Acetabularia Acetabulum, Aegean Sea, 307 Achromatium Volutans

Index

Acetabularia acetabulum, Aegean Sea, 307 East Pacific Rise, lipid characteristics, 330,331, Achromatium volutans, Aegean Sea, 308,313 335-6,338--40 Acidianus infernus, 354,355 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 270,278 acidophilic thermal waters, 353,354 Anadyomene stellata, Aegean Sea, 307 Actiniaria, Snake Pit, 322 anaerobiosis, Archaeal, 355 Active Mound, TAG, metalliferous sediments, 223, andesites, Western Pacific, 193, 195-6 224,225 anemones active recycling, 390,391 Aegean Sea, 307 activity dating, 133-4 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 261,262,263,271,286 advection-diffusion equation, 162 Broken Spur, 320,322,323,324 advective heat flow within sulphide structures, 148 TAG, 124,257,263 Aegean Sea, 305,307 anhydrite, 141,185,186 biological communities, 303-15 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 66 aerobiosis, Arcbaeal, 355 Manus Basin, 194 African Rift Valley, 353 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 52, 61,124, 125 'air-lift' effect, 310 Broken Spur, 37,176, 177,178, 179, 180, 181, akaganeite, Broken Spur, 178,184 182,183,185,186, 187, 188 alcohol dehydrogenase, 361,362 Lucky Strike, 89, 94 Alcyonacea, Aegean Sea, 306 anhydrite chimneys, MAR, 51,78 aldolase, 361,362 annelida, Aegean Sea, 309, 311,314 Aleutian Arc, 3 anthozoa, Aegean Sea, 312 algae, Aegean Sea, 307,312,338 anthropogenic discharge of metals, 365,366-8, alkalinity, MAR, 78 369-71 alkalophilic thermal waters, 353 antibiotic semi-synthesis, enzymes for, 360,361 allozyme variation, 347 antimony alteration pipes, Pitharokhoma, 164 Galapagos Rift, 214 altered volcanic glass, Broken Spur, 52 Manus Basin, 195 aluminium Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 59, 61 Lau Basin, 236,237 Woodlark Basin, 196, 199,200,202 Snake Pit, 320,321,325 Aphelochaeta sp., Aegean Sea, 306 (aluminium + iron+ manganese)/aluminium ratios Aplysia sp., Aegean Sea, 307 TAG, 127 Aquifex, 354 aluminium oxide, 200,203,214,215 arachidonic acid in vent organisms, 334,338 Alvin mound, 123,128, 129,259,260,261 aragonite, MAR, 56, 126, 176, 178, 181,182, 183 alvinellid polychaetes, 257,285,347 Archaea, 351,352,353,354--6,357,359,362 Alvinocaris, Broken Spur, 39 archaeal enzymology, 359-62 Alvinocaris lusca, Pacific Ocean, 259,282,283 Archaeglobus fulgidus, 355 Alvinocaris markensis, MAR, 259,263,265,266, 283, Arctic Ocean fauna, 277 287,322,325 argon concentrations, EPR, 135,136-7, 138-40 Alvinocaris muricola, MAR, 259 Aricidea catherinae, Aegean Sea, 306 Alvinocaris stactophila, MAR, 259 Aricidea cerrutii, Aegean Sea, 308 amino acid production, enzymes for, 359,360 Aricidea suecica, Aegean Sea, 306 ammonia, Aegean Sea, 307,313 Armandia polyophthalmus, Aegean Sea, 306 amorphous iron oxide, TAG, 125 arsenic amorphous silica dissolved, Western Pacific, 9 Galapagos Rift, 210, 211,213,218 Galapagos Rift, 212,213,214,215 Mid-Atlantic Ridge Manus Basin, 195 Broken Spur, 176, 178,180,181,182,183,184, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 47, 48, 49, 52, 56, 59, 61 186 Woodlark Basin, 196,199,200,202 MARK, 49, 50 arthropod exhuviae, 349 Snake Pit, 323,324 ASHES vent field, 10, 11, 12, 68 TAG, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 60,124, 125 asparagine residue deamination, 357 see also silica Astropecten, Aegean Sea, 306,312 ampharetid polychaetes, MAR, 261,262,263,270, asymmetrical plumes, 376,377 271 atacamite, MAR, 49, 52, 56, 58, 60, 126, 128 Amphiglena mediterranea, Aegean Sea, 305,306 Atlantic vent fauna, seeding, 277 amphinomid polychaetes, Aegean Sea, 307 Atlantis Fracture Zone, 33 amphipods Austinograea alayseae, Pacific Ocean, 259 Aegean Sea, 311 Austinograea williamsi, Pacific Ocean, 259 398 INDEX autotrophic bacteria, 314,329,355 Bathyporeia sp., Aegean Sea, 311 autotrophy, 284 Bauer Deep, sedimentation, 242,246 Axial Graben, 135,138,139,140 Bay of Naples, biological communities, 313 Axial Volcano seamount, 10, 105,199,365 Bay of Plenty, biological communities, 303,315 'azoic zones', 81 'beehive' diffusers, 37,175,176, 177,179-80,185, Azores Triple Junction, 10 186, 188,270 Beehive mound, 263,264 Bacillus caldolyticus, 356 Beggiatoa sp., MAR, 281 Bacillus subtilis, 356 Beggiatoa spp., Aegean Sea, 313 Bacillus thermoproteolyticus, 356 benthic diatoms, Aegean Sea, 307 back-arc basins, EPR, %10 benthos distribution, Snake Pit, 322,323,325 bacteria, 297,329 bifurcation, 375 Aegean Sea, 307,308,312,313,314 biocatalytic processes, industrial, 360 chemautotrophic, 281,284,329,330,337,340 biogenic carbon, 285 East Pacific Rise, 329,330,340 biogenic carbonate, Lau Basin, 232,236 ectosymbiotic, 308 biogeographical barriers, 276,277,278-9 endosymbiotic, 273,284,314,329,337,338,340 biogeographical variation of vent communities, 343 epibiotic, 280,281,283-4,285 biogeography, MAR, 258,276,277-9,288 hyperthermophilic, 272,314,352-60,357 biological activities and latitude, 326 iron/manganese, 81,254,255,305,313 biotransformations, enzymes for, 361,362 methanogenic, 272,352,355 biphytanyltetraether biosynthetic pathways, 359 methylotrophic, 273,284,340 'birds foot' texture, 176, 178, 180 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 38, 42, 81,182,272,273,280, bismuth, 47, 48, 56,195,196 281,283-4 bivalves, 272,306,312,315,322,325 sulphide-oxidizing, 280,284,285 endosymbiotic bacteria, 338 sulphur-oxidizing, 308,314,330,337,353 larvae, 343 thermophilic, 115 sterol content, 340 thiotrophic, 340 black body radiation, 286 Bacteria (Eubacteria), 352,353 black smoker vent fields, diffuse flow modelling, bacterial mats 15%72 Aegean Sea, 306,307,308,311,312,313 black smokers, 11-12,159, 161,164,172 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 268,272,281 East Pacific Rise, 3-5, 8,135 Broken Spur, 37,182,186 faunal density and distance from, Snake Pit, 322, Snake Pit, 320,322,323,324,325,326 323-5 TAG, 58 heat supply, 68 bacterial oxidation of hydrogen and methane, 116 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 58, 62 bacterial synthesis of gases, 115, 119 Broken Spur, 35,175,177,271 bacterial transformation of metals, 254,255 MARK, 46, 82 barite TAG, 51,52, 78, 123,124-5,261,387 Galapagos Rift, 210, 211,213,215,217 origin, 353 Manus Basin, 193,194 Bonellia cf. viridis, Aegean Sea, 306,312,314 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 60, 89,125,176, 178,321 boniellids, 314 Woodlark, Basin, 198,199,200,201 bornite barite-silica chimneys, Woodlark Basin, 202 Galapagos Rift, 210,213 barium Manus Basin, 194 Galapagos Rift, 214,215 Mid-Atlantic Ridge Lucky Strike, 91 Broken Spur, 176, 178, 181,182,183,185,186 Manus Basin, 194,195 MARK, 50 Woodlark Basin, 196,199,200 Snake Pit, 264 barnacles, MAR, 270 TAG, 52, 53, 56, 60, 125 baroclinic vortex pair, 11,375,376,377,378 bornite-chalcopyrite, MAR, 49, 50 basalt-seawater reactions, 200 boron, 73, 78, 80 basalts, Lau Basin, 235,275 boron isotope systematics, MAR, 79, 83--4 basin-scale plume, 379,381 botryoidal silica, Woodlark Basin, 199 bathymodiolid mussels, 257,268,272,278,284,286 Boudia Bay, biological communities, 306 lipid characteristics, EPR, 