countries were uncharacteristically Kissinger, who apparently had been American relations was closed and we chilly. The issue was the Vietnam War admonished by our friends in the renewed our historic cordial relation¬ and the sharply critical attitude of the Senate to normalize relations with ship. We have lived happily together Swedish government. The breaking Sweden. Kissinger’s message was that ever after. point came in December 1972, when he thought our two countries should Prime Minister Olof Palme issued a be able to coexist and added: “And, Friendship and the Cincinnati violent condemnation of the so-called furthermore, I want to get those Min¬ The Society of the Cincinnati has a Christmas bombings of Hanoi. The nesota senators off my back.” The membership of descendants of offic¬ statement infuriated President Nixon senators were none less than Hubert ers who fought for the independence of the United States from British colonial rule. Only one member of a family can be admitted. There is a French branch for descendants of the members of Lafayette’s expeditionary force. It so Next To The White House, happens that at that time, a number of We’re The Best Place To Stay. Swedish naval officers from the nobility served in the French navy. One of $8 7/Night* them was an ancestor of mine. FAMILY PACKAGE INCLUDES . . . At the suggestion of my friend Sena¬ tor Claiborne Pell, who is a member of • One Bedroom Suite with Full Kitchen the Society, I applied for membership • One Day Tour Passes in the French branch. I was interviewed • Picnic Lunch with Tour by the French society and had to prove • Children’s Videos my descent from the officer in question. • Ice Cream Parlor Coupons I described his role in the war and mentioned that he was wounded in a Located between two Metro Stations, with in walking distance to the State Department, naval battle. “Ab, il a ete blesse, mais monuments, museums and restaurants. c’est tres bien, c’est tres important,” 'Other Conditions apply. was the immediate comment, and I Offer valid through 9/15/91. Based on availability. was admitted as a member of the Other packages available. Society of the Cincinnati, France. 2019 I Street NW, Washington DC 20006 Following my long tenure as am¬ (202) 828-2600 • (800) 424-5486 bassador of Sweden in Washington, it is gratifying to be recognized as a descendant of one of the liberators of this country. The circle is closed. ■

LSHAWJw&S*. Ambassador Wachtmeister currently f#.I&JA lives and works in Washington as adviser to the chairman of Volvo.

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BY TINA ROSENBERG

The U.S. Department of State tells two very different official stories about the situation of human rights in Peru. On July 30, Acting Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger signed a determination that the Peruvian security forces were“not engaged in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights,” that the human rights situation was improving, and that the military answered to civilian control.

A rebuttal, however, could be found without leaving the support of Peruvian, Colombian, and Bolivian soci¬ the building. The State Department’s own Country eties. Only a strategy based on respect for human rights Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990 said of Pern, can create such support. "Security forces personnel were responsible for wide¬ spread and egregious human rights violations.... There were widespread credible reports of summary execu¬ Down in the valley tions, arbitrary detentions, and torture and rape by the Eagleburger downplayed the abuses of Peruvian military, as well as less frequent reports of such abuses security forces because it is Bush Administration policy by the police.” At a congressional hearing in March 1991, that to fight coca leaf, the Peruvians must first wrest Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs Bernard control of the Upper Huallaga Valley, where 60 percent Aronson described Peaivian security forces’ abuses as of the world’s coca leaf is grown, from two guerrilla “long-standing and systematic.” groups that dominate the valley: the Shining Path, or The contradiction highlights the State Department’s Sendero Luminoso, and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary ambivalence over its chosen strategy in the fight against Movement. Sendero, in particular, had turned into a cocaine. Increasingly favoring a militarization of the drug union for Peruvian peasant coca growers, negotiating war in Latin America, State officials find it necessary to higher prices for coca leaf with the Colombian traffickers softpedal another important but often contradictory who buy it, and charging the Colombians a "tax” to use goal: promoting human rights. But human rights abuses local airstrips. Administration officials believe that effec¬ are an inevitable companion to militarization. Further¬ tive crop substitution and interdiction first require win¬ more, U.S. experience in recent years in Peru, Colombia, ning back the Upper Huallaga from Sendero. Hence, they and Bolivia suggests that winning the drug war requires have proposed training the military to fight coca leaf and

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 vuta' peasant 1ederaf/-

paste, and The generals’ sending Peru response: if pro¬ $34.9 million in cessing facilities military aid and 50 or were located during more military advisers. the operation, they In late September, Congress would be destroyed. The approved the aid, albeit with con¬ Bogota-based Inter-American ditions attached to its use. Legal Services Association reports that in The recruitment of local militaries into the drug war is 1990, the Colombian villages of Yondo, Remedios, Liana U.S. policy all over South America. U.S. counter-narcotics Caliente, and Becerril were bombed during anti-guerrilla military assistance to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia totaled operations by UH-1H and Hercules helicopters and A-37 less than $5 million in FY 1988; in FY 1990 it had risen to planes, injuring several civilians and destroying the $ 140 million. But it is a strategy that Andean governments homes of thousands. While the Colombian armed forces have resisted. Alan Garcia, president of Peru until 1990, already had these aircraft, they were also the models refused to allow U.S. military aid. Current Bolivian and supplied by the United States in 1989 as emergency Peruvian leaders Jaime Paz Zamora and Alberto Fujimori counter-narcotics equipment. resisted such aid until the United States made it clear that Human rights are always at risk in anti-guerrilla economic aid depended on their acceptance of military operations, of course, but the danger of violations exists aid. President Cesar Gaviria in Colombia has said that he any time a military is assigned to wage war on an internal would gladly give up all U.S. aid in exchange for trade enemy, including drug producers. Bolivia has no signifi¬ concessions. Early in 1991, the Bush Administration cant guerrilla insurgency, but members of the anti-drug coaxed the Argentine Air Force into fighting drugs in police, or UMOPAR, have been accused of torture and that country, despite hard-won Argentine statutes pro¬ rapes in counter-narcotics operations in the Chapare and hibiting the armed forces from an internal role—laws Beni coca-growing regions. As the Bolivian military— written to avoid repeating the human rights violations traditionally more abusive and corrupt than the police— of the Dirty War. becomes involved, abuses are likely to rise. The military Militarization is bad news for human rights. The first has long been hostile to rural peasant federations, reason is that the money often does not go to fight drugs, considering them subversive. but into what for most Latin militaries is a much higher All three of the major drug-producing countries are priority: fighting guerrillas. Colombian Army Chief of nominal democracies, but in all three the military is strong Staff General Luis Eduardo Roca and Army General Jose and soldiers pay little heed to civilians. The Bolivian Nelson Mejia told U.S. congressional investigators that military has an unhealthy taste for coups, and Bolivia’s $38.5 million of the $40.3 million in U.S. counter¬ new civilian government has been struggling to keep its narcotics military aid in FY 1990 was to be used not to tenuous hold on power. In its war against Sendero, the fight cocaine but to combat guerrillas in Operation Tri- Peruvian government has placed more and more of Peru Color in northeastern Colombia, an area not known for under armed forces command—today more than half its narcotics production. “How would this advance the Peru’s citizens live under de facto dictatorship with no two countries’ anti-narcotics goals?” investigators asked. civilian authority. Militarizing the drug war, which makes

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 local armies the U.S. partner in the region, further America points to frustration at the failure of anti¬ increases the power of the aimed forces and weakens narcotics policies, the political benefits of being “tough” civilian control. “When you have a corrupt chief of police, on daigs, the feeling that military means are needed to you fire him,” Bolivian politician Gonzalo Sanchez de fight well-armed drug traffickers, and Pentagon officials’ Losada told the Wall Street Journal. “When you have a growing unease—despite long-standing opposition to a corrupt chief of the aimy, he fires you.” military role—that the end of the Cold War is leaving them with little to do. Admiral William Crowe, then Destructive engagement recently retired as chaiiman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said on ABC News' Nightline in 1990: “Certainly I think State Department officials say that U.S. involvement we’ll put more emphasis on the drug war. And if there are allows the United States more sway over local military resources tied to it, why you’ll see the services compete practices—a sort of military constmctive engagement. for those, and probably vigorously. We take some pride “It’s better to be on the inside where we have influence,” in being accomplished bureaucrats, as well as military one State Department daig official told me. “If we just stay men. And I think it’s legitimate for military men to try and on the outside, criticizing, we become irrelevant.” This is perpetuate their institution. . . a frequent rationale for U.S. military aid, but it can bring The Southern Command has been particularly enthu¬ perverse results. Instead of altering the behavior of the siastic about the war on cocaine, seeing it as an extension aid recipient, the relationship often has the reverse effect: of the Cold War; often officials refer to the enemy as U.S. dependence on the recipients to carry out policy “narco-guerrillas.” The intertwining of counter-narcotics goals may lead the United States to tolerate, overlook, or and counter-insurgency is U.S. policy in Pem and even justify abuses, for fear of creating opposition to the Colombia, according to the official statements of the policy in Congress, U.S. public opinion, or in host departments of State and Defense, and Southcom. countries. The mouse, after all, also trains his scientist: when There is some truth to the narco-guerrilla connection. he rings the bell, the good doctor brings him cheese. Certain fronts of the FARC guerrillas in Colombia did This is evident in Eagleburger’s human rights determi¬ protect jungle cocaine labs. The Shining Path does raise nation and in other official pronouncements regarding money by taxing drug traffic and does protect coca-leaf military aid. Indeed, at a joint hearing before three House growers. But that does not make these groups drug Foreign Affairs subcommittees on September 12, Assis¬ traffickers as such. (Indeed, Sendero’s efforts on behalf of tant Secretary of State for Human Rights Richard Schifter Peruvian coca growers put it at odds with the traffickers argued that Peru’s violations do not form a consistent who buy tlie leaf.) In Colombia, the narc-FARC marriage pattern, because many people are arrested and released is one of convenience. The two groups do not agree on without being tortured. A joint report by the departments an ideology or goals for society. of State and Defense transmitted to Congress in February The phrase overlooks a far more pervasive and 1991 stated, “We cannot gloss over past [government] significant connection: the narco-military. The link is due abuses in some countries. . . . But, we should not to more than corruption. In Colombia, many traffickers succumb to the notion that organizations like the Sendero have become wealthy landowners and joined forces with Luminoso of Peru or the FARC in Colombia are cham¬ paramilitary groups and active duty officers to rid zones pions of human rights.” of pesky peasant and labor organizers. Many of Colombia’s This deeply cynical statement does indeed gloss over massacres of rural activists can be traced to this narco¬ present abuses in the two countries with the worst human military connection, with traffickers supplying the financ¬ rights records in the hemisphere. Sendero is indeed a ing and the army the manpower. These shadowy para¬ terrorist group that has murdered thousands of civilians, military organizations operate with impunity. In April especially those such as priests and peasant organizers 1991, Colonel Alfonso Arrellano Reyes of the Colom¬ who seek to improve the lot of the poor. The Colombian bian anti-drug police confirmed that paramilitary groups Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC), to a lesser extent, protect drug trafficking operations. But as for breaking has murdered and extorted. But this does not give the them up, the police didn’t seem to be trying very hard. Peruvian and Colombian governments permission to fall “In practice, we’ve never been able to find them,” into barbarity as well. Three thousand leftist politicians or Arrellano said. “We have never had an armed conflict organizers were killed or disappeared in Colombia from with one of these groups.” May 1989 to June 1990—more than General Augusto Perhaps the most compelling reason not to militarize Pinochet killed or “disappeared” in 17 years in Chile. For the drug war is that programs to reduce coca and cocaine the last four years, the United Nations has ranked Peru’s do not require it. The Colombian police, for example, security forces number one or two in the world at make 80 to 90 percent of all drug seizures and raids on disappearing their own people. airstrips in that country, yet received only 16 percent of the $65 million emergency aid package the United States “Accomplished bureaucrats” sent to Colombia in August 1989, with the rest going to Militarization has several roots. A new study of the the military. The Bush Administration is incorrect in Andean drug war by the Washington Office on Latin stating that military aid is necessary to allow anti-coca

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 crop substitu¬ soon a backlash tion programs to began: Colombians go forth in the Up¬ believed that if the per Huallaga Valley government was not Crop substitution has been equipped to fight the traf¬ going on for years, carried out fickers, it should not have pro¬ by the Peiuvian government and by voked their wrath. President Gaviria the United Nations Development Program, which had reversed the Barco policy, deciding that the best way to 200 employees in the Upper Huallaga Valley for three fight the Colombian problem of drug terrorism was to years; only one staffer was killed by Sendero. “Sendero abandon the fight against drug trafficking, considered a will ask villagers if a particular program is good and U.S. problem. Gaviria’s policy is tremendously popular in helpful, and if villagers say yes, they leave it alone,” said Colombia; meanwhile the DEA reports that 1990 cocaine Ivan de Rementeria, who headed the UNDP’s efforts in production in South America—almost all of it in Colom¬ the Upper Huallaga. Many observers believe that it is not bia-—was up 28 percent over the year before. Sendero that will block crop substitution but the ease of Almost every Colombian and Pemvian citizen I met, planting coca in the vast stretches of the Huallaga that whether mral or urban, poor or rich, left or right, corrupt now lie fallow. or clean, shared one view about drugs: it is the gringos’ war. The United States has yet to convince Latin societies Stick to carrot that they are seriously hurt by drugs or should assume part of the burden of fighting drugs. One important A strategy that emphasizes human rights and non¬ reason is that many people see the cure as worse than the military solutions would be better for both the dnig fight disease. Military occupation, U.S. interference in local and Pern’s battle against Sendero. The administration has sovereignty, forcible loss of a source of national or already recognized this. Since January 1989, it has carried personal income with nothing to replace it—these are the out no forced coca eradication programs in the Upper strategies that cut into crucial local support. A strategy Huallaga, recognizing that such repressive actions were that emphasizes local dignity, economically rational crop driving local peasants into the aims of Sendero and substitution programs, and development would encour¬ reducing what little credibility the Pemvian government age more Andean citizens to say no to dmgs—and yield retained in the valley. The new U.S.-Pern drug agree¬ the added benefits of strengthening local economies and ment, aside from its pernicious provision of military aid government institutions. Respect for human rights, far and the pitiful sum of $250,000 allotted to improving from being an obstacle to a successful war on dmgs, is Peru’s justice system, reflects a potentially effective one of its cornerstones. ■ switch in strategy from the stick to the carrot. In Colombia, a repression-based strategy proved temporarily effective but unsustainable. In 1989, Presi¬ Tina Rosenberg, a visiting fellow with the Overseas dent Virgilio Barco began a tough crackdown on cocaine Development Council in Washington, is author of after traffickers killed presidential candidate Luis Carlos Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin Galan. But the traffickers responded with terrorism, and America published by William Morrow.