330,331,333-5,336, brachyuran crabs, 346 337-8,340 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 38, 39,261,262,263,266, 346 Bathymodiolus, Broken Spur, 39,346 branched fatty acids in vent organisms, 332,334,336, Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis, MAR, 262,263,265, 337,338 266,267,286 Branchipolynoe puteoserpentis, MAR, 267 Bathymodiolus sp., MAR, 262,263,346 Branchipolynoe seepensis, MAR, 267 Bathymodiolus thermophilus, 267,285,286 bresiliid shrimps, 349 lipid characteristics, EPR, 330, 331,333-5,336, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 38, 39, 40, 257,259,261,268, 337-8,340 269 INDEX 399 bresiliid shrimps----cont'd cascade of scales, 373-4 nutrient sources, 281,283,284 catalytic rate of enzymes, 357 sensory adaptations, 286-8 Central Atlantic, dispersal of fauna, 277 trophic studies, 280-8,285-6 Central Lau Spreading Centre, CLSC, 244,245--6 see also shrimps sedimentation related to propagation, 241,243 brine, dilute phase, altered seawater mixing plane sediments, 232,233,234 model, 81,84-5 centralized magma feeding model, 27, 28 brine filling of fractures, 74 Cepola rubescens, Aegean Sea, 307 Broken Spur field, 8, 9, 33-7, 39--40, 77, 97, 122, 123, Ceratonereis hironicola, Aegean Sea, 305,306 175 Cerianthus sp., MAR, 272 ecology, 37-40,257,259,261,270-1,273,277 cerium anomaly, MAR, 223 larval identification, 344,346,347,348 chaetopterid polychaetes, MAR, 261,262,263,286, heat flux, 98, 156 322,325 plume characteristics, 98-108 chalcocite, MAR, 49, 56, 58, 60, 176 sulphides, 175-84, 185,187-8 chalcopyrite vent fluid compositions, 103-8 East Pacific Rise, 135 bryozoa, Aegean Sea, 307,312 Galapagos Rift, 210,211,212,213,215,216,217 bubble plumes, Steinah611, 114, 118, 119 Manus Basin, 194 buoyancy anomaly, 382 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 58, 89, 124, 125,321 buoyancy gradients, 383 Broken Spur, 176, 177,178,180, 181,182,183, buoyancy pressure, 160 186, 187 buoyant plumes, 5, 11,121,159,373,374-84 MARK, 50 models, 373,374-84 TAG, 52, 53, 54, 56, 60 particle processes, 4,108,387,388-92,394-5 Woodlark Basin, 199 Bythograea interrnedia, Pacific Ocean, 259 chalcopyrite chimneys, Broken Spur, 181,184, 186 Bythograea microps, Pacific Ocean, 259 chalcopyrite disease, Broken Spur, 182 Bythograea thermydron, Pacific Ocean, 259 chalcopyrite-anhydrite chimneys, EPR, 135 bythograeid crabs, MAR, 257,259,262,263,268, chalcopyrite-bornite aggregates, Broken Spur, 185 270,281 chalcopyrite-isocubanite, EPR, 135 chalcopyrite-pyrite, TAG, 52, 54 cadmium chalcopyrite-pyrite mineralization, Galapagos Rift, dissolved, gross fluxes, 365-71 217 Galapagos Rift, 213,214,215 chalcopyrite-sphalerite, TAG, 54 Manus Basin, 195 chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite, MARK, 49, 61 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 60 Charlie Gibbs Transform Fault, 278,279 Broken Spur, 103,105,106, 107, 108, 184 chelipeds, MAR, 281,283-4 MARK, 47, 48, 49 chemoautotrophic bacteria, 281,284,329,337,340 TAG, 48, 54, 56, 57 chemoautotrophic production, 330 Woodlark Basin, 196 chemolithoautotrophic growth, 354 caesium, MAR, 78, 79, 80,81 chemoreception, 287 calcareous turbidites, Lau Basin, 234 chemosynthetic production, 273,280,281,329 calcium, 74 Cheshire Seamount, 195,197 East Pacific Rise, 4,215 chimney formation, 125,186, 188,231 Manus Basin, 195 chiral synthon production, 362 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 48, 52, 56, 61,78, 81 Chiridotidae, Snake Pit, 322 Woodlark Basin, 196,201 chitin microfibrils, 297-8,299,300,301 calcium carbonate, TAG, 57, 58 chitin production by tubeworms, 295,298 calcium oxide, 200,203,214 chitin-protein complexes, tubeworms, 295,296,301 calcium/strontium ratio and plagioclase formation, 92 chloride--oxide aggregate, MARK, 49 Callianassa subterranea, Aegean Sea, 311 chlorine and chloride concentrations, 74 Calvin-Benson carbon dioxide fixation, 284 East Pacific Rise, 71,72, 73,214 Capitella capitata, Aegean Sea, 305,306,308,310, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 78, 81,82 311,312,314,315 chlorine/bromine ratios, EPR, 139 carbon, organic, 310,337 cholest-7-enol, in vent organisms, 336 carbon assimilation by vent organisms, 285,337,338 cholest-22-enol, in vent organisms, 337 carbon dioxide, Aegean Sea, 303,305 cholest-24-enol, in vent organisms, 337 carbon dioxide bubble plumes, Steinah611, 114, 118, cholesta-5,22-dienol in vent organisms, 336,337,340 119 cholesta-5,24-dienol in vent organisms, 336,337,340 carbon dioxide fixation, 201,280,281,284,354 5et-cholestanol in vent organisms, 336,337 carbon dioxide/helium ratios, Loihi Seamount, 133 cholesterol in vent organisms, 336,337,340-1 carbon fixation, 337,338,341 Chorocaris chacei, MAR, 261,265,266,280,282, carbon isotope equilibrium temperature, 117 283,287 carbonate ooze, TAG, 126,261 Chorocaris sp., MAR, 259,262,263,264,265,269, carbonates, MAR, 59 277,282,283 400 INDEX

Chorocaris vandoverae TAG. 48.52, 54, 56, 57.58, 59, 60, 78, 81,124, East Pacific Rise, 259,282,287 224, 261 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 261 Woodlark Basin, 196,200,201,202 Chronadorid spp., Aegean Sea, 308 copper sulphides, Broken Spur, 177, 180, 185,186, chronic plumes, 65, 71-2 187, 188 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,72, 73 copper/iron ratios in plumes, Juan de Fuca Ridge, 389 ciliates, Aegean Sea, 308,314 copper/zinc ratios, effects on, 61-2 circulation forcing, 373,374,375,378,379,381,383 copper/zinc/lead ratios, Manus Basin, 195 circulation within sulphide structures, 145-6,154-7 corals. 272,306,307 boundary conditions, 146-8 Coriolis effect. 374.379.391 predictions, 148-54 Coriphaenoides armatus. Snake Pit, 322 Cirrophorus lyra, Aegean Sea, 306 Corymorpha groenlandica. MAR, 272 clams, 194,257,258,278 covellite clay, Lau Basin, 235 Galapagos Rift, 210, 211,212,213,217 Cleft segment, JDFR, 6, 103,133,179 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 49, 50.56, 176, 178,181,182, heat flux from diffuse flow, 12, 159 186 magmatic intrusions, 65, 66-7, 68, 71,72, 73-4 crabs particle processes, 389,393 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 257 'climax" communities, 276 Broken Spur, 38, 39,259,270 cloning of genes, 359 360 Lucky Strike, 259,268,270 cloning of proteins, 357 Snake Pit, 259,266,320,322,324 Cnidaria, Aegean Sea, 309 TAG. 258,259,261,262,263 coal/ore pile, Archaeal bacteria, 354 Pacific Ocean, 194,259,281 CoAxial segment, JDFR, magmatic intrusions, 65, crayfish, Aegean Sea. 312 66, 67, 70, 71,74 Crinoidea, 312,322 cobalt critical radius for entrainment of particles, 390 dissolved, gross fluxes, 365-71 crustaceans, 227,257,263,309.311,315,330 Galapagos Rift, 212,213,214,215 larvae, 343 Lau Basin, 236,237 wax esters in, 339 Manus Basin, 195 see also specific examples Mid-Atlantic Ridge crustal accretion and hydrothermal input, ELSC, 237, Broken Spur, 103,105,106, 107, 108 241 MARK, 47, 48 crustal evolution, sedimentation and, Lau Basin, TAG, 48, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 62 237-46 Woodlark Basin, 200 crustal permeability, 28-9, 31,39, 118 coccolithophores, 347,349 Cyanagraea praedator, Pacific Ocean, 259 coelenterates, MAR, 268 cyanobacteria, Aegean Sea, 307 colonization of vents, 12,276-7,295 Cyclope neritea, Aegean Sea, 308,310,314 prevention, Aegean Sea, 315 cyclopoid copepods, MAR, 261 community structure, 274-7 Cymodocea nodosa, Aegean Sea, 307,308 competitive exclusion, 276,277 Cyprus-type ore bodies, 81 conduction of heat in fluids, 163 Cystoseira ssp., Aegean Sea, 307 conductive cooling, 218 conductive heat flow within sulphide structures. 