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 OPERATION ISLAMABAD Combatting Narcotics in Pakistan

BY JOSEPH LIMPRECHT

Arriving in Islamabad to take over the Narcotics Affairs Section (NAS), I found myself working in one of the roughest and most remote frontier areas in the world. As long as anyone can remember, opium has been a traditional cash crop for the fiercely independent, Pushtu-speaking Pathan tribesmen of eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan’s Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP). To travel among the Pathans is to begin to know one of the most interesting traditional cultures left on earth. These people have demonstrated their toughness and resilience in years of warfare against the British and the Soviets, and in continual feuding among themselves. They are among the most hospitable people in the world— people who will offer a visitor everything they have—but they are also among the most warlike.

On one excursion to Mohmand Agency, a tribal area had finished off a whole belt of ammo. I asked later what north of Peshawar, a Pakistani official responsible for use the chief could possibly have for a towed anti-aircraft maintaining some semblance of law and order among the gun. For artillery fire against enemy local clans, I was told. Pathan tribes told me how, two weeks earlier, he had 1 knew then what we were up against. talked a tribesman out of an armored personnel carrier. The tribesman, who had been driving the APC down the main road, had stolen it from his rebel commander in Epidemic Afghanistan, driven it over the pass into Mohmand The narcotics problem is an extremely difficult one in Agency, and planned to sell it in the local arms bazaar. Pakistan. The country has supplied upwards of 40 There he would have found a ready market for it, since percent of the heroin consumed in the United States in Mohmand people love weapons above all else. recent years. Right now, the figure is somewhat lower, That point was underscored when the official and I since the better-organized, Chinese-run Southeast Asian pulled into the fortress compound of a key tribal chief. trafficking organizations have taken over a larger share At least 100 of his fellow tribesmen greeted us, 10 of them of the business. Most of Europe’s heroin, however, still firing AK-47s in a traditional Pathan greeting, emptying comes from Pakistan. But the bulk of the heroin pro¬ their clips into the air. Then one of the chiefs men duced in Pakistan stays right there—Pakistan now has opened fire with the chiefs very own anti-aircraft artillery somewhere between 1 and 2 million heroin addicts— piece, blasting away at the nearest mountainside until he more than twice as many as the United States. According

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 Joe Limprecht visits Bajaur Agency, Pakistan

to one recent estimate, one each under the direction of in nine males between 15 the ambassador coordinat¬ and 30 in Karachi is ad¬ ing the work of the Drug dicted to heroin. And this Enforcement Administra¬ is a recent phenom¬ tion, A.I.D., and the State enon—12 years ago Pa¬ Bureau of International kistan had no heroin ad¬ Narcotics Matters. dicts. INM’s Pakistan program Agriculture has always is funded at about $5-7 mil¬ been relatively marginal in lion per year. While far smaller many parts of the NWFP, but than programs in Latin America, opium has thrived. For decades it is one of the broadest and most opium was grown and harvested extensive programs anywhere. More there, then transported by caravan across than half of the funds go to the crop Afghanistan and Iran to heroin refining labs control program-rural development programs in France, Sicily, and Eastern Turkey. But police that are designed to bring development to remote, crackdowns in the West and in Turkey in the 1970s, opium-growing areas, provide alternative cash crops to Iran’s 1979 Islamic revolution, and the Soviet invasion opium farmers, and help the government of Pakistan of Afghanistan at the same time disrupted this trade. open up hitherto “inaccessible” areas to enforcement of The drug financiers in the West and Middle East the ban on opium cultivation. There is equipment and responded by teaming up with smart, tough Pathan training for law enforcement agencies charged with drug operators to set up simple heroin production laboratories enforcement. Finally, there is a relatively small demand- in the semi-autonomous Tribal Areas along the border reduction program, designed to help Pakistan combat its between the NWFP and Afghanistan. Within 35-40 miles growing addiction problem. of Peshawar, the ancient trading center on the Pakistan Each of these projects is designed specifically to side of the Khyber Pass, Pathan tribesmen still live, free further U.S. counter-narcotics objectives in Pakistan: of almost all interference from the government of Paki¬ stan and operating under the protection of both vague • to reduce opium cultivation in the NWFP; tradition and genuine 100-year-old treaties dating from • to induce the government of Pakistan to arrest, British days. Western drug enforcement authorities esti¬ prosecute,convict and imprison major drug traffickers; mate that, at any given time, more than 100 labs are • to shut down heroin production labs and bring their functioning free of government enforcement in these operators to justice; and “politically inaccessible” areas (tribal areas where Paki¬ • to extradite from Pakistan alleged traffickers indicted stan government officials have no authority and may in U.S. courts. enter only with tribal permission). These labs process the opium grown in the NWFP and across the border in The crop control program is managed from the Narcotics Afghanistan. Affairs Section’s Peshawar satellite office, headed by a retired A.I.D. officer with nearly three decades of experience in the rural areas of Asia. He is assisted by two Pakistani engineers The U.S. role and two agricultural specialists. Its efforts are currently U.S. counter narcotics programs now account for focused on Bajaur and Mohmand Agencies, semi-autono¬ more than $ 150-million per year in assistance to other mous tribal areas northwest of Peshawar on the Afghan countries (this is distinct from A.I.D.-funded programs border where, along with nearby Dir District (where there is such as the Gadoon-Amizai Project in Pakistan). These a similar UN-sponsored project), more than 75 percent of the programs are administered by the Bureau of Interna¬ opium poppy grown in Pakistan is cultivated. tional Narcotics Matters (INM) headed by an assistant The embassy’s counter narcotics policy is that INM secretary, who is responsible for all U.S. counter-narcot¬ money must be spent in a clearly focused manner to ics policy beyond the borders of the United States. While ensure that U.S. counter-narcotics goals are met. Thus, the bulk of these expenditures go to the large programs the crop control program is principally directed toward in the Andean coca-producing countries—Colombia, road building in the tribal areas. Once a road is built into Peru, and Bolivia—there have been programs in the a hitherto inaccessible, poppy-growing valley, govern¬ Asian heroin-producing countries since the 1970s. Today ment of Pakistan authorities are at least theoretically able there are significant programs in Pakistan and Thailand, to patrol and enforce the ban on opium cultivation.

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 Warrior culture organizations. The NAS has die money to provide tire equipment and training that is needed. DEA has die man¬ It soynds simple, but it is not always easy. In one power and expertise to name the organizations test able to confrontation a few years ago (fictionalized effectively in make use of assistance, and to work closely with them to the British television series “Traffic”), nearly a dozen ensure that the assistance is effectively used. Under tire farmers were killed trying to defend their poppy crops leadership of the ambassador and the DEA Country attache, against government paramilitary forces. State-DEA cooperation began to tear fruit in late 1990 after The tribesmen do not easily accept central govern¬ die Frontier Coips in Balochistan seized 1,741 kilograms of ment authority. After all, they fought the British to a heroin—apparendythe largest heroin seizure ever—following standstill for decades (skirmishes were still being fought an all-night gun batde with an encampment of heavily armed against the Mahsuds of South Waziristan as World War II smugglers near die Afghan border southwest of Quetta. The began). Today, in the wake of the Afghan war, they are smugglers escaped—they outgunned even die Frontier better anned than ever. Every male has an AK-47 (women Corps with an anti-aircraft artillery piece roped to die ted of count for very little in this extreme example of a warrior a pickup truck—but diey left dieir dope behind. culture; in fact, they are seldom even seen), and automatic Not all law-enforcement projects are immediate suc¬ weapons are openly carried on the roads and in the cesses. For example, it has taken more than two years to villages. One can see men walking down the road with get the federal anti-narcotics elite investigative unit rocket launchers on their shoulders-for use against their established. Other non-functioning past projects have led clan enemies. And any tribal chief worth his salt has his to the shut-off of assistance by the embassy. But the own Soviet-made 14.5-mm towed anti-aircraft gun. apparent commitment of Nawaz Sharif s government to Rockets, missiles, grenade launchers, mortars—all are genuine enforcement lends hope for their future. available in the local markets. And they are not for show. The martial Pathan culture demands that they be used— in feuds, in routine highway lawlessness, or just for show. Saying no Nevertheless, word of the benefits offered by NAS The third and smallest project area, demand reduction, projects—good roads, drinking water projects, improved focused originally on funding seminars and media cam¬ agriculture, jobs—filters out into even the most remote valleys paigns to help persuade Pakistanis, especially the elite, and is not without its attraction for these fiercely independent that narcotics really is Pakistan’s own problem, not just people. The Peshawar-based project engineers—both native one for the West. Cheap, readily available heroin is Pushtu speakers—traveled regularly off the roads into the far- ruining thousands of lives in Pakistan. An addict can feed flung back country and met die people. The people are not his habit for under $2 a day in Pakistan, where heroin is always friendly, and their experiences are sometimes a bit cooked on a piece of tinfoil and the fumes inhaled (it’s frightening dike the time their jeep was surrounded by 35 called “chasing the dragon”) radierdian injected. Pakistan’s unsmiling, heavily amied tribesmen who wanted an expla¬ leaders are beginning to recognize the extent of the nation for their presence in this “closed” valley). Fortunately, heroin problem. Consequently, the focus of NAS’s de¬ more wanted NAS’s projects than didn’t. The crop-control mand-reduction program has shifted to funding commu¬ program is moving forward, and the areas where opium is nity-level outreach projects and teacher education. In grown are shrinking year by year. these projects, NAS has worked veiy closely with the UN Datg Control Program (UNDCP). In one unique project, the embassy NAS is funding a program that was devel¬ The enforcers oped and is managed by the UNDCP. This cooperation The law enforcement project has been harder to get was put together and implemented at the local level. started. Corruption remains a problem in all South Asian As long as there is a demand for drugs, people will find police forces—the average policeman in Pakistan earns a way to make money supplying them. There are no less than $40 per month—and years of martial rule by the silver bullets in Pakistan, just as none have been found anny under former President Zia left the police a second in the United States. There have been disappointments class force, underequipped and plagued by poor morale. with U.S.-funded programs in the past and there will be Investigative techniques are at best fledgling. DEA’s 15 more in the future. But the embassy, DEA, and INM are agents stationed at the embassy and in Lahore, Karachi, strongly motivated to persevere. The effort is worth and Peshawar are charged with working directly with the continuing. ■ Pakistani police agencies, not only to make their own cases, but also to train the local agencies to upgrade their enforcement capabilities. There have been improvements during the past year, as Joseph Limprecht was counselor for Narcotics Af¬ Pakistan’s para-military border forces, particularly the legend¬ fairs at the US. Embassy in Islamabad 1988-91. He is ary Frontier Coips along the Afghan border, under instruc- currently deputy director of the Office of Israel and tions from tire prime minister, have taken a new interest in Arab-Israeli Affairs, Bureau of Near East and South going after dmg smugglers. INM’s response has teen to work Asian Affairs. The opinions expressed are the author’s hand-in-glove with the DEA to assist the para-military and not those of The Department of State.

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 Imitation and the New Industrialists

Why some countries don’t buy intellectual property rights

BY ROBERT E. EVENSON

uring the 1980s, the • Stimulate inventive effort by pro¬ hence “pay” for the rights to use inven¬ D United States re¬ viding incentives to inventors en¬ tions that they might otherwise simply peatedly charged abling them to “sell” their inven¬ copy or reproduce. In return, national that a group of de¬ tions; sellers will have expanded markets and veloping countries • “Remove inventions from secrecy,” rights to sell in other countries, and this were stealing its in¬ enabling potential imitators to make increases the incentives to invent in tellectual property. imitative or adaptive inventions; both countries. The accused tended to be the Newly • Obligate purchasers or users of But consider this arrangement for Industrialized Economies (NIEs), or they inventions to pay license and roy¬ two types of developing countries. In were near-NIEs. Frustrated by the inef¬ alty fees to tire holders of patent one case, the developing country is very fectiveness of traditional intellectual rights (for a limited period of time). poor, engages in little R&D, and gener¬ property rights (IPR) conventions, the Inherent in the arrangement is a ally lacks the institutions to effectively United States and other developed conflict between buyers and sellers of administer an IPR system. It does only a countries have recently turned to inter¬ patent rights. Buyers would prefer to minor amount of adaptive invention. national trade law and agreements to pay nothing for inventions. But without This country has no inventions to sell to regulate intellectual property claims. IPRs, inventions would not be pro¬ the developed country; it imports in¬ Primarily, the United States has used duced. Hence IPRs constitute a “social ventions and naturally wishes to import section 301 of the U.S. Trade Acts (1975 bargain” that is in the interests of sellers on the best tenns possible. It lacks the and 1988), along with a multilateral and buyers collectively. skills required for large-scale copying initiative to incorporate intellectual When two similar countries agree to and reproduction of inventions origi¬ property rights into the GATT negotia¬ recognize the IPRs of inventors from nating abroad. It usually contracts with tions. other countries, they effectively expand foreign films to purchase engineering Will this route lead the United States the market for inventions, and this con¬ and technical services along with capi¬ to success? To answer the question, it is stitutes a strengthening of IPRs. Thus tal goods. IPRs are largely iirelevant to useful to examine which countries tend two countries with both sellers (inven¬ this type of technology exchange, be¬ to violate IPR conventions, and why. tors) and buyers (licensees) will find cause the seller usually sells IPRs through workable a simple agreement calling these larger contracts. Real-world failures for “national treatment.” National treat¬ The second type of developing Traditional IPR conventions have ment gives foreign inventors the same country, as typified by the NIEs, has failed. To understand why, consider rights as national inventors, as required invested in and achieved a considerable one example: IPRs for inventions. Within by the Paris convention for patents. capacity to “reverse engineer” and copy a particular country patent laws are National buyers will be obligated to the inventions of developed countries. designed to: recognize the IPRs of foreigners and It has significant numbers of trained

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 book, record, or film. There is, how¬ ever, a competing moral or natural right argument. This is the “common heri¬ tage" or public good argument, which holds that many creative acts are the common heritage of mankind and should be enjoyed by all. Patent laws clearly recognize the common heritage argument by exclud¬ ing concepts, ideas, and naturally oc¬ curring materials from patent protection on common heritage grounds. Further¬ more, they explicitly limit protection for eligible inventions to a fixed period, and they recognize the social bargain inher¬ ent in patent protection. Thus for patent laws, the natural rights case is probably untenable and is so regarded by most policy-makers. For copyrights, the case for natural rights is stronger. Almost all would agree that plagiarism is a violation of natural rights, but many poor countries also argue that writers and artists have a common heritage obligation. Thus, they personnel. It has usually adopted an The logic applies with some modifi¬ argue that copying without plagiarism international export-oriented commer¬ cation to copyright and trademark is¬ should be allowable under the public cial policy stance and aggressively seeks sues as well. The modification is that a good or common heritage argument. to import technology in many forms on broader range of countries are able to For trademarks, the case for natural the best terms. However, even though copy items protected by copyright and rights is very strong. It is basically the it has substantial inventive capacity and trademark laws than are able to repro¬ case for protection from plagiarism. research and development, it remains duce inventions. And even the poorest If the OECD countries hope to achieve uncompetitive in selling inventions to countries have the infrastructure to sell remedies through international (natural developed countries. Its comparative (as opposed to produce) such materials. rights) law mechanisms, they will have advantage is in imitative adaptive inven¬ Very few developing countries are to do so specifically for trademarks and tion, and thus, in developed countries, willing to invite international hostility possibly copyrights. Little is likely to be its imitations are of less value than the by directly refusing to recognize the obtained by making a general case for originals. These countries, on one hand, IPRs of foreigners. Most have some form all IPRs. can copy and reverse engineer as well of IPR system and most belong to the as screen and search for specific inven¬ international conventions, but their IPR Everybody’s best interest tions. On the other, they lack incentives systems are generally weak, with lim¬ A second approach is to convince to recognize the rights of exporters. This ited protection for certain inventions developing countries that stronger IPRs combination provides powerful incen¬ (e.g., pharmaceuticals and food-related (including the IPRs of foreigners) are in tives to infringe upon the IPRs of for¬ inventions). Violations of the IPRs of their own real interest. eigners. foreigners occur in spite of these laws Economists have directed little atten¬ because of lax administration and com¬ tion to this problem and probably would Easy prey pliance. not reach much consensus on it. It While oversimplified, this basic logic would appear, however, that the present explains why IPR infringement is not an The “moral” cure system in general does not serve the issue between similar developed coun¬ One approach to a remedy to the interests of developing countries. Weak tries of the Organization for Economic existing IPR “problem” from the per¬ IPR systems with lax administration do Cooperation and Development (OECD), spective of developed countries is to not provide enough incentives for do¬ why it is an unimportant issue between invoke a natural rights case for stronger mestic R&D and invention or for the OECD and poor developing countries, sanctions. This moral argument main¬ commercialization of inventions. The and why it is extremely important be¬ tains that an inventor, writer, or artist successful NIEs have achieved this ca¬ tween OECD countries and the NIEs has a natural right to exclude others pacity by using other incentives, for and near NIEs. from using or copying an invention, a example, public sector support for

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For most NIEs, the present option Because of this failure of traditional ably have facilitated additional R&D, to offer weak IPR protection to for¬ IPR conventions, the United States has and most would benefit from this. eigners may be in their best interest. In been turning to bilateral trade actions Most developing countries base their the poorer countries, where stronger through section 301 and special 301 and IPR policies on international trade is¬ IPRs probably don’t raise the real price multilateral trade actions through the sues; few have sought to devise IPR of imported technology, the benefits GATT. Although these remedies are systems that favor domestic inventors, of stronger IPRs probably exceed the clearly in the interest of developed writers, and artists. In fact, many IPR costs. The range of countries over countries, they come with high costs: systems in developed countries are ac¬ which the gains might exceed the they sour feelings toward the initiating tually biased against domestic inven¬ losses will be widened if developing country. The United States has probably tors. (Patent applications from abroad countries can develop IPR systems lost some international goodwill be¬ have already been examined, making with a domestic bias. cause of its actions under section 301, them easier to deal with than domestic Strengthening IPR systems with a and the loss has been incurred to pla¬ applications). Stronger IPRs would thus bias toward domestic inventions is cate specific interest groups in the United make a positive contribution in the form certainly a good idea, however. The States. Removing special trade privi¬ of stronger incentives to invent, write, utility model (or petty patent, for minor leges that were negotiated on an under¬ or create in developing countries. inventions) is well suited for this pur¬ standing that the IPRs were not a trade pose. It is used in several countries (e.g. issue is not exactly gracious diplomacy. Contributing to growth Japan and South Korea) to stimulate Many poor developing countries may From the perspective of developing adaptive domestic invention. A country gain from a GATT system, which will at countries, inventions are in a more least force them to give more consider¬ important policy category than are Many poor developing countries ation to their domestic technology policy. books, records, and designer clothes. But advanced developing countries will This is because inventions are, in large may gain from a GATT system, probably lose from a GATT system. These part, producer goods and as such they which will at least force them to losses will be lowered if they develop are an integral part of the economic give more consideration to their stronger domestic IPRs as a result. Unfortu¬ and productivity growth process. Many domestic technology policy. But nately, the thrust of the bilateral and even inventions are “process” inventions: the multilateral initiatives is to protect the improvements in production technol¬ advanced developing countries IPRs of foreigners, not of producers in ogy. Others are “product” inventions will probably lose from a GATT developing countries. It is unlikely, there¬ where the product is to be used in system. These losses will be fore, to directly induce renewed concern producing other goods. Only a few lowered if they develop stronger with IPRs for nationals, although it inventions are “final” consumer prod¬ could indirectly have that effect. uct inventions. Copyrighted and trade- domestic IPRs as a result. marked goods, on the other hand, are A case for compensation in large part final consumer goods. Do the developing countries have a Stronger systems for recognizing might also aggressively encourage do¬ case for “compensation” for opening up the rights of foreign inventors have mestic inventions and provide low-cost their technology markets to foreigners? It two effects on developing countries. domestic patent services. would appear so. They are being asked to First, for countries with the capacity to For copyrighted materials, the argu¬ remove barriers to imports of inventions, copy or reproduce, stronger IPRs will ment that countries gain from stronger etc. Are these barriers any different from raise the direct cost of importing tech¬ domestic incentives holds as well. It is other import barriers? Do they really con¬ nology. Second, stronger IPRs will also also relevant to note that when copy¬ stitute unfair practices more than import stimulate domestic legal imitative in¬ righted goods (e.g., designer clothes) quotas? One could argue that they are not vention. This legal imitative invention are illegally copied and sold for low different from other import barriers and occurs in all societies and is important prices in developing countries, many that the case for negotiation in GATT is to the overall process of technological of the sales are made to customers therefore on a par with negotiations development. Legal imitative inven¬ who would not have purchased the over other trade barriers. tion in developing countries has the item if priced at a copyrighted price. Will stronger IPRs improve global advantage that it is “adaptive” in that it The large “pirated” markets for records, welfare? Probably. The GATT outcomes responds to local factor endowment etc. are usually not markets “taken are a “second-best” solution to a com¬ conditions. The option to simply copy away” from the copyright holder. Thus, plex problem. But they are an improve¬ technology reduces incentives for imi¬ developing countries have much more ment over existing institutions. ■ tative invention. to lose from stronger IPR protection to Are the benefits to developing foreigners than foreign IPR holders Robert E. Evenson is professor of countries worth the costs of a stronger have to gain. economics at Yale University.

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1701 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009-2697 Telephone: (202) 234-5600 Service oral history project at suggests dividing “substantive” from The Consular Past Georgetown University. He describes “managerial” officers. this book as the product of his search Kennedy chronicles the struggle the for his professional roots. The book consular service faced in attempting to THE AMERICAN CONSUL: fills that gap for the entire Consular achieve some form of continuity and A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Service, giving us an important frame professional stature. Drawn entirely CONSULAR SERVICE, 1776-1914 of reference for considering consular from political appointments, the early By Charles Stuart Kennedy, management problems today. consuls were a mixed lot, many with Greenwood Press, 1990, $39-95 Even in the early days of the nation, reputations for drunkenness, licen¬ hardcover there was a clear class distinction be¬ tiousness, and graft. Salaries were set tween consuls and diplomatic envoys. at the time Congress established a Reviewed by Betsy L. Anderson Diplomats served in the capitals of a consulate and were seldom increased. In this pleasurable and educational very few countries; consuls were sent In the early days, consuls were expected account, Stu Kennedy contributes an wherevertrade flourished. A diplomat, to make a living from fees, but this important study to the history of United most often from an influential family, policy predictably produced a great States foreign relations. Rich in histori¬ was at home in the court life of Europe; opportunity for corruption, since most cal anecdote, The American Consul ts a consul, most probably from the mer¬ consuls were personally involved in a voyage in time, a vivid description of chant class, was required to feel at home trade at their ports of assignment. the consul’s role in the emergence of in seaports teeming with humanity from Despite occasional rumblings from the the nation in the 19th century. all over the globe. One is led to consider public and in Congress, a bill regular¬ Retired from the service in the early how this distinction has endured to the izing a professional Consular Service, 1980s, Kennedy has devoted the last present day, as the service faces yet with a career ladder and opportunity several years to directing a Foreign another reorganization plan which for transfer between posts, was not

In one example of consular autonomy, the American Consul William Eaton (in cocked hat) started from Egypt in March 1805 with eight United States Marines, 38 Greeks, 300 Arabs, and an unemployed pasha (left), to attack Tripoli from the rear. The little army marched across 600 miles of desert and captured the port of Derne before President Jefferson suddenly called off the war.

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Merchant captains, Multipolar World scenting profit, did not comply, and U.S. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE: THE passed until 1906. Americans soon filled the Moroccan SECRET SIDE OF AMERICAN HISTORY Today’s consular officers will rec¬ jails. By Charles D. Ameringer, Lexington ognize some of the sendees provided Provisions of extraterritoriality in Books, 1990, $24.95 hardcover and problems encountered by their some places made the consul an abso¬ THE CIA AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY predecessors. Destitute citizens, in lute authority among his countrymen. those days mainly sailors, had to be Consuls maintained jails in most ports; By Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Yale provided with subsistence allowances the consul himself was judge and jury University Press, 1989, $30 hardcover, and onward transportation. While for most criminal cases involving $14.95 softcover LEADERS AND INTELLIGENCE Edited by Michael I. Handel Frank Even in the early days of the nation, there was a clear class distinction between Cass & Co., 1989, $29-50 hardcover, $15 consuls and diplomatic envoys. Diplomats sewed in the capitals of a very few softcover countries; consuls were sent wherever trade flou rished. A diplomat, most often Reviewed by John D. Stempel from an influential family, was at home in the court life of Europe; a consul, Robert Gates’ confirmation hearings most probably from the merchant class, was required to feel at home in seaports to be CIA director revived many of the' issues involving intelligence in a de¬ teeming with humanity from all over the globe. mocracy that arose in 1947 when the CIA was created, were hashed over by Americans abroad were not generally Americans. While today we would the Church committee nearly 20 years required to carry passports, a consul consider any such provisions a clear ago, and moved again to center stage in could issue one upon demand. Con¬ violation of a country’s sovereignty, the Iran-Contra affair. This time, how¬ suls were responsible for the effects of there was great precedent for it: the ever, the debate about intelligence is deceased Americans. Then, as now, ancient Egyptians set up a Greek city taking place in an environment radi¬ citizens do not like to be told what to on their territory for the purpose of cally changed from that of 1974 to 1977 do by their government: consuls in the engaging in extensive trade without and a decade later. Barbary States tried to warn merchant subjecting themselves to the polluting Glasnost, perestroika, and the col¬ ships away from their ports during a influence of foreigners. lapse of the Soviet Union’s East Euro¬ Nineteenth century consuls faced pean empire have been accompanied hardships we find hard to imagine by China’s in-turning after Tiananmen Stay in a little today. Many died from tropical dis¬ Square and the emergence of economic corner of eases; some were lost at sea on their issues as the main stuff of foreign policy. Washington way to and from posts. Still, their initia¬ These events have dramatically changed tives in disaster relief and human rights the landscape for discussing intelligence reporting foreshadowed some of the problems. Some may protest that the more important foreign relations items $65* Gulf War marked the reemergence of on our present policy agenda. more standard politico-military issues. Kennedy’s book invites discourse on While true, it remains to be seen how ...that isn’t. another important issue. To the early significant this proves in the future. In consuls, the facilitation of trade was the any case, aside from certain kinds of Stay in Arlington, at the Ramada Renais¬ raison d’etre—the bread-and-butter is¬ tactical military intelligence, the Gulf sance. Just south of the Potomac, in what sue. Wealthy or up-and-coming entre¬ War and its aftermath also reaffinned once was part of Washington, you’ll be 10 minutes from the monuments and museums preneurs lobbied hard to have consulates the reemergence of “humint,” or human by Metrorail. Yet comfortably outside the established in the ports where they had intelligence (as opposed to techint, or District—with all the comforts of home. commercial interests. Trade facilitation has technical intelligence) as an important, given way to protection and welfare of if recently neglected, factor. American citizens, a function much The three books discussed here harder to put a value on. Compare: at present solid history and background the end of the Civil War, there were 644 on intelligence and its evolution for consular posts. Today, die posts offer¬ America in the post-World War II pe¬ ing consular services number 249- riod. The best overall presentation is 950 North Stafford Street • Arlington, Virginia 22203 Telephone (703) 528-6000 • Telefax (703) 528-4386 Ameringer’s analysis of the “secret side” (800) 228-9898 Betsy Anderson is a Foreign Service of American history from colonial days officer serving in the Bu reau of Consular to the present. Jeffreys-Jones offers a Affairs. much more thorough, in-depth look at