148, dacite, 193,194 156, 157 dactyls, MAR, 281 confinement of plumes, 375,378 Dasycladus vermiculatus, Aegean Sea, 307 conservation of thermal energy, equation, 146 de novo biosynthesis, 339,340,341 containment of plumes, MAR, 275 decapods, 257, 311,312 convecting systems, pipe models, 160-72 degassing, magmatic, 138-40 convective heat flow within sulphide structures, 149, denaturation resistance, 356-7 156 density anomalies, 374,379 copepods depth, in control of fauna, MAR, 272-3 faecal pellets, 347,349 depth of circulation, 164 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 261,266,277 desmosomatid isopods, MAR, 261 copper, 217 Desulfurococcus spp., 354,355 dissolved, 10, 17 detergent production, enzymes for, 359,360 gross fluxes, 365-71 diatoms, 347,349 East Pacific Rise, 4, 17, 18, 20, 21 diet, of vent fauna, 329,330,338,341 Galapagos Rift, 207,212,213,214,215,217.220 see also food webs; nutrition Lau Basin, 232,236,237 diffuse flow, 4 Manus Basin, 194, 195 heat and temperature flux, 11-12, 145,147,373,382 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 17,223 low temperature, MAR, 123, 124, 175 Broken Spur, 103,105,106, 107,108,184, 185 modelling, black smoker vent fields, 159-72 MARK, 47, 48, 61,62, 78,226,227 oxide precipitation, Broken Spur, 186 INDEX 401 digenite, Broken Spur, 176,178, 181,182,183, plume-forced circulation, 378 185,186 vent fluid compositions, 116 dipterid insect lava, Aegean Sea, 312 endosymbiosis, 280,281,285 Dirichlet condition, 146 endosymbiotic bacteria. 273.284.314.329.330,337, discharge (exit)temperatures, 163,164-9,170, 172, 338,340 179 entrained seawater, as coolant, 148 discharge velocity of sulphide structures, 152,156 entrainment of brine, Broken Spur, 101 discharge zones, 164 entrainment of fluid within sulphide structures, 153, discharge-dominated systems, 161,164,166 155 dispersal of fauna, 277-9,288 entrainment of seawater, 164, 185,374, 375 dispersal of larvae, 275,343,344,349 in bubbles. 113. 118 dispersion of plumes, 231 and He-S isotope systematics. 141 Divaricella divaricata, Aegean Sea, 314 enzymes, hyperthermophilic see hyperthermophilic DNA enzymes amplification of sequences, 358-9,360 epibiotic bacteria, 285 data base for larval identification, 343-9 Aegean Sea, 312 thermostable, 359 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 261,280,281,283-4 Dobu Seamount, 195,196,197 epidotizaton, 28 Ericthonius punctatus, Aegean Sea, 311 Earth, effects of rotation, 374,375 esterase, 361,362 East Basin, Woodlark Basin, 196,197 estuarine mixing with seawater, 365. 369-70,371 East Pacific Rise (EPR), 3-6, 9, 17-23, 39,164,231. 24-ethylcholesta-5,24(28)-dienol in vent organisms, 274-5 337 9~ field, 329-41 24-ethylcholesterol in vent organisms, 337,340 13~ field, 134--41,295-301 Eubostrichus cf. parasitiferus, Aegean Sea, 308 15~ field, 198,201 Eucarya (Eukaryotes), 352 21~ field, 140, 198,201,368 Euclymene sp., Aegean Sea, 308 centralized magma feeding model, 26-7, 28--9 eukaryotic dependence, 329,337 ecology, 259,266,280,281,288,295-301 eukaryotic gene, cloning, 359 larval identification, 344 europium anomaly, MAR. 92, 93,223 'events', 6-8, 65, 66 event plumes, 65.66-7, 70-1.73, 74,133,168 heat flux, 68,382 'events'. hydrothermal EPR, 6-8 lipid characteristics of vent organisms, 329-41 exit temperatures (discharge temperatures). 163, magmatic alteration of vent fields, 65, 66, 69, 72, 164--9.170.172, 179 73, 74 Exogone gemmifera. Aegean Sea, 306,308 sediments, 17-18, 20-2, 24, 26, 29,127-8,134,201 'eyeless" shrimp. 286 metal accumulation rates, 242,246,247 rare earth concentrations, 93, 94 FAMOUS area, methane anomalies, 11 sulphur isotopes, 187,188 FARA program, 88 vent fluid compositions, 5-6, 20, 22, 115-16, 141. fast-spreading ridges, 4-6, 121-2,274--7 198,201,366-71 fatty acids, compositions of vent organisms, 329. noble gas isotopes, 134--41,379 331-6,337-40,341 see also Galapagos Rift, Galapagos Spreading faults Centre effects of, 39 Eastern Lau Spreading Centre, ELSC role of, 28-9 sedimentation related to propagation, 237--43. fauna 244-5,246 absence of in high-chloride fields, 81 sediments, 232,233,234 Aegean Sea, 303-15 Eastern Pacific Spreading Centre, ecology, 284 in diffuse flow, 175 echinodermata, Aegean Sea, 309 dispersal, 277-9 echinoids, Aegean Sea, 306 Gulf of Mexico, 257,266,285,295. 296,338,340 Echinus sp., MAR, 262,263,269-70 Manus Basin, 194 echiurans, Aegean Sea, 306,312,314 Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 37-40,257-88,321-3,325, ectosymbiotic bacteria, 308 344 Eiffel Tower, rare earth concentrations. 94 see also specific examples electrical potential anomalies, MAR, 58 faunal discontinuities and transform faults, 278-9 Eliseila, Snake Pit, 322 FAZAR cruise. 88, 91-2 encapsulated bacteria, transformation of metals. felsic volcanism and ore formation, 191-2,200 255 ferrigenous sediments, MAR, 223 end-member mixing, 219-20 ferrihydrite, TAG, 49, 52 Galapagos Rift, 218 ferrobasalts, EPR, 26, 29 Endeavour field, JDFR, 68,378 ferromanganese oxide, Lau Basin, 236 diffuse flow, 12, 156, 159 ferruginous cherts. 200,202,203 particle processes, 393 Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone, 273,279 402 INDEX filamentous bacteria, 38,281,306,307,312, gene defect screening. 359 313 gene flow. 343. 344,347 on vestimentiferan tubeworms, 297 genes, cloning, 360 filling box effect, 375 genetic differentiation of vent fauna, 344 Fir Tree mound, 264 'geochemical minimum' zone, EPR, 252,254 Fischer Tropsch reaction, 11 geostrophic flow, 374,378 fish geostrophic vortex formation, 375-9 Aegean Sea, 306,307,312 global budget calculations of elements, 74 Marius Basin, 194 glucose isomerase, 362 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 38,258,261,267,271,322,323 glucosidase, 361,362 'flickering' water, MAR, 268 goethite, Broken Spur, 178,183, 184 flocculation of metals, 369-70,371 goethite-hydrogoethite. MAR, 58 flow equations, 160, 162,163 gold flow patterns within sulphide structures, see Manus Basin, 195. 199 circulation within sulphide structures Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 60 flow resistance pressure, 160 MARK, 47.48, 49, 61,226,227 fluid density/temperature, variations, 163 TAG, 48, 52.54, 56, 59, 62,126 fluid inclusions Woodlark Basin, 193,196,200,202 Franklin Seamount, 199 Gorda Ridge, 3 noble gas isotopes, EPR, 134-41 gorgonians, Snake Pit, 322,325 fluid temperatures, 353 grey smoker plumes, 159 Broken Spur, 99,101,104, 108,175,179 Guaymas Basin, ecology, 257,272,281 of diffuse flow effluent, 147, 163,164-9, 172 Gulf of Mexico, ecology, 257,266,285,295,296,338, within sulphide structures, 147-9, 151-2,155 340 East Pacific Rise, 135 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37, 81,93, 94, 117,175,268, haematite, Broken Spur, 58, 176, 178,180, 185 272 Halice hesmonectes, EPR, 330,331,335--6,338-40 Reykjanes Ridge, 117 Haliotis chracherodii, Aegean Sea, 314 fluted worm-tubes, Broken Spur, 38 halophilic Archaea, 352 food webs, 285,288,329 Hawaii, 4 foraminiferal ooze, Lau Basin, 235 heat budget for confined plumes, 381 fouling organisms, 281,284 heat exchange by 'beehive' diffusers, 185 fracture zones, MAR, 11 heat flow and fluxes, 11-12, 98,101-2, 124,381 Franklin Seamount, 196,197, 198,199,200,201,202, diffuse flow modelling, 159-72 203 plume models, and, 381-3 frequency of eruptive events, 275 in vent fluids, 70-1,73, 74,373,374,376 equation, 374 Galapagos Rift, 3, 87,127,201,207-8 within sulphide structures, 146, 147-9, 152,155-7 larval dispersion, 349 heat sources, TAG and MARK fields, 83 massive sulphide deposits, 207-8, 216-18,220 heater equation, 162,163 geochemistry, 215-16 height of rise of plumes, 70,373,374-5,378,382 minerology, 208-15 East Pacific Rise, 5, 9 sulphur isotope geochemistry, 187,210,216, helium 218-20 anomalies, 77, 133,379 Galapagos Spreading Centre, 117, 160 in fluid inclusions, 138-9 deposits, 134, 198,201 movement due to geothermal circulation, 379 ecology, 259,266,280,282,283,284,287 helium isotopes Galapagos-type diffuse flow, 81 3He galatheid crabs, MAR, 261,266 EPR, 127. 128 galatheid squat lobsters, MAR, 262,263 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 66.71 Galatheidae, Snake Pit, 322 3He enriched plumes, EPR, 5 galena 3He/4He ratios, 134,136, 137, 141 Broken Spur, 176, 178, 180 3He/temperature ratios, 74 Galapagos Rift, 210,213,216, 217 Juan de Fuca Ridge. 71,72, 73 Manus Basin, 194 He/3~Ar ratios. 138,139, 141 Woodlark Basin, 199 as tracers of MOR vent fluids, 134-5,136, 137, 138, Gallionella ferruginea, Aegean Sea, 305, 313 139, 141 gallium, Galapagos Rift, 214 Hellenic Arc, 315 gasohydrothermal activity, 303 Hess Deep, as dispersion barrier, 278 gastropods hetons (vortex pairs), 375,376,377,378 Aegean Sea, 308,310, 311,314 Hexactinellidae, 268,322 larvae, 343 Hiatella arctica, MAR, 272 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 58,261,262,263,267,270, high-chloride vent fields. EPR. 81 272,322,326 high-temperature on-axis discharge, 12 INDEX 403 high-temperature venting, circulation forcing Matupi Harbour, 254,255 by, 373-84 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 17,223,227,228 high-temperature vents, 11, 12,159 Broken Spur, 103,105,106, 107,108,184 East Pacific Rise, 3-4, 8-9, 11-12, 17, 139 Lucky Strike, 92, 93 heat flux, 373,374 MARK, 47, 48, 78,226,227 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 8-9, 23, 25, 36-7, 92, 122,134, Snake Pit, 320, 321,323,324,325 135,261,268 TAG, 48, 51,52, 56, 57, 58, 78, 81,124, 127, as source of iron, 17 129,224,225 holothurians, 272,320,322,323,324,325 Woodlark Basin, 196,200,201 Hyalinoecea bilineata, Aegean Sea, 307 iron bacterium 81,255,305,313 hydrogen iron disulphides, 183 Aegean Sea, 305 Broken Spur, 176,177,182, 187 bacterial production, 115, 119 Galapagos Rift, 210, 211 dissolved, Steinah611 plume, 111-12, 113-19 iron hydroxide sediments, Snake Pit, 321,325 oxidation, 354 iron oxide-hydroxide deposits, Aegean Sea, 305 hydrogen enrichments, MAR, 268 iron oxides hydrogen sulphide Galapagos Rift, 210 Aegean Sea, 305,307,313 Manus Basin, 194 East Pacific Rise, 4,201,219 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 124, 176, 180, 181,186,387, Lau Basin, 201 394 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 78, 81,124, 187, 188 Woodlark Basin, 200,203 oxidation, 353 iron oxyhydroxides, 121-2 production, 200 Galapagos Rift, 208,210,213,217 Reykjanes Peninsula, 117 Lau Basin, 234,236 Woodlark Basin, 199,201 Matupi Harbour, 255 hydrogen/methane ratios, 115-16, 117, 118 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 227 hydrogoethite, TAG, 49 Broken Spur, 98, 176, 177,181,182, 183, 184, hydrohematite, TAG, 52 186, 188 hydroids, 270, 272,307,312,322,325 TAG, 389,391 HYDROSNAKE mission, 283 iron sulphides hydrothermal oxide factor, Lau Basin, 236,238,239 East Pacific Rise, 135,208 hydrothermal oxide phase, Lau Basin, 246 Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydroxide-sulphide sediments, Snake Pit, 321 Broken Spur, 176,178, 181,184, 185,188 hydrozoans, Aegean Sea, 306,307 isotopically light, 187 hyperthermophilic bacteria, 272,314,352-60 Snake Pit, 321 enzyme production from, 357 TAG, 124,387,389,394 hyperthermophilic biotopes, 353 iron-copper sulphide deposits, Galapagos Rift, 207, hyperthermophilic environments, 352-4 210,212,213,215,217,218 hyperthermophilic enzymes iron-copper sulphide mounds, EPR, 135 biochemistry, 351-8 iron-manganese oxyhydroxides, EPR, 135 biotechnology, 358-62 iron-silicon-manganese oxyhydroxides hyperthermophilic micro-organisms, 354-7 Galapagos Rift, 207-8 Hyperthermus butylicus, 354,355 Woodlark Basin, 193,196, 198,199,200-1,202, 203 idaite, 56,210, 211,212,213 iron-titanium andesites, Woodlark Basin, 195 illite, TAG, 52 iron-zinc sulphide mounds, EPR, 135 industrial enzymology, 359-62 iron-zinc--copper chimney, EPR, 135 invertebrate-bacterial symbioses, 284 iron-zinc-lead-barium mineralization, Galapagos invertebrate-endosymbiont systems, 285 Rift, 210, 211,213 iron iron-zinc-lead-barium-silicon mineralization, Aegean Sea, 307,313 Galapagos Rift, 218 chloro-complexing, 81 iron/hydrogen sulphide/chloride ratios, 81,83, 84 dispersion patterns, 245 iron/manganese ratios in plumes, 389,394 dissolved iron(II) sulphate, Galapagos Rift, 215 gross fluxes, 365-6,368-9 isocubanite. MAR, 49, 56, 60, 176,178,180, 182,183 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 17, 98, 102,103,104 isopods, MAR, 270 distribution and transformation, 249-55 East Pacific Rise, 4, 5, 17-18, 22, 26,249-53 Jade site, Okinawa Trough, metalliferous sediments, Galapagos Rift, 213,214,215 195,199,201,202 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 66, 71,103 Jan Mayen Ridge, ecology, 272 Lau Basin, 232,236,237,239 jordanite, Broken Spur, 176, 178 accumulation rates, 236,240,241-2,243,245, Juan de Fuca Ridge, 3, 6--7, 8, 10, 133,139, 186, 199 246 chronic plumes, 68 Marius Basin, 195 diffuse flow, 12, 156, 157, 159 404 INDEX