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 the contemporary (since 1947) period. Handel’s compilation of excellent es¬ says deals with many intelligence issues familiar to diplomats—though the book A draws primarily on military sources (not surprisingly, since it grew out of three international conferences from April 1986 r WALK TO to May 1988 on “Intelligence and Mili¬ tary Operations” at the U.S. Army War College). Both Ameringer and Jeffreys-Jones F.S.I. deal with critical issues of intelligence in a democracy—the problems of political control, keeping the CIA out of politics, and the relationship of “pure” intelli¬ jt£ Packages from gence-gathering to covert operations (and what role such operations should $42.00* - $62.00* have). On professional issues, while per day acknowledging that this has its disad¬ vantages, Ameringer shares former CIA officer and State Department Bureau of Fully Furnished one-bedroom and efficiency Intelligence and Research chief Ray apartments Cline’s belief that analysis should be v Cable television with free FIBO separated from operations. He also be¬ Fully equipped kitchens lieves that intelligence oversight by an Free parking on site independent commission is necessary, Coin-operated laundry facilities dryly noting that, “Presidents have not i Free utilities historically done a good job of policing Individual heating and air conditioning themselves.” Outdoor pool and saunas Jeffreys-Jones focuses more on the Maid service CIA’s bureaucratic weakness and what R he calls “supine” agency leadership on Free local phone calls more titan one occasion. Asserting that All linens provided “there has never been a conspicuous, 24-hour message service high-level resignation-in-protest from G 8-minute walk to Rosslyn Metro the CIA,” he argues that the key issue is Same day laundry and valet service whether and how the CIA should be involved in policy-making and how political manipulation of the intelligence I product can be avoided or minimized. While they both would probably applaud the appointment of a career intelligence officer from the analytical rather than N the operational side of the CIA, both Jeffrey-Jones and Ameringer would certainly question the replacement of Judge Webster by Robert Gates because of his Iran-Contra involvement. But the essays in Handel’s volume demonstrate substantial malaise in the relationship between leaders and their HOTEL CONVENIENCE intelligence officers and organizational WITH RESIDENTIAL COMFORT components. Noting in his opening (703) 522-9600 Fax (703) 525-4462 (800) 275-2866 essay, “Before the 20th centuiy, the 1500 Arlington Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 political or military leader could still be N 'Minimum 30-day stay successful as his own intelligence offi¬ cer,” Handel says the expanding need for all types of intelligence and the importance of intelligence for a leader’s

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Waiting for the Foreign Service Novel THE EIGHTH CONTINENT: TALES OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE By Philip Gould, Algonquin Books, 1991, $17.95 hardcover

Reviewed by Anne Stevenson-Yang “At twenty-five, three years behind MARTENS CARS OF WASHINGTON the century, believing in nothing, 4800 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 Stefan, Count Z , toyed with (202) 537-3000 Fax:(202)537-1826 ending his life.” Thus begins the new Dedicated to Excellence Since 1904 novel by Philip Gould, a retired For¬ eign Service officer, with elements of

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 displaced Old European anomie, fallen snowy billows of eiderdown. Arched nobility, and 20th-century violence as a longbow, wheeling, she drew the familiar to us all and rendered without perfect angle and drew him skyrocket¬ originality; Only this opening salvo ing to discoveiy.” The pair being old- does not lead us to the main story in fashioned and god-fearing, they marry Eighth Continent. The line is a quote and, offstage, bear two children, Ri¬ Dollar from a novel written by “Stefan,” a chard and Meredith, who appear in Polish refugee nobleman, lost in a cameos only to provide the main changed Europe, who haunts the characters with faux-naif straight lines Diplomacy background of Gould’s second piece such as (about the corrupt new kids on of fiction. the block) “They make fun of us be¬ Parallel to Stefan’s stoiy and even¬ cause we go to church and say our the tually overtaking it is the union of prayers at night.”

The Foreign Service life contains ample material for the focused analysis American fiction affords: the relativity and sense of remove engendered by so wide experience, the manufactured, village-like communities flung up at foreign way posts, the singularity of a child’s experience, the duplicity suggested by the

routines ofprotocol. The Foreign Service could use a few good novels. Come to American Perhaps Gould will try again. Service Center for diplomatic immunity from high prices. If Stefan’s biographer, Caroline, with the Marriage brings Charlie and Caroline you are on an overseas Foreign Sendee hero, Charlie McKay into the second “tale,” the best of the assignment, and carry a and their subsequent posting to three, since it focuses on what Gould diplomatic or official passport, Calcutta, engendering of a family, and presumably knows best—the Foreign you can save on the purchase disillusionment with politicking and Service. In Calcutta, the McKays spend of a new Mercedez-Benz with transience in the service. Although most of their time among backbiting U.S. equipment, shipped related with the flatness—but without colleagues, ruined children, and In¬ directly to the United States or the observational rigor—of a reporting dian society figures who would be for pick up in Stuttgart*. cable, this second stoiy contains the entertaining if they were allowed more Contact Erik Granholm, obscured matrix of a true novel. But of a chance to speak. Settling in at post, the author seems to doubt that, having Gould writes more engagingly, as he our Diplomatic and Tourist witnessed the titanic displacements of describes his own version of evil per¬ Sales Manager. war, the follies of the rich, miseries of sonified, his ambitious young colleague the poor, and abortive political longings Tony Greer and Greer’s beautiful, jaded, of the aggrieved, he could find in his and godless family. Both the adult own life episodes of sufficient conse¬ Greers flirt with homosexuality, which quence for a novel. He wrote one just is a recurrent emblem for Gould of the same. dastardliness, and they walk around The Eighth Continent contains three their house naked. Despite the heavy “tales,” noncommittally strung together crepe of condemnation on the prose in into a novel. The first is dominated by this section, we begin to like the Greers, the trite Stefan and Caroline, who falls since at least they are not the ditchwater- half in love with Stefan’s Old World dull McKays, for whom a stimulating lerican erudition and indefinable sadness. conversation begins “Penny for your Fulfilling a sophomorically expressed thoughts.” But giving in to the Foreign Service Centei ideal of altruism, Stefan disappears Service urge not to settle down, Gould 585 North Glebe Road into Hungary during the 1956 uprising leaves the Greers behind and sends Arlington, Virginia 22203 and is abruptly dropped from the nar¬ Charlie to his third “tale” on R&R in the 703/525-2100 FAX: 703/525-1430 rative. Mourning little, Caroline trans¬ Seychelles. *Car must he imported into U.S. within poses her affections (without plau¬ The third episode is meant to tie the 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. sible explanation) to Charlie, the others together with a ponderous moral Mercedes-Benz-Registerd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, American cipher. Their union is de¬ rope. Laboring through the glutinous Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany scribed in livid prose that is probably plot he has forced upon himself, Gould intended to be suggestive but sounds picks up the theme of a “gratuitous coy: “Wide-eyed, Caroline sank into good act” enunciated by Stefan in the

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 experience, the duplicity suggested by or the executive branch determines BOOKS the routines of protocol. The Foreign foreign policy and the interests of the Service could use a few good novels. United States as it attempts to cany out Perhaps Gould will try again. a coherent foreign policy. first tale. The novel’s pallid prose Fortunately, the beltway homogene¬ proves unable to conjure the air of Anne Stevenson-Yang is editor of the ity is diluted by the conflicting interests supernatural evil and the suspension Foreign Service Journal of the authors (journalists, academics, of disbelief required for this incoher¬ government officials). The result is a ent denouement. The tale ends among Between the lines lively discussion of how the press should sloppy coincidences and a drowning— do its job in Washington and how the the probable source of the reference to THE MEDIA .AND FOREIGN POLICY press and government should interact. the “eighth continent”—with all the Edited by Simon Serfaty, St. Martin’s The essays are thoughtful, well-written, narrative grace of an episode of the Press, 1990, $45 hardcover and provocative. Batman TV series, when, having tied Those who have only been journal¬ Batman to a sawmill’s conveyor belt, Reviewed by Thomas McNamara ists tend to argue against any constraints the Penguin describes his modus Here is an inside-the-beltway book, on the media. Neither are they inclined operandi in great detail and leaves the if there ever was one, with an “outside to strict accounting and self-examina¬ hero alone to escape. Anyway, Charlie the beltw'ay” section tacked on at the tion of their chosen profession. Others manages to find Stefan again then goes end as an afterthought. The book has are more willing to think about the home to write the travel book he had little to do with reporting foreign news unthinkable. Michael Ledeen suggests always carried close to his heart. Or, or informing public opinion. It is about substantial self-censorship and restraint, perhaps he wrote a novel. influence: who has it, who doesn’t, who and Robert Oakley argues for “guide¬ The Foreign Service life contains should have it, and why. lines,” at least for terrorist news. ample material for the focused analy¬ The main focus is on the way the Not surprising is the delicacy with sis fiction affords: the relativity and media influence the making of foreign which some otherwise hard-hitting, sense of remove engendered by so policy. “Setting the agenda” is a catch journalists deal with the often abysmal wide experience, the manufactured, phrase ainning through many of the defects of the Washington media. An village-like communities flung up at essays, as 17 authors try to discern enlightening exception is a straightfor¬ foreign posts, the singularity of a child’s whether and to what extent the media ward essay, one of the best in the book, Allied Owners Are Serving at 46 Overseas Posts

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44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 Despatch from U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Peru, Isaac P. Christiancy, to Secretary of State William Evarts, 1881

UNDER SIEGE IN LIMA

Isaac Christiancy was American en¬ by surprise, and the probability is that wounded they found upon the field. voy and minister to Pern when the War it was the unauthorized act of some They deliberately burned Chorillos, of the Pacific broke out in 1879. Peru subaltern officer. after all necessity for such outrages was drawn by its alliance with Bolivia The diplomatic corps fled to the had ended. They did the same with into a war against Chile. Chile emerged rear towards Lima for their lives and Barranca and Miraflores; and since all victorious on all fronts. This despatch got somewhat scattered, some of them the fighting has been over they burned recounts the capture of Lima by Chil¬ reaching the railroad train (which had sugar plantations with standing cane ean forces. Chilean forces still occupied taken us out,... and some, like myself, upon them. They have robbed, as I am Lima when Christiancy departed post endeavoring to strike the railroad ahead informed, some haciendas belonging in mid-1881. A peace treaty was not of the train, being cut off by walls and to Colombian citizens, under the pro¬ signed until 1883- ditches, were compelled to walk a tection of this legation, and I fear, also, devious course back to Lima. some belongings to Americans. Lima, January 22, 1881 I was one of the latter unfortunate The Chilians have, as yet, behaved class, was under the shells of the remarkably well in Lima, and thus far Sir: Chilian fleet and army, falling thick respected their promise to protect life Lima was quietly surrendered to the around me, for two hours before I and property; and I must do their Chilian forces on the 17th instant. I could get out of range, climbing smooth officers the justice to say, I think they wished and intended to have given perpendicular walls between fields and intend to enforce order in the city and you a detailed account of the events around chacras and old buildings, to treat the inhabitants kindly. and causes which have led to this wading water-courses, and traveling Pierola, who constitutes the only result. But on the 15th instant, at 2 some 8 miles to get 4 miles ahead, until recognized government of Peru, was o’clock p.m., I went with the whole my muscular powers were thoroughly last heard of at Canta, some 50 miles diplomatic corps to Miraflores, some 5 exhausted; finding on my return some northeast of Lima. He is at present miles (in a direct line) from Lima, to 600 to 700 refugees, women and chil¬ supposed to intend to arouse the inte¬ receive from President Pierola his an¬ dren, in the legation, who had sought rior to anus. But he has no money or swer to the terms offered by the Chilian asylum there, and before 9 o’clock at arms, and, I think, would have acted general, Baguedano, through the night over 1,200 which increased next more wisely if he had remained here. committee of our diplomatic corps. day and night to over 1,500 of all The Chilians, I feel quite sure, would We found Pierola and his staff at nationalities, and all this while more have treated him kindly, and recog¬ breakfast in a large house at Miraflores, than half the time I was unable to stand nized him as the only government with and some of his officers were just upon my feet from the fatigue. which they could treat for peace. I coming out from the table, when a I have just got rid of the refugees, think they would be glad to have him single heavy gun was heard, and in but the strain upon my muscular powers return for that purpose. I am quite less than a minute the battle opened has been such that even yet I cannot unable to write to you further to-day, along the whole lines, and at a dis¬ walk or stand for half the time, and yet as I am scarcely able to be out of bed. tance of but about 80 rods south of us, I am constantly besieged with com¬ I have, &c. the shot, even from the small arms, plaints from Americans, Swiss, and

pattering thick and fast upon the build¬ Colombians against depredations upon I.P. CHMSTIANCY ings around us, and the air being filled their persons or property from the with flying shells exploding all around Chilian soldiery, which I endeavor to us. It is not yet fully known who fired get redressed as well as I can. the first gun, but it is, I think, quite I will only say here that, from all the evident that both the Chilian com¬ reports I hear from every quarter, the mander and Pierola were equally taken Chilians killed all the Peruvian