Juan de Fuca Ridge--cont'd low-temperature venting 4, 12 ecology, 280,295,296 diffuse flow modelling. 159-72 larval identification, 344 East Pacific Rise, 135 event plumes, 65, 66-7, 70-1,74, 133 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 8-9, 23, 36-7,134, 135,175, heat flux, 12, 159,382,383 261. 268 light fields. 287 lucinid bivalves. Aegean Sea, 314 magmatic alteration of vent fields, 65-74 Lucky Strike field, 25, 77, 87-8, 97,122, 123 plume-forced circulation, 378,379 ecology, 257,259,262,263,268-70,272,282,285, suiphides, 186, 187,188,389 288 vent fluid compositions, 10-11,94, 115-16,139, high temperature vent sites, 9 365 vent fluid compositions, 88-95,268 see also Cleft segment, JDFR; Endeavour field, Lumbrinerisfunchalensis, Aegean Sea, 306 JDFR mackinawite, MARK. 49 Kagoshima Bay, ecology, 272,315 Macoma sp., MAR, 272 KANE Transform Fault, 278,279 macroalgae, Aegean Sea, 307 Kane-Atlantis fracture zones, 8, 9 Macrouridae. Snake Pit, 322 Kiriakis Bay, biological communities, 312-13 magma chambers, active, need for, 25 Kolbeinsey Island, ecology, 272,303 magma feeding model, EPR. 26-7, 28-9 Kos, 303,304 magma-seawater mixing, Galapagos Rift, 220 Kraternaya, ecology, 272,315 magmatic alteration of vent fields, 133 Kremlin area, TAG, 124,261 East Pacific Rise, 65, 66, 69, 72, 73, 74 Kurile Islands, ecology, 303,315 Juan dc Fuca Ridge, 65-74 Kuroko metalliferous deposits, 195,202,203 magmatic degassing, 71-2, 73,138, 139, 140 magnesium Lamellibrachia East Pacific Rise, 20, 22, 26, 29 East Pacific Rise, 296,298, 30l Lau Basin, 236,237 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 272 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 81,82.94, 185 larval dispersal, 275,343,344 magnesium oxide, Galapagos Rift, 215 larval identification. 344-9 magnesium silicates, 179, 180, 185,196 latitude, biological activities and, 326 magnetite. Broken Spur, 177,178,179, 180, Lau Basin, 3, 9, 10,232-4,243,244 182,185 ecology, 259 Malacocerous fuliginosus, Aegean Sea, 305, sediments and sedimentation, 195,202,232, 306 234--47 maldanid polychaetes, Broken Spur, 267 vent fluid compositions, 9-10, 198-9 manganese, 74,201 Lau/Tonga arc, 232 Aegcan Sea. 310 lead dispcrsion patterns, 245 Broken Spur, 103,105,106, 107, 108 dissolved, 11 dissolved, gross fluxes, 9,365-71 detection. 88, 89, 91 East Pacific Rise, 4 East Pacific Rise, 5, 6, 17, 20, 22 Lau Basin, 236,237 gross fluxes, 365-71 Manus Basin, 194, 195,199 Lau Basin, 9 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60 Marianas back-arc system, 9 scavenging, 393 Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 8, 17, 54-5 Woodlark Basin, 196,200,201,202 Broken Spur. 97-8,103. 105,106 'leaky mound' model, 81 Lucky Strike, 89, 91,92-3, 95 lepidocrocite, Broken Spur, 178,183, 184 Steinah611 plume, 111,112,114-15, i16, 117, Leptonemella spp., Aegean Sea, 308 118 ligase chain reaction (LCR, LAR), 359 distribution and transformation, 249-55 light fields, 287 East Pacific Rise, 4, 17, 18. 217,249-53,255 light scattering, MAR. 92, 95 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 66.71,73 limpets, MAR, 267,270,277 Lau Basin, 232. 236,237,239 Linhomoeoid spp., Aegean Sea, 308 accumulation rates. 236. 240,241-2,243,245, lipase, 360,361 246,247 lipid biomarkers, 284 Matupi Harbour, 254,255 lipid characteristics of vent organisms, 329-41 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 17, 60,255 lithium, JDFR, 73, 79, 80, 201 Brokcn Spur. 97-8, 103,104, 105,106, 107,108 lithoautotrophic oxidation, MAR, 280 MARK, 47, 48, 78 Lithothamnion, Aegean Sea, 312 Snake Pit. 320 Loihi Seamount, 133,139, 198,201,259 TAG, 48, 56, 57.58, 78,123,127,129 Loripes lacteus, Aegean Sea, 314 manganesc dioxide, 242 Lottia limatula, Aegean Sea, 314 manganese oxide, 52, 194.200,203.214,215 low-temperature off-axis heat flow, 12 manganese oxyhydroxides, Lau Basin, 234,236 INDEX 405 manganese/methane ratios metalliferous sediments, 249 Steinah611 plume, 115, 117 East Pacific Rise. 4, 17-18, 20.22-3, 27.29. 224-5, TAG, 115 249-55 manganese/silicon ratios. Steinah61l plume, 115 formation. 231-2 manganite, Lau Basin, 242 Lau Basin, 234.236--7. 23941,244-5,246 mantle degassing, 139-40,273 Manus Basin, 193. 194-5. 199-200.202-3 Marius Basin, 1914 Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 58,223,227-8 ecology, 194 Broken Spur, 176-88 polymetallic ore genesis, 193,194-5. 199-200, MARK, 26.45-9, 61,225-7 202-3 Snake Pit. 320-1 marcasite, 62 TAG, 49-54.56.57, 59-60.61-2,121-30,223, East Pacific Rise, 135 224-5 Ga[apagos Rift, 210, 211. 212,213,216.217. 218 North Fiji Basin. 195,242,246 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 60 Okinawa Trough. 195,199,201,202 Broken Spur, 176, 178, 180, 182,186 Woodlark Basin, 195-6. 198-9,200-3 MARK, 49, 50 Metallosphaera sedula, 354,355 Snake Pit, 321 metals TAG, 52, 56, 58,125 deposition rates. 62 marcasite-chalcopyrite, EPR, 135 dissolved marcasite-pyrite. MAR, 49, 52, 61 anthropogenic input to oceans, 365,366-8, Marginal High, 135,139,140 369-71 Mariana Trough, 3 gross fluxes. 365-71 Marianas back-arc system. 9 riverine input to oceans. 366-7, 36%70 ecology, 259,267,277,282,286 flocculation, 369-70.371 sulphide deposits, 187,218 see also particle processes; specific metals vent fluid compositions, 9-10 methane, 91,305 marine 'snow', 349 biogenesis, 115,355 MARK field, 23, 27-8, 43-9, 77, 83.97 detection by shrimps. 288 larval identification, 344, 346,347,348 dissolved massive sulphide deposits, 47-9, 59, 61,62 East Pacific Rise, 5, 6, 20 metalliferous sediments, 46-9, 93, 94,223,225-7 Mid-Atlantic Ridge. i 1.54-5. 268 vent fluid compositions, 78-80, 83-5 Steinah611 plume, 111-12, 113-18,272 see also Snake Pit field serpentization and, 273,279 mass flow, TAG, 223 methane anomalies, 273 mass flow rates, 163 methane plumes. MAR, 274 mass flux within sulphide structures, 155 methane/hydrogen ratios, 115-16, 117, 118 massive sulphide deposits, 202-3,274 Methanococcus. 354,355 East Pacific Rise, 17, 18-23, 29 methanogenic bacteria, 272,352,355 Galapagos Rift, see under Galapagos Rift methanogenic metabolism. 355 Manus Basin, 194-5 methanol dehydrogenase. 284 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 44 Methanopyrus kandleri, 354. 355 Broken Spur, 175-88 Methanotherrnus, 354. 355 MARK, 23-9, 45, 49, 62,226 methanotrophic mussel endosymbioses, 273,284-5. TAG, 8, 23-9, 46, 51,55, 58, 59, 61,62. 261 288 volcanic-hosted, 199,200,207,219 methanotrophic taxa, dispersion, 279 see also polymetallic ore genesis; sulphide mounds; 4-methyl sterols, 340 sulphides 24-methyl-5et-cholestanol in vent organisms, Matupi Harbour, bacterial transformation of metals. 337 253,254,255 24-methylcholest-24(28)-enol in vent organisms, 337 Meddles, 378,384 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dienol in vent organisms, 337 Mediomastusfragilis, Aegean Sea, 306 24-methylcholesta-5.24(28)-dienol in vent organisms, megaplumes, 118,139,373,379.383 336.337.34O Juan de Fuca Ridge, 6-7, 8, 66, 67, 72, 74, 133,139 24-methylcholesterol in vent organisms. 337 meiofauna, 261,308 methylotrophic bacteria, 273. 284,340 melanterite, Galapagos Rift, 213 microbial coenoses. MAR. 255 melnicovite-pyrite, MAR, 50, 52 microbial phylogeny, 352 Menez Gwen, 122,123 microfibrils, chitin, 297-8,300,301 mercury, 48, 56,195,196,200,202 Microprotus maculata, Aegean Sea, 312, 315 metabolism, Archaeal, 354--5 Microspio sp., Aegean Sea, 308,310,314 metal accumulation rates, Lau Basin, 236,240, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), 8.9, 28, 29, 97. 122,383 241-3,244-6 14~176 fields, 223,226.227,271-2,319,326 metal deposition rates, 62 27~ field. 223,227-8 metal fluxes, Aegean Sea, 305 ecology, 257-88 metal-rich fluids, detection of vent sites, 91 larval identification, 344 406 INDEX

Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)---cont'd Mytilus edulis, 344,347 massive sulphide deposits, see massive sulphide deposits Nail mound, 264 metalliferous sediments, 17,223,226,227-8,255 nannofossil oozes, Lau Basin, 234,235,236 shallow water site ecology, 272-3 naphthalene dioxygenase, 361 vent fluid compositions, 6, 8, ! 1,17, 54-5,366 Nassarius mutabilis, EPR, 308,314 see also Broken Spur field; Lucky Strike field; nekton distribution, Snake Pit, 322,323 MARK field; Reykjanes Ridge; Snake Pit nematodes, 261,267,284,308,314 field; Steinah611 site; TAG field Nematonurus arrnatus, MAR, 267 mid-depth circulation, 379,380 nemerteans, 270,309 mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), 133, 140 Neomediomastus glabrus, EPR, 306 mid-ocean ridges (MORs), 121,133 nephel anomalies, MAR, 91,99,101,102,104 fluid chemistry, 133--41 nephelometer-transmissometer relationships, 387-9 minerals and mineralization, 121-2,127-8 Nereidae sp., Aegean Sea, 306 Middle Valley, sulphide oxidation, 186 Nereis diversicolor, Aegean Sea, 306 Milos, 304,305 Neumann condition, 146 biological communities, 306-15 neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFA) in vent organisms, mineral alteration, within sulphide structures, 150, 331,332,334,335,336,339,341 151,155 neutrally buoyant plumes, 5, 9, 33,103,121,122, 130, mineralization 345-6 at mid-ocean ridges, 121-2 see also non-buoyant plumes of thermal waters, 353 neutrophilic thermal waters, 353,354 Western Pacific, 191-203 'new' evolving vent sites, 6-8 Minuspio cirrifera, Aegean Sea, 306 nickel, 57, 58,200,214,236,237 Mir mound, 52-4, 55, 56-8,123,124,259,260 niobium, Galapagos Rift, 214 ecology, 260-1 nitrate, Broken Spur, 98, 99,100 metalliferous sediments, 60, 61,62,127,223,224, nitrilase, 361,362 225 nitrite, Broken Spur, 99, 100 mixing equation, 162, 163 Nitzchia bilobata, 347 Mohn's Ridge, ecology, 273 NOAA/VENTS Program, 68 molecular identification of larvae, 344-9 noble gas isotopes in fluid inclusions, EPR, 133--41 molluscs non-buoyant plumes Aegean Sea, 309,311,315 particle processes, 387,388-9,390,391,392, East Pacific Rise, 330 393-4,395 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 272 see also neutrally buoyant plumes molybdenum non-methylene interrupted fatty acids (NMI), 332, Galapagos Rift, 214,215 333,335,336,337-8,339,341 Manus Basin, 195 nontronite, Woodlark Basin, 198,200 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 47, 48, 52, 56, 59, 62 Noranda, mineralization, 191,200,202,203 Woodlark Basin, 200 North Fiji Basin, metalliferous sediments, 195,242, Monolith vent, 73,179 246 particle concentrations, 389 North Valley, Woodlark Basin, 195 Moose mound, 264 North Zone, TAG, metalliferous sediments, 223, MOR volcanism, 139 224,225 Moresby 'Seamount', 195,196, 197 Notomastus latericeus, Aegean Sea, 306 mound growth, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 125-6, 187-8 nudibranchs, Aegean Sea, 307 mudclast conglomerate, Lau Basin, 234,235 nutrient release, Aegean Sea, 312 Mullus surmuletus, Aegean Sea, 306 nutrition, 159,285,288,329 Munidopsis, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 39,322,325 bivalves, 314 Munidopsis crassa, MAR, 266 gastropods, 308 mussels, 272,278 mussels, 284-5,288 East Pacific Rise, 284,330,331 shrimps, 281,283,284,285-6 lipid characteristics, 333-6,337-8,340 see also diet; food webs; lipid characteristics of vent Gulf of Mexico, 340 organisms Manus Basin, 194 methanotrophic symbioses in, 273,284-5,288 oceanic circulation, effect of venting on, 373 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 257,268,273,326 Oceanographer Transform Fault, 278,279 Broken Spur, 38, 39,261,270 ochres, TAG, 126 Lucky Strike, 88,266,285,288 Octopus vulgaris, Aegean Sea, 306 Snake Pit, 258,261,262,263,265-6,285,286, off-axis volcanism, Lau Basin, 244 288,322 oil reservoirs, archaeal bacteria, 354 mutualistic symbiosis, 281 Okinawa Trough, 3 Mya priapus, MAR, 272 metalliferous sediments, 195,199,201,202 Mytilidae bivalves, Snake Pit, 322,325 oligochaetes, Aegean sea, 305,306 INDEX 407

Oncholaimus campyloceroides, Aegean Sea, [3-plume, 379-80,383 308,314 plume dispersion and fallout, Lau Basin, 237,245, onion domes, MAR, 78, 79, 80-3 246 ophiuroids, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 38, 39,258,267,270 plume theories, 11 271,312 plume velocity scale, 375 'organ pipe' structures, Broken Spur, 176, 177,179, plume vortices. 375,376-9,383--4 180, 186 plume-derived sediments, TAG, 129 organic carbon, 310,311,337 plume-forced circulation, 373,374,375,378,379,381 ostracods, MAR, 270 plumes over-expression, 357,360 asymmetrical, 376 oxide plume fallout variations, ELSC, 237 confined, heat budget, 381 oxide sediments, 4,126, 175,184,232,237 containment, MAR, 275 oxyhydroxide sediments dispersion, 231 East Pacific Rise, 135,207-8 neutrally buoyant, 5, 9, 33, 103,121,122,130, Juan de Fuca Ridge, 103 354--6 Lau Basin, 234 non-buoyant, 388-9, 390,391,392,393-4, 395 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 36, 39,181,182,193,227 particle processes, 4,105,108,121,129,388-95 Woodlark Basin, 193,196, 198, 199,200-1,202 see also buoyant plumes polar lipid fatty acids (PLFA) in vent organisms, 331, Pacific Ocean, 10, 115-16,379 332,334,336, 339 see also East Pacific Rise polonium scavenging 393 PACLARK site, Manus Basin, 193 polychaetes PACMANUS sulphide deposits, 193,194-5,199-200 Aegean sea, 305,306,307,308, 311,312 palaeotectonic controls on MAR biogeography, 277 DNA analysis, 347 palagonite, 52 East Pacific Rise, 330 Paleodictyon nodosum, TAG, 260 Kraternaya, 272 Paleohori Bay, biological communities, 307-12,313, larvae, 343 314 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 286 Palinurus elephas, Aegean Sea, 312 Broken Spur, 38, 39,267,271 Paralvinella grasslei, MAR, 346,347 Lucky Strike, 270 Paralvinella palmiformis, MAR, 346,347 Snake Pit, 267,268,320, 322,324,325 particle processes, 387-95 TAG, 261,262,263 passive recycling, 390-1 Polycirrus denticulatus, Aegan Sea, 306 Peclet number, 152-4, 162 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 344-5,346-7,349, Peggy Ridge, 232 358-9,360 pelecyapod colonies, Broken Spur, 58, 60 polymetallic ore genesis, 191 peptide cleavage, 357 Manus Basin, 193, 194-5,199-200,202-3 pereiopods, MAR, 281 Woodlark Basin, 196,198-9,200-3 peridotites, TAG, 24 polynoid polychaetes, MAR, 267,270 Perinereis cultrifera, Aegean Sea, 306 polyunsaturated fatty acids in vent organisms, 332, Perioculodes longimanus, Aegean Sea, 311 333,334,335,337-8,339-40,341 permeability of mounds and fluid flow, 148 'popping rocks', 140 permeability of pipes, 164-5,166,171,172 population genetic studies, 344 permeability of sulphide structures, 151-2,153,154, porous medium flow, 160 155,156 porous sulphide, Galapagos Rift, 210,213 pH, of vent waters, 9, 78, 81,198,217,313,353 Posidonia oceanica, Aegean Sea, 307 pharmaceuticals, enzymes for, 360,361,362 potassium, MAR, 78, 81 phase separation potassium oxide, 200,203,214 of helium, 138-9 potential temperatures, Broken Spur, 99,101,104 of seawater, 10, 73-4 power supply equation, 163 of vent fluids, 71-2, 73 pressure gradient equation for flow in pipe models, phosphate, Broken Spur, 98, 99,100 161 phosphorus, Lau Basin, 236, 237 propagation, sedimentation related to, Lau