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 AF S A ♦ N E W

Governing Board retreat: A plan of action by Hume Horan tutions. What should AFSA’s re¬ protect and advance the specific in¬ President sponse to these new issues be? terests of our members. We can In the new foreign affairs scene, Your new AFSA board held a re¬ serve as a conscience for the ser¬ communism has gone the way of treat at the Xerox Conference Cen¬ vice. We can admonish. We can the Holy Roman Empire, and in¬ ter in Leesburg, Virginia, from nag. creasingly, issues can’t be ad¬ September 6-8 to discuss our role dressed by military power. Current in the new world order. Atten¬ A challenge issues include economic develop¬ dance was impressive: 18 of 20 The overwhelming new de¬ ment, ethnic and religious assertive¬ board members attended. We mands being made on State, A.I.D., ness, population growth, agreed that, as a professional orga¬ and USIA require a different sort of intellectual property, narcotics, refu¬ nization, AFSA could credibly and response than the old exhortation gees, science and technology, and independently point out general di¬ “to manage our resources better the impact of America’s example rections for department policy. And and get more mileage out of what and ideals on foreign political insti¬ acting as a labor union, AFSA can we have.” The elastic in our re¬ sources waistband is alreadyr stretched taut. There is no more give. Can one expect an administra¬ New AFSA board holds retreat tion facing a $500 billion deficit in 1991 substantially to increase out¬ lays in foreign affairs? Under the cir¬ cumstances could one suggest that some savings, some synergy (awful word) could be achieved by reex¬ amining the current structure of our foreign affairs agencies? For in¬ stance, was it sensible to have one Foreign Service Act, but three or more entirely separate foreign af¬ fairs agencies? Could these agen¬ cies, by working more closely together, do a better job more effi¬ ciently, and carry greater weight at home and abroad? The USIA Challenge Your AFSA board stands for “Continuity and Outreach.” It seemed to the board that outreach should start with the United States Information Agency (USIA). Since the mid-1970s, Foreign Service peo¬ Scenes from the AFSA board retreat: President Hume Horan and State Vice ple in USIA have been represented President Bill Kirby (top left); board members Pat Byrne, David Schneider, by a different union. How illogical and Barbara Reioux listen to a presentation (top right); the AFSA board gath¬ this seemed-the agency that was ers for a photo at the end of the weekend sessions.

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ARLINGTON ALEXANDRIA ROSSLYN Adjacent to Fort Myer 1 mile south of National Airport Arlington, Blvd. FOR RESERVATIONS AND INFORMATION CALL: 1-800-535-2582 purveying the most explosive con¬ posed “AFSA Mission Statement,” Foreign Service address the neces¬ cepts in foreign affairs was repre¬ and how to encourage and contrib¬ sity that the modern family-even a sented by a domestically oriented ute to management’s EEO effort. Foreign Service family-needs two labor union! If we were to make a Would it be desirable, for instance, wage earners? What was the depart¬ plausible claim to represent foreign for each department principal to ap¬ ment doing about day care? Or affairs professionals, we had to rein¬ pear at his or her alma mater to about pending actions on decisions corporate the Foreign Service peo¬ talk to minority students about a by the Grievance Board? ple of USIA. Accordingly, the Foreign Service career? Perhaps board decided to give highest prior¬ such an effort would add credibil¬ Keep in touch ity to the USIA election challenge. ity to the work of the Board of Ex¬ The board hopes that our retreat If successful, after elections in the aminers. will stimulate reaction and com¬ spring of 1992, AFSA will become Other issues were more specific ment from our AFSA membership. the exclusive bargaining representa¬ and practical: Were the new hous¬ We want to be your professional or¬ tive for USIA. We seek the support ing regulations and the “pair-cities” ganization, and we want the For¬ of USIA colleagues. USIA’s vice-presi¬ travel regulations too restrictive? eign Service Journal to be your dent on the AFSA board, Bud Was management properly han¬ New England Journal of Medicine. Hensgen, USIA Board Representa¬ dling career development for For¬ We'll let you know about progress tive Lauren Hale, and numerous eign Service Specialists, such as on issues mentioned in this report. others are organizing the AFSA ef¬ secretaries, as well as Facilities But let us hear from you. With fort. Maintenance and Information Man¬ your advice and support we hope agement specialists? Why was USIA we can serve you better. Other issues not included in the department Other issues were discussed. phone directoiy? How should the Some were general, such as a pro- A.I.D. Vice President erroneous and misleading presenta¬ only constitute unmerited criticism The inspector tion of the facts. This does not sur¬ of respected former administrators, general’s vendetta prise A.I.D. employees who have such as Peter McPherson and the had close contact with the IG. late Alan Woods, but would also by Priscilla Del Bosque In fact, the number of adminis¬ A.I.D. has come under fire in re¬ trative misconduct actions has de¬ cent weeks, charged with rampant creased by more than 50 percent employee misconduct. A Septem¬ since 1987. Furthermore, the mod¬ ber 26 Washington Post editorial, Set the agenda! est rate of proven criminal miscon¬ “Getting Aid to A.I.D.” drew on a duct by A.I.D. employees is not report by Inspector General Her¬ very different from that of other for¬ All members are in¬ bert Beckington to assert that too eign affairs agencies, even though vited to AFSA’s Annual many A.I.D. employees have been these have far fewer funds to man¬ charged with crimes. “. . . [T]here Meeting, to be held on De¬ age. is a disturbing quality to life at It is true that a veiy few A.I.D. cember 5 at 4:30 p.m.at A.I.D. that obviously distracts from officers have abused their public the Foreign Service Club. the agency’s mission,” the Washing¬ trust, which is deplorable. But we ton Post said, and employee mo¬ Wine and cheese will be in the Foreign Service know that rale and A.I.D.’s credibility are most A.I.D. employees are highly provided. taking a beating. competent, dedicated professionals Come give us your The Beckington report con¬ working under difficult circum¬ tained serious inaccuracies, which ideas, criticisms, hopes, stances to see to it that U.S. for¬ are damaging the agency’s reputa¬ eign assistance is used for and complaints. Set the tion. A.I.D. Counselor Kenneth authorized purposes to further for¬ agenda for 1992. All are Sherper has made a careful analy¬ eign policy goals. sis of the IG’s statistics on A.I.D. welcome. It will be tempting for Adminis¬ employee misconduct. He con¬ trator Roskens to say, “This didn’t cludes that the IG, under the direc¬ happen on my watch” or “We are tion of Inspector General improving systems with a reorgani¬ Beckington, has painted alarmist zation.” Such a response would not and sensational pictures based on

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 s N E W s lend undue credence to the dis¬ cludes, that A.I.D.’s image problem we don’t want to have to defend torted picture that Beckington will end only if senior manage¬ ourselves against unwarranted, mali¬ paints of A.I.D. and its employees. ment moves decisively to address cious smears. There are problems at A.I.D., those “problems that everyone not the least of which is that it has agrees exist.” Beckington is part of so many mandates and masters, A.I.D.’s problem-a part that coupled with merciless overseas Roskens cannot resolve. staffing cuts. But it is not clear, as All A.I.D. employees recognize the Washington Post editorial con¬ the legitimate role of an IG. But From the Vice President cess to new career opportunities, secretaries, if not to the Foreign Ser¬ Toward fair and and consistency of basic proce¬ vice at large. There are two ways predictable dures among the various programs. to view the TIC. One is as a de¬ To help us toward that end, let us vice that requires a few individuals careers hear from you as these new pro¬ to retire a few years before they by William A. Kirby grams develop. would otherwise do so. The other State Vice President is as a means to create more pro¬ The department has finally Secretaries’ concerns motion opportunities for many turned its attention to the task of The new secretarial career path than would otherwise exist. I am strengthening the specialist corps agreement is a most welcome de¬ confident that by the time this pro¬ and enhancing specialist careers. velopment, but documents by them¬ vision comes into effect-and we ne¬ AFSA hilly supports this important selves cannot address all the gotiated a delay until 1997-nearly process. Unfortunately, concerns of secretaries. Far more everyone will see it in the more management’s initial efforts leave a important is that secretaries be positive light. lot to be desired—as communica¬ viewed as equal members of the tors, systems managers, and others team in every office and section—as AFSA needs your input are well aware. For the new Facili¬ colleagues in the fullest sense. The Communications. In any large ties Maintenance and Information enhancement of secretarial careers organization, the vast majority of Management specialties, we have is a task facing everyone in the ser- problems can be traced to a break¬ at least gotten things on track so vice-and we can all do better. down in communications. State is that there will be no implementa¬ A few secretaries are uncomfort¬ no different; AFSA is constantly in¬ tion without AFSA input. Two able with the time-in-class (TIC) volved in disputes in which man¬ things to which AFSA will be pay¬ provision of the new agreement. agement has communicated ing particular attention: equal ac¬ That’s understandable; it’s new to ineffectively with employees. So let’s try to help solve the problem. Has your post or bureau found a way to ensure that everyone sees Getting four tigers by the tail department notices on a timely basis? If so, what’s the secret? If Some 140 businesspeople and 47 panelists and speakers spent a day ex¬ not, what would you suggest? amining how trade relations can be strengthened between the United Housing. Now that new over¬ States and the “four tigers” of Asia, at a conference co-sponsored by AFSA seas arrivals have begun to settle and the Korea Economic Institute. Held in the Willard Hotel in Washing¬ in, what has been the experience ton, the conference brought together representatives of Singapore Airlines, at your post with the new housing the Coordination Council for North American Affairs, and the Hong Kong regulations? We intend to reopen General Chamber of Commerce, among others. this issue with management, but Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) saluted the Foreign Service for sponsoring we need facts. If you have sugges¬ the conference on Asia’s rising industrial powers-Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sin¬ tions, please be specific. gapore, and South Korea. Minister of State Shirley Kuo, chairman of the Contract (City-Pair) Air Fares. Council for Economic Planning and Development in the Republic of This is also still a live issue, but China, was among the panelists. Ambassador Carla A. Hills, United States we need to hear about your experi¬ trade representative, summed up all the efforts of the day by stating, “The ences. Brief, chronological ac¬ groups assembled here today can play a vital role in strengthening this counts will be most useful, [Four Tigers of Asia and the United States] partnership by heightening pub¬ combined, if you wish, with spe¬ lic awareness.” cific suggestions for improvement. Julie Smithline NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 Croatian borders, removal of the army from its internal security func¬ tion, and autonomy for the Serbs Dim hopes for in Croatia. Yugoslavia In the long run, Zimmermann stated, the only solution is more de¬ By Richard S. Thompson mocracy. It may take several elec¬ Coordinator, Professional Issues tions to get people to focus on the U.S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia real issues of the economy and Warren Zimmermann sees little le¬ jobs. A long-term solution would in¬ verage for the United States to volve maximum autonomy for the move the parties in conflict toward Ambassador Warren Zimmermann republics, with some economic and a negotiated solution. In a speech KGB, leaving only the army as a monetary union. The West has little to a capacity Foreign Service Club federal institution. Pressures for rad¬ leverage, and a peacekeeping force audience on September 20, die am¬ ical reforms are more apt to come is possible only if all parties agree. bassador provided a lucid but pessi¬ from the center, with the republics An attempt to redraw borders mistic analysis of the crisis. more retrogressive. In the Soviet would be complex and destabiliz¬ Zimmermann called nationalism Union, the major democratic leader- ing, without providing a solution. the most important issue in Yugo- Boris Yeltsin-leads the major ethnic Zimmermann concluded that the slavia-not democracy or liberty for group, whereas in Yugoslavia the fighting may continue for a long the republics. He named Serbian major ethnic group is led by a dic¬ time before a peaceful settlement nationalism as the most damaging tator. In Yugoslavia, anti-Commu- is achieved. He believes that some of all and pointed to Serbian Presi¬ nists are not necessarily democrats, sort of union, perhaps confederal, dent Slobodan Milosevic as particu¬ and one cannot assume the destruc¬ is likely to emerge because what larly dangerous. Croatian tion of the center is the way to unites Yugoslavs is still greater nationalism in 1990 brought to democratic and economic progress. than what separates them. power die extremist Franco Tudj- Zimmermann stated that the U.S. man, who, although somewhat policy of support for the unity of more democratic than Milosevic, Yugoslavia is based on the belief, has failed to protect the Serbian mi¬ so far borne out by experience, nority in Croatia. Zimmermann that any breakup would lead to characterized the third major massive violence. A smaller coun¬ You Can Now Give Directly To The group, Slovenians, as less fractious try in which the Serbs have a but simply wanting to leave Yugo¬ much larger role will create conflict slavia. with other nationalities. If Croatia AFSA Zimmermann pointed to several were recognized by a large major¬ differences between Yugoslavia SCHOLARSHIP FUND ity of nations, the Serbs, he main¬ and other nations of the former So¬ tained, would escalate the war in viet bloc. First, the difference be¬ via the Combined Federal Campaign order to protect the 600,000 Serbs tween democracy and communism living in Croatia. is blurred in Yugoslavia where com¬ The prospects are poor for a set¬ munism has always been more be¬ tlement acceptable to all parties, Watch for your sample nign with a democratic strain, and Zimmermann said. The European CFC Pledge Card in the mail with almost eveiy politician is a Commu¬ Community has the best prospect complete instructions on howto nist or former Communist. Second, of resolving the situation because designate the Yugoslavia is a voluntary union, Yugoslavians want to become pan ASFA Scholarship Fund, Agency not an empire created by force. In of Europe. Zimmermann described #0280 on your CFC Pledge Card. Yugoslavia, there is no real party a ceasefire as the first step, fol¬ or leader at the center, and no All donations are tax-exempt. lowed by recognition of present Fall 1991 CFC Campaign: October - December, 1991. Did you know . . . that the expected 4.2 percent cost of living adjustment (COLA) applies only to FSOs in grades 1 through 8? Senior Foreign Service/Senior Execu¬ tive officers can look forward to a higher COLA, which has yet to be determined.