Basin, phosphorus(V) oxide, 200,203,214,215 237-46 photoreceptor, 'eyeless' shrimp, 286 protease, 361,362 Phymorrhynchus sp., MAR, 262,263,267 protein content of tubeworms, 295,296,298,299,300 phytoplankton-derived carbon, 338,340,341 protein stability, 356-7 Pinna nobilis, Aegean Sea, 306,307 Pseudocapitella sp., Aegean Sea, 306 pipe models of convecting systems, 160-72 Pseudocuma longicornis, Aegean Sea, 311 Pitharokhoma, alteration pipes, 164 Pseudoleiocapitella sp., Aegean Sea, 306 plagioclase formation, 92 Pseudorimula marianae Marianas back-arc basin, plankton, Snake Pit, 325 267 planktonic dispersal potential, 348,349 Pseudorimula midatlantica, MAR, 267 platinum, TAG, 52, 59, 62 Pual Ridge, 193-4,200,203 408 INDEX pyrite, 56, 60, 62,159 ridge propagation and sedimentation, Lau Basin, East Pacific Rise, 135 244--6 Galapagos Rift, 210, 21 l, 212,213,215,216,217 Ridgeia piscesae, EPR, 296,298 Manus Basin, 194 Riftia pachyptila Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 227 East Pacific Rise, 295,296,298,299,300,301 Broken Spur, 176,178,180, 181,182,183,186 lipid characteristics, 330,331-3,336,337,340 Lucky Strike, 89 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 281,285,346 MARK, 49, 50, 280 Rimicaris, Broken Spur, 39 Snake Pit, 321 Rimicaris exoculata TAG, 52, 53, 58,124 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 283,284,286,287 oxidation, MARK, 280 Broken Spur, 270 Woodlark Basin, 199 Snake Pit, 264,265,266,281 'pyrite disease', Broken Spur, 182 TAG, 259,261,262,263,280,281,282 pyrite-chalcopyrite, TAG, 59 rise height of plumes, 70,373,374--5,378,382 pyrite-marcasite, TAG, 52 East Pacific Rise, 5, 9 pyrite-marcasite-sphalerite-chalcopyrite,TAG, 59 riverine input of metals to oceans, 366-7,369-70 Pyrobaculum spp., 354,355 222Rn, Broken Spur, 98, 102, 103,108 Pyrococcus furiosus, 356,357,358,359 mRNA sequences, 359 Pyrococcus spp., 354,355 rock alteration index (RAI), 150-1,154 Pyrodictium spp., 354, 355 Romanche Transform Fault, 278-9 pyroxenites, TAG, 24 Rose Garden, ecology, 283 pyrrhotite rotation of plumes, 375 Galapagos Rift, 212 rozenite, Galapagos Rift, 213 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 58, 60 rubidium. MAR, 78, 79, 80, 81 Broken Spur, 176, 178, 179,180,181,182,183, 185,187 Sabateria pulchra, Aegean Sea, 308 MARK, 49, 50 sabellid potychaetes, Aegean Sea, 312 Snake Pit, 321 salinity, Broken Spur, 99,101, 104, 108 TAG, 58 salinity anomalies, 374,378 pyrrhotite-sphalerite--chalcopyrite, MARK, 49, 50 salinity-tolerant species, 308,310 Santorini, biological communities, 303,304,305,313, quartz, 49, 52, 56, 159,321 314 quartz-hematite mineralization, MARK, 49 Saracen's Head, 36-7, 38, 39,175,179, 181-2,270 scavenging rate constants, 392,394 radiolarians, 349 scavenging of trace elements, 387,391-4,395 radon budgets in heat flux determinations, 382 Scotia Ridge, 277 Raja spp., Aegean Sea, 306 Scypha quadrangulatum, MAR, 272 Raleigh number and flow patterns, 145,146,147-52 sea anemones, see anemones rare earth elements, 89, 90, 91,93-5,198 see urchins. MAR, 88,262,263,269-70 scavenging, 392,394 seafloor spreading, effect of, 73 rare earth/iron ratios, TAG, 129 seagrass beds, Aegean Sea, 307, 311 Rayleigh number, 145,146,147-52,153,156 seamount volcanism and helium isotope ratios, EPR, rays, Aegean Sea, 306 134 re-entrainment of particles in plumes, 390-1,392, seawater 395 estuarine mixing with, 369-70,371 reaction rate enhancement, 357 penetration of crust, 121 recharge zones, 164 phase separation, 10, 73-4 recharge-dominated systems, 161 reactions. 72,121,137,138,139, 191,200,217, recycling of particles in plumes, 390-1,392,394 231,353 recycling of plume fluid, 375 as oxidant, 128,183,184, 185. 186, 188 red mullet, Aegean Sea, 306 Seep, fauna, 259 reproductive strategies, 344 Segonzacia mesatlantica. MAR, 39. 259,262,263,266 residence time of particles, 391-2,394,395 seismic alterations of vent fields. 133 resistance term for flow in pipe models, 160 seismic event monitoring. JDFR, 68-9, 70 resistance to flow in pipes, 16l, 164-70 selenium, Galapagos Rift, 212,213. 214,215,217 restriction endonucleases, 359 sensory adaptation, 286-8 reversal of flow in pipes, 169-70, 171 serpentinization reactions, 11,273,279 reverse transcriptases, 359 serpentinites. TAG, 24 Reykjanes Ridge, 10, 11,112,117 serpulids, 268,306,312, 322 ecology, 272,303 serranids, Aegean Sea, 312 see also Steinah611 plume sestonophages, Snake Pit. 322 Reynolds' flux equation, 394 Sevmorgeologija cruises, 17, 18, 26, 29.43 rhyodacite, 193 'shadow effect', 245 rhyolites, Western Pacific, 193,196,200 shallow vent sites and phase separation, EPR, 10-1 i INDEX 409 shallow water vent biological communities. Society Islands. 4 272-3,303-15 sodium, 78. 307. 310 Archaeal bacteria. 354 sodium oxide. Woodlark Basin. 200. 203 shimmering water, 159 Solemya velum. 340 Mid-Atlantic Ridge South Eastern Seamount, EPR, 135-6, 137-8. 139. Broken Spur, 36, 37,175. 176, 179, 182, 185, 186 140 Steinah611 plume, 115,117 South Valley, Woodlark Basin, 195,196 TAG, 51-2, 124 Southwest Indian Ridge, 277 shrimps, 277,280 spacial and temporal distribution of events, 274-7 'eyeless', 286 Spathi Point, biological communities, 306-7 Manus Basin, 194 sphalerite Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 277,283-4 Eastern Pacific Rise, 135,210,212,213,217 Broken Spur, 38, 39, 40,270,271 Manus Basin, 194 Lucky Strike, 88,268,269 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 58, 60 MARK, 46, 49 Broken Spur, 176. 178,180, 181,182, 183,184. nutrition, 281,283,284 186 Snake Pit, 39,257,258,262,263,264.266,278. Lucky Strike, 89 285,286-8,320,322,324,325 MARK, 50 TAG, 39, 125,258,261,262,263,276,278,286-7 Snake Pit. 321 sensory adaptations. 286-8 TAG. 52.53.54.56. 125 trophic studies. 280-4,285--6 Woodlark Basin, 199 silica sphalerite-barite-silica deposition. Galapagos Rift, dissolved, 72, 198,201 217 Galapagos Rift, 207,208,214,215 sphalerite--chalcopyrite-pyrite,TAG. 52 Marius Basin, 193,194,195 sphalerite-pyrite. MARK, 49, 54 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 57, 61,79 sphalerite-rich chimneys, TAG, 124 precipitation, 218 Spio decoratus, Aegean Sea, 308, 311,314 Woodlark Basin, 196, 199,200,203 Spiofilifornis, Aegean Sea, 312,315 see also amorphous silica Spire, the, 37, 38, 39, 175, 179-81,188,270 silica-barite associations, Galapagos Rift, 218 sponges silicates, 99,100, 307,308,313,353 Aegean Sea, 306,307. 312 silicon, 74 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 272,273,320,322,323,324 dissolved, Steinah611 plume, 112, 114-15, 117, 118 spreading level, 374,375. 376 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 66 squat lobsters, MAR. 38,262. 263 Mid-Atlantic Ridge Staphylothermus marinus, 354.355 Broken Spur, 98 starch, hydrolytic enzymes, 359,360 MARK, 47, 48 starfish. Aegean Sea. 306,307,312 Snake Pit, 320,321,323,324,325 Steinah611 plume, gas chemistry, 111-19,272 TAG, 48, 52, 56, 57, 58 Steinah611 site, 11,97 silicon hydroxide, MAR, 78 ecology. 272,303.314 silver stem lilies. Snake Pit. 322 Manus Basin, 195,199 steroid hydroxylase, 361 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 60 sterols in vent organisms. 329.330,336-7, 340-1 MARK, 47, 48, 49, 61,226,227 stillbotnematids, Aegean Sea, 308,314 TAG, 48, 52, 54, 56, 59, 61,62 Stommel-Arons model, 379 Woodlark Basin, 196, 199,200, 201,202 "storage' fatty acids in vent organisms, 335,339 single-methyleneinterrupted fatty acids (SMI) in vent stream function. 146. 149-50 organisms, 332,334,336,338,341 stream functions, within sulphide structures, 150, Siphonolaimus spp., Aegean Sea, 308 153,156 sipunculans, Aegean Sea, 305 strontium. 78, 81,214,215 slow-spreading ridges, 8-9, 77, 121-2,274-7 strontium/calcium ratios and rare earth content, 93, snai[s, Manus Basin, 194 94.95 Snake Pit field, 8, 9,122,123, 31%20,325-6 structural fatty acids in vent organisms. 336 activity, 274 Stygiopontius pectinatus, MAR, 261,266 bacterial activity, 255 Sulfolobales, 355 beehive structures, 179, 186 Sulfolobus solfataricus, 356 biogeochemical zones, 319 Sulfolobus spp.. 354.355 diffuse flow, 156 sulphate, reduction, Aegean Sea, 219,220,310-11 ecology, 257,258,259,261,262,263-8,277,278, sulphates.TAG. 125 280, 281,282,283,284, 285,286--8. 321-3. 325 sulphide chimneys, 8, 36, 37, 138 light fields, 287 sulphide depletion. TAG, 81 metalliferous deposits, 185,187,188,320-1,323-5 sulphide mounds vent fluid compositions. 366,367-9, 370-1 East Pacific Rise, 135 see also MARK field formation, 231 410 INDEX sulphide mounds---cont'd tanaids, MAR. 270 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 58 Tawera spissa, Aegean Sea, 315 Broken Spur, 35, 36-7, 39,186 tectonic activity and plume formation, 118 Snake Pit, 264,267,268 tectonic control, EPR, 20, 29 'swelling', 59 tellurium, Galapagos Rift, 214,215 TAG, 8-9, 49, 52, 78 temperature anomalies, 6, 55, 67, 68, 69, 71,374, see also massive sulphide deposits; sulphides 378,383 sulphide particles, formation and fallout, 387,389, temperatures of vent fluids, see fluid temperatures 395 tennantite, Manus Basin, 194 sulphide structures, destruction, 139 Tethya aurantium, MAR, 272 sulphide-hosted fluid inclusions, EPR, 134 Tevniajerichonana, EPR, 295,296,298 sulphide-hydroxide sediments, Snake Pit, 321,325 Thames Estuary, restricted gene flow, 344 sulphide-oxidizing bacteria, 280,284,285 thermal anomalies, due to vertical motion, 379 sulphide-silica mineralization, Galapagos Rift, 210 thermal energy, conservation equation, 146 sulphide-sulphate--oxides, Broken Spur, 176, 178 thermal waters, terrestrial, 353 sulphide-tolerant organisms, 308 Therrnococcus celer, 354,355 sulphides Thermococcus littoralis, 358,359 detection by shrimps, 287-8 Thermodiscus maritimus, 354,355 dissolved, oxidation, 280 thermophilic bacteria East Pacific Rise, 4, 105,134, 135,137, 138 gas production by, 115, 119 Galapagos Rift, 217,218,220 see also hyperthermophilic bacteria ingestion, 281 thermophilic enzymes, 351,357 Lau Basin, 232,244 see also hyperthermophilic enzymes Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 129,280,281,326 Thermoproteus tenax, 354,355 Broken Spur, 105,175--88,270,271 thermostable enzymes, 358 Snake Pit, 321 Thermotoga, 354 TAG, 124, 125,126, 128-9, 133-4 Thermus aquaticus, 356,358,359 oxidation, 128,184,186,217,218 Thermus thermophilus, 359 precipitation, 124, 159,368 thiotrophic bacteria, 340 transfer into sediments, 223 thorium scavenging, TAG, 128,129,391,392,393-4, Troodos, 164 395 see also massive sulphide deposits; polymetallic ore tin, MAR, 47, 48, 56 genesis; sulphide mounds titanium, Lau Basin, 236,237 sulphite chimney, EPR, 24 titanium (IV) oxide, 200,203,214 sulphur, 81,220,227,307 todorokite, Lau Basin, 242 sulphur bacterium, Aegean Sea, 308,313 Tonnia galea, Aegean Sea, 308 sulphur isotope geochemistry, EPR, 186,187,188, trace element scavenging, 387,394,395 216,218-20 trace metal/iron concentrations [TM/Fe], 368-9 sulphur respiration, 354 Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse field see TAG field sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, 308,314,330,337,353 transform faults, as dispersion barriers, 278 sulphuric acid formation, 353 transmissometer and nephelometer relationships, super-penetration of plumes, 375 387-9 'supply side' ecology, 342 transport velocity, 146 Syllides benedicti, Aegean Sea, 306 Troodos, 121,164 symbiosis, 280,281,284,314 Troodos ophiolite, massive sulphide deposits, 28 see also, endosymbiosis; endosymbiotic bacteria trophic interactions, MAR, 280-6 synaphobranchid fish, MAR, 261,267 tubeworms, 125,194,261,272,278,285 see also vestimentiferan tubeworms; worms TAG field, 22-5, 27--8, 29, 43, 77-8, 97,121,122-6, Tyrrhenian sea, hyperthermophilic bacteria, 314 129-30 activity, 274 (U + Th)/He ratio, EPR, 137 ecology, 257,258--63,276-7,278,281,326 unsaturated acids, in vent organisms, 332-5,337-40, larval identification, 344, 346,347,348 341 trophic studies, 280-2 upwelling, 145 heat flux, 68, 83 uranium, 128-9,214 from diffuse flow, 156,157,160 urchins, MAR, 88,262,263,269-70 light scattering profiles, 92 metalliferous deposits, 49-54, 58-9, 61,62,105, Valu Fa Ridge, 164,232,233,244 126-30,223--5 mineralization, 195,198-9,201,202,245 rare earth concentrations, 93, 94 vanadium, 214,215,236,237 sulphide deposits, 8-9, 24-5, 28, 133-4 Vance segment, JDFR, 6, 66 vent fluid compositions, 78-85, 115 velocity of flow within sulphide structures, TAG plumes, particle processes, 108,387-95 146 Tagiri fumaroles, ecology, 272 Vema Transform Fault, 278,279 INDEX 411 vent organisms wax esters, in crustacea. 339 larval identification, 343-9 well-measured basin, heat budget calculation. 381 lipid characteristics, 329--41 West Florida Escarpment. ecology, 259 see also nutrition white smokers. 49. 159 vent-specific organisms, colonization by, 12 Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 45.80.81.82. 123. 124-5. 261 Venture fields, amphipods, 338-9 White's Point. 272. 303 vertical recycling of plume fluid, 375 Woodlark Basin. 10. 191-2 Vesicomyidae, MAR, 257,273 polymetallic ore genesis. 195-6.198-9.200--3 vestimentiferan larvae, 343 worm-tubes. MAR. 37.38.271 vestimentiferan tubeworms worms. 38.39. 261. 263. 307 Aegean Sea, 315 see also tubeworms; vestimentiferan tubeworms composition and morphogenesis of tubes, 295-301 wurtzite. 176, 178. 180. 182. 183,184. 194 East Pacific Rise, lipid characteristics, 329-30, 331-3,336,337,340 Yali. 303. 304 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 257 see also tubeworms, worms Zephria Point. 305,313 Vienna Woods site, metalliferous sediments. 195 zero-angle photon fibre optic spectrometer Virgin Mound, 365 technique, 88-9 vitric sediments, Lau Basin, 234,235 zinc Volcania, Kos, 303 Axial Volcano, 105 volcanic alteration of vent fields, 133 dissolved. 9.17 volcanic ash, Lau Basin, 234 gross fluxes. 365-71 volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, 192,193, East Pacific Rise, 4, 17 199,200,207, 219 Galapagos Rift, 212,213,214,215 voicaniclastic detritus, Lau Basin, 232,234,236,237 Lau Basin, 232. 236,237 volcanism, EPR, 138 Manus Basin, 194, 195 volume flow rate equation for pipe models, 160, 162, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 17, 60,223 163 Broken Spur, 103,105,106, 107,