50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 N E W S

Recognize outstanding achievement: Call for AFSA award nominations A strong Foreign Service is * Outstanding contributions to based on a tradition of excellence. The awards improving the morale and profes¬ Plan now to submit nominations of Three awards are for Foreign sionalism of the Foreign Service worthy colleagues for the presti¬ Service officers who have “exhib¬ secretarial corps. gious AFSA awards. ited extraordinary accomplishment * A positive and helpful attitude Nominations may be submitted involving initiative, integrity, intel¬ in all matters, on and off the job, on the form being mailed to all lectual courage and constaictive dis¬ which improves post or office effi¬ AFSA members, or typed following sent.” ciency and morale. the format below. They should be The Christian A. Herter * Serving as a role model for returned by pouch or interoffice Award is for members of the Se¬ other secretaries. mail to Awards Committee, AFSA, nior Foreign Service and includes * Contributions to the American Room 3644 NS, Department of $1,000 cash. community through involvement in State or mailed to AFSA, 2101 E The William R. Rivkin Award community activities, for example Street NW, Washington DC 20037, is for mid-career officers (FS 1-3) those of a social, charitable or cul¬ no later than January 31, 1991. and includes $1,000 cash. tural nature. Questions should be directed to The W. Averell Harriman * Contributions to better rela¬ Richard Thompson, coordinator for Award is for junior officers (FS 4- tions with the local community, the professional issues, tel. 202/338- 6) and includes $2,500 cash. host government, other embassies, 4045. The Delavan Award is for an or the private American sector. In addition to the awards de¬ individual or group of Foreign Ser¬ This award includes $2,500 cash. scribed below, a number of $1,000 vice secretaries who have made a The Avis Bohlen Award is pre¬ Matilda Sinclaire Awards are con¬ significant contribution to post or sented by Mrs. W. Averell Harri¬ ferred for achievement in the study office effectiveness and morale be¬ man in memory of Avis Bohlen of hard languages. Most Sinclaire yond the framework of their job re¬ (wife of the late Ambassador nominations are submitted through sponsibilities. This additional Charles E. Bohlen) to a member of FSI, but nominations from the field contribution might include some or the family of a Foreign Service em¬ are encouraged. Further informa¬ all of the following elements: ployee whose relations with the tion is available from the School of * Unusual initiative and leader¬ American and foreign communities Language Studies or AFSA’s coordi¬ ship in contributing to improved at a Foreign Service post have nator for professional issues. management and morale. done the most to advance the inter¬ * Intellectual courage and/or in¬ ests of the United States. This tegrity. award includes $2,500 cash. News Briefs Format for Nominations Secretaries’ differential pay Part I. Biographic Data: name AFSA met with management on October 2 for the first of the negotia¬ and identification of nominee tions of differential pay for secretaries serving in communicator positions. (grade, agency, position or relation¬ Management has proposed a 5 percent differential for both back-up and ship to a member of the Foreign primary communicators. AFSA has counter proposed 10 percent for back¬ Service) ups and 15 percent for primaries, and we have asked that the payment Part II. Name and identification of the differential be retroactive to January 1, 1991 ■ of nominator and description of as¬ sociation with the nominee (limit Change in travel regulations 250 words) A new regulation issued July 17, 1991 could affect the cost of R&R Part III. Justification for nomina¬ travel. If you plan to take R&R in the United States, calculation of the re¬ tion (500-700 words): summary of construction cost of such travel can no longer be based on the fare to reasons for nomination. The narra¬ your post’s designated R&R point. The calculation must be based on the tive should discuss the perfor¬ fare to the nearest port of entry in the United States, even though that mance and qualities which qualify fare may be lower than that to the designated R&R point. For example, the nominee for the award, includ¬ personnel in Trinidad taking R&R in the United States must base their re¬ ing specific examples of the constructive cost calculations on the fare to Miami rather than Costa Rica. nominee’s accomplishments that meet the criteria.

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 Switzerland and Great Britain to all Miss Hall’s School: A $2,500 re¬ FS Scholarships sons and daughters in grades 7-12 duction is available for the daugh¬ Available of State Department personnel sta¬ ters of Foreign Service personnel in tioned overseas. Additional finan¬ grades 9 through 12. For further in¬ Many scholarships are available cial aid may be offered on the formation, contact Patrick C. to the dependents of Foreign Ser¬ basis of need. For more informa¬ Mclnerney, director for admissions, vice personnel, both through AFSA tion contact: Yvette Rogers or Mary Miss I-Iall’s School, Pittsfield, MA and from other institutions. Follow¬ Russman, TASIS U.S. Admissions Of¬ 01201 (413) 443-6401. ing is a list of these awards. fice, 326 East 69th Street, New Middlesex School: A scholar¬ AFSA Scholarships in coopera¬ York, NY 10021. Telephone: ship is offered on the basis of tion with AAFSW and DACOR: 212/570-1066. Telex: 971912, Fax: proven financial need for grades 9 Applications are available for de¬ 212/249-3097. through 12 to the son or daughter pendents of career American For¬ Castilleja School: Scholarships of a Foreign Service family. For in¬ eign Service personnel who have based on demonstrated financial formation write to Debbie Dewing, been or are currently stationed need are available to girls regis¬ assistant director of admissions, abroad. Three types of awards are tered at Castilleja School for admis¬ Middlesex School, 1400 Lowell available. sion to grades 7 to 12. For Road, Concord, MA 01742 508/369- • The AFSA/AAFSW Merit complete infonnation write to Jill 2550. Awards are for graduating high Lee, director of admissions and fi¬ Northfield/Mount Hermon school students and are based on nancial aid, Castilleja School, 1310 School: A $2,000 reduction in tu¬ academic excellence. Up to 20 Bryant St., Palo Alto, CA 94301 ition is offered for new students awards of $750 each and 12 honor¬ 415/328-3160. who are sons and daughters of able mention awards of $100 each Dana Hall School: The Con- State Department personnel sta¬ are given in May. gdon Prize Scholarship is awarded tioned overseas who attend grades • AFSA financial aid grants are on a competitive basis to two enter¬ 9 through 12. $1,000 is offered to for full-time undergraduate study in ing sophomore boarding students. returning students. Additional finan¬ the United States and are based on In addition to the $2,500 prize, cial aid is available on the basis of financial need. Grants range from each winner is eligible for financial need. At present, students from 45 $500 to $2,500 for individuals, with aid up to full tuition when war¬ states and 64 countries are en¬ a $5,000 limit for families. ranted by need. Applications must rolled. For further information con¬ • The DACOR Bacon House be completed by February 1. Inquir¬ tact Virginia deVeer, director of Foundation Heyward G. Hill Schol¬ ies should be addressed to: Olive admissions. Northfield/Mount arship Program is intended for un¬ B. Long, director of admissions, Hennon School, Northfield, MA dergraduate students committed to Dana Hall School, Wellesley, MA 01360 413/498-3000. fields related to foreign affairs for 02181 617/235-3010. The Phelps School: A $1,200 their junior or senior year; awards The Foxcroft School: A partial scholarship is provided to any son range up to $2,500. For applica¬ scholarship is offered for a qualify¬ of career Foreign Service person¬ tions and information, contact the ing daughter of a Foreign Service nel. The scholarship is available for AFSA Scholarship Programs office, officer. Additional financial aid is grades 7-12. For information, con¬ 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, available based on need. Applica¬ tact Norman Phelps, headmaster, D.C. 20037 202/338-4045. Deadl¬ tion deadline is May 1 for the 1992- The Phelps School, Malvern, PA ine for completion and return 93 academic year. For further 19355 215/644-1754. of applications is February 15, information contact Rebecca B. Gil¬ Phillips Academy: The Charles 1992. more, director of admissions, and Jane Stelle Memorial Scholar¬ Other Scholarships: Foxcroft School, Middleburg, VA ship is awarded to the son or The following scholarships are 22117 703/687-5555. daughter of Foreign Service person¬ also available to dependents of For¬ Grier School: A $1,500 reduc¬ nel. The award is based on finan¬ eign Service Personnel. Applicants tion in mition is available to daugh¬ cial need. For more information, should write for complete informa¬ ters of Foreign Service personnel. write to Jeannie F. Dissette, dean tion to the schools, colleges, and Additionally, girls may compete for of admissions, or Clement Morell, universities. scholarship support on the basis of director of financial aid, Phillips demonstrated financial need and all¬ Academy, Andover, Massachusetts Secondary Schools round abilities. For information 01810 508/749-4000. The American School in Swit¬ please contact: Admissions director, St. Albans School: The Phillip zerland (TASIS), and TASIS En¬ The Grier School, Tyrone, PA Hayes Funkhouser Memorial Schol¬ gland: $1,000 tuition reductions 16686 814/684-3000. arship provides aid to an academi- are offered at the TASIS schools in

52 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 F S NEWS cally qualified student in grades 4- scholarship is also available. For in¬ nancial need. Apply to the director 12. The award is based on proven formation write: Director of admis¬ of financial aid, Vassar College, financial need and is offered to the sions, Vermont Academy, Saxtons Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 914/437- son of a Foreign Service family. River, VT 05154 802/869-2121. 5320. Write to A. Wayne Gordon, scholar¬ Colleges Yale University: Children of ship committee, St. Albans School, Dartmouth College: The S. American Foreign Service officers Mount St. Alban, Washington, D.C. Pinkney Tuck Scholarship is a will be considered for a need- 20016 202/537-6414. need-based award for students at based scholarship made possible St. Andrew’s School: The Nor¬ Dartmouth College who are the by the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert ris S. Haselton Scholarships are children or grandchildren of For¬ H. Kinney. Recipients must awarded to sons and daughters in eign Service personnel. Address in¬ demonstrate financial need. Con¬ grades 9-12 of career Foreign Ser¬ quiries to the director of financial tact: Director of Financial Aid, Box vice families. For further informa¬ aid, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 2170 Yale Station, New Haven, CT tion write the director of NH 03755 603/646-1110. 06520 203/432-0360. admissions, St. Andrew’s School, Vassar College: The Polly Rich¬ Middletown, DE 19709 302/378- ardson Lukens Memorial Scholar¬ AFSA Views (continued) 9511. ship is awarded to children of DAS’s (one has seven) that any fair Vermont Academy: An Edward Foreign service personnel. Another selection system would fill at least R. Cheney Memorial Scholarship is scholarship, awarded by an anony¬ one of these positions with a awarded to a son or daughter of mous donor, is granted to the child woman. Foreign Service personnel in of an American Foreign Service offi¬ These cases might be seen as ex¬ grades 9-12. A minority-designated cer. Both awards are based on fi- ceptions that prove the rule, the "rule" being that jobs in an ideal ser¬ Legislative News vice should be assigned purely and ment and retirement of presiden¬ objectively on the basis of objec¬ Authorization tial appointees; tively determined merit and service bills clear • Authorizes a study of DSS need. But to what degree are excep¬ agents and their need for in¬ tions permissible or even desirable? conference creased arrest authority; In a service that is not yet "ideal" by Rick Weiss • Provides for embassy property there will be instances where Congressional Liaison acquisitions in Eastern Europe. personnel’s "invisible hand" will not The State Authorization Bill for A.I.D. distribute jobs fairly among those 1992-93 cleared conference in Octo¬ The Foreign Aid Authorization who merit them. It’s then that man¬ ber with the following items impact bill has also cleared conference. It agement must decide how much ing on the Foreign Service: provides for further management re¬ and where to intervene. It’s also • Establishes a new geographic bu¬ form and lists eight areas of con¬ management’s duty-the duty of reau, the South Asian Bureau; cern: streamlining the project leadership-clearly and frankly to • Re-establishes a commission to development process, increasing state why it is acting as it is, and to study personnel questions in the A.I.D.’s decentralization, reducing seek the support and understanding department (The Thomas Com¬ the number of projects and increas¬ of Foreign Service people. mission); ing their duration, decreasing re¬ In a world where no personnel • Provides for local compensation cruiting costs, expanding overseas policies can yet be perfect, there is plans for U.S. citizens abroad; tours and streamlining mid-level no single "AFSA rule." Rather than • Increases compensation for loss management, streamlining the con¬ adopt a single hard and fast rule, of personal property; tract process, improving coordina¬ AFSA would urge that contending • Re-authorizes child-care facilities tion of economic assistance, and principles (each having some merit) at selected posts; reviewing multi-donor coordination. be openly and vigorously weighed • Re-authorizes the voluntary It requires the president to re¬ and discussed. The process might leave-bank program; port to Congress on the feasibility will involve friction, some posturing • Increases the amount of storage of reducing foreign economic assis¬ and acrimony. Real personal inter¬ of household effects; tance, on improving the coordina¬ ests, after all, are involved. But the • Allows Foreign Service person¬ tion of assistance, and improving final result of such a process would nel to choose either the EEO or the management of assistance pro¬ be policies that are better accepted the grievance procedures; grams, including several specific op¬ by a more understanding Foreign • Provides for chief of mission sal¬ tions for reorganization. Service. ary adjustments and the reassign- Hume Horan

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 53 Statement of Ownership, Ev Taylor, retired Department of Management, and State Foreign Service Officer, is Circulation now with Money Concepts International. This financial (required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) 1A. Title of Publica¬ planning organization offers a full tion: Foreign Service Journal IB. Publication no: range of financial products and 00157279. 2. Date of filing: October 1, 1991. 3. Fre¬ services including: quency of issue: monthly 3A. No. of issues pub¬ • Mutual Funds* lished annually: 12. 3B. Annual subscription price: • Limited Partnerships* 540.00. 4. Complete mailing address of known of¬ • Stocks and Bonds* fice of publication: 2101 E St. NW, Washington, • Variable Annuities* D. C. 20037-2990. 5. Complete mailing address of • Ffard Assets the headquarters of general business offices of the • Life Insurance publisher: 2101 E St. NW. Washington, D.C. 20037. • Educational Seminars 6. Full names and complete mailing address of pub¬ lisher. editor, and managing editor; Publisher: Amer¬ We will provide you with a ican Foreign Service Association, 2101 E St. NW, personal, comprehensive financial Everard S. Taylor Washington, D.C. 20037. Editor: Anne Stevenson- plan that will match your Yang, 2101 E St. NW, Washington. D.C. 20037. 7. investment objectives and risk For more information or an appointment: Owner: American Foreign Service Association, 2101 tolerance level with specific Contact Ev: E St. NW. Washington. D.C. 20037. 8. Known bond¬ recommendations geared toward 1523 King Street holders, mortgagees, and other security holders reaching those goals. Alexandria, VA 22314 owning or holding 1 percent or more of total (703) 684-1277 amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities: Special attention given to:

American Foreign Service Protective Association, •/Retirement Planning 1716 N Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036; ✓Minimizing Tax Liabilities AFSA Scholarship Fund, 2101 E St. NW, Washing¬ ✓ Portfolio Diversification MONEYCONCEPTS INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK ton, D.C. 20037. 9. For completion by non-profit ✓Balanced Capital Accumulation organizations authorized to mail at special rates; * Equity products marketed through International the purpose, function, and nonprofit status of Financial Services Capital Corp., member firm NASD. MONEY CONCEPTS FINANCIAL PLANNING CENTER this organization and the exempt status for Fed¬

eral income tax purposes: (1) has not changed

during preceding 12 months. 10. Extent and na¬ ture of circulation; average no. copies each issue NEILL St SHAW during preceding 12 months: A. Total no. of cop¬ VOLVO ATTORNEY AT LAW ies: 12,000. B. Paid/and or requested circulation: Factory-Set Discounts (1) sales through dealers and carriers, street ven¬ To Diplomats Posted dors and counter sales: 20. (2) mail subscription: GOVERN MENTAL EMPLOYMENT

11,270. C. Total paid and/or requested circula¬ LAW INCLUDING U.S. FOREIGN Stateside and Abroad tion: 11,290. D. Free distribution by mail, carrier SERVICE GRIEVANCE BOARD U.S., U.K., European, or ACTIOnS * SECURITY CLEARANCE or other means; samples, complimentary, and Overseas Specs other free copies: 500. E. Total distribution: ISSUES * EEO * TAXATION AND 11,790. F. Copies not distributed: (1) office use, TAX PLANNING ' ESTATE Overseas and Domestic left over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing: PLANNING, WILLS AITD TRUSTS Deliveries 200. (2) return from news agents: 10. G. Total: *GOVERNMENT RELATIONS

12.000. Actual no. copies of single issue pub¬

lished nearest to filing date: A. Total no. copies: G. JERRY SHAW JERRY GRIFFIN DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST 12,084. B. Paid and/or requested circulation: (1) WILLIAM L. BRANSFORD 12 YEARS EXPERIENCE sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors THOMAS J. O'ROURKE

and counter sales: 20. (2) 11,270. C. Total paid Over 45 years representing federal and/or requested circulation: 11,290. D. Free dis¬ State Department Employees. Authors 1231 W. Broad Street tribution by mail, carrier, or other means; sam¬ of "The Way of Wills," an estate Falls Church, VA 22046 ples, complimentary, and other free copies: 500. planning guide for federal employees. Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area E. Total distribution: 11,790. F. Copies not distrib¬ (703) 237-5020 uted: (1) office use, left over, unaccounted, 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W.,

spoiled after printing: 289. (2) return from news Suite 800 Fax: (703) 237-5028 Washington, D.C. 20006 agents: 5. G. Total: 12,084. I certify that the state¬ (202) 463-8400 ments made by me above are correct and com¬ FAX: (202) 833-8082 plete. (signed) Anne Stevenson-Yang, Editor. dbDon Beyer Volvo

54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 V Can

HOTEL-SUITES for any DIPLOMATIC & • Daily - Weekly - Monthly Rates EUROPEAN DELIVERY ft book • All rooms have fully equipped kitchens • Immediate shipment WASHINGTON AREA'S worldwide • Credit cards or • On premise laundry facilities check • Ask about our MOST EXPERIENCED • Walking distance to Landmark overnight gift delivery AND LARGEST Shopping Center nationwide • Free monthly • Exercise room new title forecast • Mail orders welcome • Open 24 DIPLOMATIC PRICES hours every day • Free AVAILABLE ON SPECIAL PROMOTION* holiday gift catalog IN-STOCK BMW'S or Suite- + Compact Intermediate l'800'255-2665 EUROPEAN DELIVERY Rental Car = S”9.95 Day In CT or Worldwide (unlimited mileage) (203)966-5470 FAX 1-203-966-4329 I Dave Milligan 20 Years Diplomatic Sales & Specialist 420 North Van Dorn Street • Alexandria, Virginia 22304 (703) 370-1000 (800) 368-3339 59 Elm Street New Canaan, FAX (703) 751-1467 CT 06840 1396 Rockville Pike Rockville MD -(301)984-8989 * Check for applicable dates. Taxes and other options, (FAX)301 -984-0798 such as refueling and additional driver, are extra.

MCG Select and get fast delivery of new F*L* A*G *S FINANCIAL PAPERBACK PLANNING BOOKS U.S. STATE • FOREIGN Wherever you are in the world, use Former State Department POLES & ACCESSORIES our monthly newsletter to select and Employee Stationed Overseas order latest paperbacks. Each Understands Unique Financial describes 250 new releases. Special Situation of Foreign Service orders filled. Not a club, no minimum purchases. 17th year of USTOM MADE FLAGS Services Include: worldwide service. AND BANNERS FOR Retirement Planning GOVERNMENT Tax Preparation and Strategies INSTITUTIONS Rush free issue of ORGANIZATIONS Analysis: Insurance and paperback newsletter SCHOOLS Investments Lump Sum Retirement Options Name _ Street _ 202-363-1610 MARY CORNELIA GINN City 1-800-899-1610 4550 Montgomery Avenue State _ -Zip FAX #202-363-1866 Suite 820N Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Country . (301) 656-3791 j/tnqla Q} Fax: (301)652-2183

4708 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis 1734 W. Cortland St., Dept. 14 Washington, D.C. 20016 Securities, Inc. Chicago, IL 60622 Member NASD & SIPC r i AUTHORIZED EXPORTER GENERAL ELECTRIC

-USA-

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN ASSIGNED DRUG STORE BY MAIL! GENERAL ELECTRONICS An ice cream soda is one of the INC. TO few items we cannot mail. Drugs, cosmetics, sundries □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS mailed to every coun¬ □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS EUROPE try in the world. We □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS maintain permanent □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES PICK UP A SAAB OR MERCEDES family prescription □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT □TELEVISION BENZ AND SAVE. records. SEND NO □ DISHWASHERSDTRANSFORM- You’ll not only save money by MONEY — pay only after satis¬ ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG (Please check box) taking delivery in Europe or stateside, factory receipt of order. you’ll save even more just for being in Available for All Electric the military or Diplomatic Corps. Currents/Cycles Call or fax for details. Immediate Shipping/Mailing EuroMotorcars From our Local Warehouse ASK FOR We Can Also Furnish Replacement Parts for Randy Merry Most Manufactures International and Diplomatic Sales Mercedes Benz / Saab 7020 Arlington Road Morgan PharmacyTM SHOWROOM Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2996 General Electronics, Inc. Tel. (301) 986-8800 / Telex 440155 3001 P Street, N.W. 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. FAX: (301) 986-0679 Washington, D.C. 20007 Washington, D.C. 20016 Factory Authorized Dealer FAX: (202) 337-4102 Tel. (202) 362-8300 FAX (202) 363-6538 TWX 710-822-9450 Export WALK TO STATE GENELECINC WSH

Electronics, Short Term Rentals Inc. Remington Condominium • Transformers 24th & G Streets NW • Washers/Dryers • Dishwashers Fully furnished and accessorized <1) • Refrigerators SONY with balconies. cc PHILIPS □ U) O) • Air Conditioners Included in each unit are: • Freezers PANASONIC -Q c o AIWA Weekly housekeeping services, • Ranges TOSHIBA washer and dryer, full kitchen SANSUI Low rates and no deposits for coo

Foreign Service Personnel DC small pets accepted O Remington Associates, Inc. CO CO 601 24th Street NW, #106 (0 V) LU Washington, D.C. 20037 LU o <2 110/220 Volt Stereo 50/50 hz - Video - T.V. - Appliances 1719 Connecticut Ave., N.W. (Near Dupont Ctr.) (202) 466-7367 3 E Washington, D.C. 20009 OLU Phone (202) 232-2244 FAX (202) 265-2435 Fax (202) 659-8520 L J 56 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 buying a home inj-, PERSONAL TOUCH

Construction: We are general contrac¬ tors with an on-staff designer, and Joel Kamins Truitt is a certified kitchen and bath de¬ want to call! signer. Our projects range from repairs, to entire remodelings, kitchens and 546-3899 baths, tax-act restorations and additions. Since 1972, we insist on quality in every ISHANNON & LUCHSI aspect of a project. Photo by Martha Tabor Management: As a real estate broker since 1973, we have been managing Let e?q?erience property for Washington property owners assigned around the world. Our manage¬ zvorfcjor you ment includes private residences, com¬ Let the experience of dedicated, mercial and multi-unit properties and knowledgeable realtors work condominium associations. for you, whether you are buying or selling. Joel Truitt - Builder Gordon or Loretta Noffsinger Property Management Better Homes Realty 734 Seventh Street, S.E. CERTIFIED RESIDENTIAL SPECIALISTS Washington, D.C. 20003 6045 Wilson Blvd., Members: Better Homes Chiefs Club Arlington, VA 22205 NVBR Million Dollar Sales Club 547-2707 - Quality Since 1972 Top Producer The largest Realtor exclusively serving No. Virginia Off: (703) 532-5100 Ho: (703) 243-7889

LEASING AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BY Stuart & Maury, Inc. Realtors Sales, Rentals, Investments Results since 1956 Property Management For over 30 years we have professionally MANAGED AND LEASED D.C., Maryland, and Virginia thousands of residential & condominium properties. Our experience—Personal Inspections, Among Our 36 Agents The Following Monthly Statements and In-house Guidance— Are Foreign Service Affiliated TAKE THE WORRY OUT OF RENTING If you are considering renting your HOME OR APARTMENT Call Susan Bader today for more information John Baker (202) 244-1000 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. John Clunan „ . Washington, D.C. 20016 Christina Griffin Excellent references upon request Josephine Holliday Mariella Lehfeldt Lynn Moffley Magruder Residential Property Management John Y. Millar Janice J. Lyon Millar Lynn Oglesby Robert Skiff John Turner Northwest !£fl t§* Asset Management, Inc.

MGMB Inc. Realtors Specializing in Northwest Washington, D.C. Foxhall Square 202-362-4480 3301 New Mexico Ave., N.W. Fax: 202-363-8954 202 966-7323 Washington, D.C. 20016 Write for free relocation kit! 3413 Fessenden St., NW Washington, DC 20008

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 57 It’s not the only temporary executive housing in Washington A professional and personal service tailored that is service-driven. to meet your needs in: After all, since 1986, returning embassy personnel, military and • Property Management other government employees and their families have been made immediatly welcome by our staff who genuinely care about making • Sales and Rentals you feel at home. Our experienced staff work quickly to find the right • Multiple Listings accommodations and our hassle-free service is only a phone call away. • Real Estate Investment Counseling Our beautifully furnished and decorated one, two and three bed¬ room apartments, townhouses or larger single family homes include: Our staff includes: Fully equipped kitchens • Bed & bath linens • Color TV and clock radio • Local telephone services • All utilities • Maid services • Fitness Donna Courtney Fran Palmeri centers • Pools • Security systems • Garage parking • Fireplaces and Donna Linton Bill Struck ^ more! Let us help you find affordable Rick Brown Randy Reed . quality housing with the services you fll^orpo[Corporate rate require, in a location you want Gerry Addison Terry Barker Executive All presently or formerly associated [TEMPORARY with the Foreign Service. J S I N G 1 (800) 933-8367 I N C P.O. Box 176. Washington, VA 22747 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 I Serving 1 Northern Virginia Fax: (703) 987-8122 (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 t Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

Coming Home? — Let Me Help You! PH, Let me help you find what you’re looking for anywhere in Northern Virginia! Overseas? l“ WE SPECIALIZE IN PERSONALIZED CAROLYN MOONEY PROPERTY MANAGEMENT! LIFETIME MEMBER, NVAR MILLION DOLLAR SALES CLUB • Rental Market Analysis • Monthly Statements 14 YEARS EXPERIENCE • Tenant Screening • Mortgage Payments IN REAL ESTATE • Rent Collection • Year-End Tax Statements SPOUSE OF FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER • Property Inspections • Property Maintenance Returning to Washington? Write for my Real Estate Information Package! Write Anne Gomez Carolyn Mooney c/o McEnearney Associates, Inc. for a Free Welcome Kit 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101 with No Obligation! 703-790-9090 or 800-548-9080 Name: DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES, Inc. 3900 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 204 Address: Arlington, VA 22203 (Near Virginia Square Metro) I will Q will not Q need temporary housing. (703) 522-5900 FAX: (703) 52S4713

58 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 (800) 535-2582. PROPERTY MGMT. AUSTIN, TEXAS: Lakeway homes and home- J.P. PROPERTIES: Com¬ sites outside of Austin on 65- plete professional dedication mile-long Lake Travis. Three to the management of resi¬ 18-hole golf courses, World dential property in Northern of Tennis Center, 400 slip Virginia. Brokers with For¬ Marina, 4000 ft. airstrip. Con¬ eign Service overseas living tact Roy & Associates for in¬ experience and 13 years in fective. FS and military refer¬ D.C. and Maryland walk to formation, 2300 Lohmans residential real estate. We ences. Lowest rates. Best ser¬ Metro. Large selection of fur¬ Crossing, Suite 122, Austin, work for you. Joann vice. Tersh Norton, Box nished and equipped effi¬ TX 78734 (512) 263-2181. Piekney or John Seaton, 301 42429, Washington, D.C. ciencies, one-bedrooms, FARA APARTMENT Maple Avenue West, Vienna, 20015, (202) 363-2990. two-bedrooms and some fur¬ RENTALS: Fully furnished ef¬ VA 22180. Phone (703) 938- nished houses. Many wel¬ ficiency and one-bedroom 0909, FAX: (703) 281-9782. REAL ESTATE come pets. For brochures & apartments. Two blocks PEAKE PROPERTIES info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING CON¬ from State Department. LTD: Specializing in leasing EXCLUSIVE INTERIM SULTANTS, INC., Short Term Within per diem rates. Call and management of your PROPERTIES: Select from a Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., (202) 462-3910. FAX (202) Northern Virginia home. Car¬ collection of fully furnished Suite 1020 East, Bethesda, 467-4871. Write FARA Hous¬ ing, personal attention. and accessorized one-, two- MD 20814. (301) 951-4111. ing, Rm 2928, Dept, of Nearly 20 years of experi¬ and three-bedroom apart¬ Reserve early! Avoid disap¬ State, Washington, DC 20520. ence in serving the FS ments, condos and pointment! community’s property man¬ townhouses. Locations WILL YOU NEED A TAX RETURNS agement needs. Muriel throughout metropolitan FULLY FURNISHED apart¬ Peake, Broker. 1350 Beverly Washington and walking dis¬ TAX PLANNING & prepa¬ ment five minutes walk Rd., Suite 220B, McLean, VA tance to Metro. The State ration 15 years experience. from FSI and Rosslyn sub¬ 22101. (703) 448-0212, FAX Dept., FSI and other govern¬ Virginia M. Test, CPA, 3485 way? We have first class effi¬ (703) 448-9652. ment agencies all close by. Brittlewood Ave., Las Vegas, ciencies, one-bedrooms, and FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: Call us at (703) 820-1323 or NV 89120. some two-bedrooms and Professional, residential, Fax us your request at (703) FREE TAX CONSULTA¬ Penthouses in River Place. property management ser¬ 820-1478. Exclusive Interim TION for overseas person¬ They are completely fur¬ vice for Northern Virginia Properties, 6147 Leesburg nel. We process returns as nished including CATV, all properties. Expertise and per¬ Pike, Suite 402, Falls received, without delay. utilities, telephone, linens, sonal attention to detail are Church, VA 22041. Pets per¬ Preparation and representa¬ etc. Short-term leases of 2+ the hallmarks of our estab¬ missible in some units. tion by enrolled agents, avg. months available. Write For¬ lished firm. References pro¬ fee $195 includes return and WASHINGTON, D.C. AR¬ eign Service Associates, P.O. vided. JIM FAHEY, 9520B Lee TAX Trax, unique mini-finan¬ LINGTON, VA. Personalized Box 12855, Arlington, VA Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031 relocation, short or long cial planning review with 22209-8855. Call or FAX 1- (703) 691-2006, FAX (703) recommendations. Full plan¬ term. We specialize in walk- 703-636-7606. Children wel¬ 691-2009. to-Metro sales and furnished ning available. Milton E. come. Please send us dates. WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ rentals. Arlington Villas, 1- Carb, E.A., and Barry B. De EXECUTIVE CLUB AR¬ MENT SERVICES: Residen¬ 1/2 blocks from Metro, luxu¬ Marr, E.A.CFP, FINANCIAL FORE¬ LINGTON AND OLD TOWN tial property management is rious studio, 1, 2, 3 CASTS, metro location 933 N. ALEXANDRIA. Immaculate our only business. Call, bedroom. Fully furnished. Kenmore St. #217 Arlington, and beautifully furnished write or fax Mary Beth Otto, Washer/dryer, microwave, VA 22201 (703) 841-1040. apartments with full hotel 2015 Q St. NW, Washington, AFSA TAX COUNSEL¬ cable, linens. American Re¬ services. One-, two-bed¬ D.C. 20009. Tel (202) 462- alty Group, 915 N Stafford ING: Problems of Tax and rooms, some with dens, all 7212, Fax (202) 332-0798. St., Arlington, VA 22203. Finance: Never a charge to with equipped kitchens. MANOR SERVICES: For AFSA members for tele¬ (703) 524-0482 or (703) 276- Complimentary shuttle to mer federal law enforce¬ 1200. Children welcomed. phone guidance. R.N. Bob Metro, Rosslyn, and Penta¬ ment agent letting his Pets on approval. Dussell (ex-A.I.D.). At tax gon. Health Club and out¬ 10-year residential manage¬ work since 1937 and now BACK FOR TRAINING? door pool. Many extras. ment company expand HOME LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? still in practice solely to as¬ Rates within your per diem. upon retirement. Best tenant We are the Washington sist Foreign Service employ¬ Shorter or longer terms avail¬ screening. Frequent property Metro Area Short-term ees and their families. Also able. Executive Clubs, 610 inspection. Mortgages paid. Rental Specialists. Excellent lecture on taxes monthly at Bashford Lane, Alexandria, Repairs. Close personal atten¬ locations. Wide price range. FSI in Rosslyn, VA. Office lo¬ VA 22304 (703) 739-2582, tion. We’re small but very ef¬ In Virginia walk to FSI. In cated across from Virginia

NOVEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 59 Square Metro Station, 3601 MENTAL HEALTH RE¬ N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA SOURCES. A network of 22201. (703) 841-0158. mental health professionals ROLAND S. HEARD, with overseas experience CPA, has worked overseas who understand the special and is familiar with Foreign needs and circumstances of Service and contract em¬ Foreign Service officers and ployee situations, computer¬ their families. We provide a ized tax services, financial range of services including planning, member AICPA, daily, search for out-of-print WILLS/ESTATE PLAN individual psychotherapy NING by attorney who is a Tax Division and Personal Fi¬ books. “Free book reviews.” with adults, adolescents and former Foreign Service offi¬ nancial Mgmt. Division. Visa, Discover or children, family therapy, mar¬ Mastercard. The Vermont cer. Have your will re¬ (703) 242-8559. P.O. Box riage counseling, psychologi¬ 1144 Vienna, VA. 22183 Book Shop, 38 Main Street, viewed and updated, or a cal testing, and group new one prepared. No ATTORNEYS specializing Middlebury, VT 05753. psychotherapy. We will help in tax planning and return YOUR PERSONAL charge for initial consulta¬ you find the right mental tion. M.BRUCE HIRSHORN, BOR¬ preparation for the Foreign BOOKSTORE AWAY FROM health professional from Service Community available HOME: Order any U.S. ING, PARROTT & FOUST, P.C., within our group or in the for consultation on the tax book in print. Store credit Suite D, 307 Maple Avenue, larger Washington area com¬ West, Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. implications of investment available. Salmagundi Books munity. Kathryn A. Ford, decisions, business related Ltd. 66 Main Street, Cold (703) 281-2161, FAX (703) Ph.D., (703) 790-5082, Ellen 281-9464. deductions, separate mainte¬ Spring, NY 10516. P. Heyman, Ph.D., (703) 451- nance allowances, real es¬ ATTENTION: ALL OLD SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ 4169, Patricia S. Rendahl, tate purchases and rentals, MIDDLE EAST HANDS AC¬ ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ LCSW, (703) 620-6228. home leave deductions, au¬ TIVE AND RETIRED: There FICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES - Our firm can as¬ dits, etc. Contact Susan Sand¬ is a desperate need for MISCELLANEOUS books on the Eastern Medi¬ sist you in drafting wills and ers or Paul Clifford, CLIFFORD terranean area by newly es¬ powers of attorney, adminis¬ SCHOLARSHIPS AVAIL¬ FARHA & SANDERS, 1606 New tering estates, establishing ABLE. Write EARS #111, Hampshire Ave., NW, Wash¬ tablished Departments of conservatorships and guard¬ 5429 Mapledale Plaza, Dale ington, D.C. 20009 (202) 667- Modern Greek, Near East Af¬ fairs, and Middle East Stud¬ ianships and providing ad¬ City, VA 22193. 5111, FAX: (202) 265-1474. vice on real estate matters. ATTORNEY, FORMER ies at a number of Colleges Prompt response to your in¬ BED AND BREAKFAST FOREIGN SERVICE OFFI¬ and Universities. Retired ME Officer will purchase small quiries. CLIFFORD. FARHA & CER: Extensive experience WASHINGTON, D.C. or large collections or indi¬ SANDF:RS 1606 New Hamp¬ with tax problems peculiar Enjoy the charm and hospi¬ vidual valuable books and shire Ave., N.W. Washing¬ to the Foreign Service. Avail¬ tality of an elegant Washing¬ recycle them to where they ton, D.C. 20009 FAX: (202) able for consultation, tax ton home located near are needed. W.WB. O'Neill, 265-1474 Tel: (202) 667-6111. planning, and preparation of Embassy Row and the Na¬ P.O. Box 2274, Reston, VA returns. No charge for tele¬ tional Cathedral. Central Air, 22091, or FAX: (703) 620- phone advice, M.BRUCE HIRSH- Parking, near transportation, 0153, Phone: (703) 860-0782. INVESTMENT SERVICES ORN, BORING PARROTT & FOUST, Rates $60 to $75. The MANUSCRIPTS p.c., Suite D, 307 Maple Ave¬ SELLING A HOUSE? IN¬ Stableford Inn (202) 333- WANTED: Subsidy publisher nue, West, Vienna, VA HERIT? FSO provides 7159. with 70-year tradition. Call 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, money management ser¬ 1/800/695-9599. FAX: (703) 281-9464. vices, $100,000 minumum. PET MOVING SERVICES ATTORNEYS/WILLS Peter de Castro, SVP, Smith MAIL ORDER Barney, 1776 Eye Street NW, AIR ANIMAL, "the pet FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ Washington, DC 20006, 202- AVON for free catalog movers” an IATA air freight VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ 857-5485. mailed to you, write: Stepha¬ forwarder USA origin pet TICING LAW in ENJOY PHENOMENAL nie Y. Hughes, 713 shipping services 4120 W. D.C./Maryland, general prac¬ INTEREST SAVINGS, pay Grandview Drive, Alexan¬ Cypress-Tampa, FL 33607. tice, estate planning, real es¬ off all debts years ahead of dria, VA 22305. Voice 813/879-3210, FAX tate, domestic. Gregory V. schedule, without: refinanc¬ (813) 874-6722. USA/Canada Powell, Purey, Doolen & ing, qualifying, appraisals, BOOKS 1-800-635-3448. Contact Dr. Abell, 8401 Connecticut credit reports, or real estate W. Woolf-Veterinarian. BOOKS, BOOKS, Ave., PH-1, Chevy Chase, fees. For free details write: BOOKS! We have thousands MD 20815. (301) 652-6880. Sid Oper, 9 Laurel Drive, in stock, do special-orders Port Jefferson, NY 11777.

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 1991 Heinz Kluetmeier/Sports Illustrated ^VICTORY who participatedinthe1991Pan AmericanGames Serving the Washington,D.C. Area International RelocationandStorage Specialists Congratulations toallthecountries Telex: 1440019 VVCALEX Telefax: [703]461-6400 Telephone: [703]751-5200 Jeep Cherokee Ltd. The Foreign Service Advantage.

You want service. You demand quality. vehicles. Delivery can be arranged for the But you need affordability. As a member of United States or most overseas locations. the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for To get these special privileges, just special privileges through Chrysler's Diplo¬ mail in the convenient response card on matic Purchase Program. That means Page 7 and we'll send you a catalog plus professional service and preferred savings complete information on the Diplomatic on a full line of 1992 Chrysler Motor products. Purchase Program. Or call (313) 978-6526 Choose from Chrysler, Plymouth, Dodge and or telefax (313) 978-6969. And find out Eagle cars, or Jeep and Dodge Truck what we mean by Advantage: Chrysler.

CHRYSLER W CORPORATION INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS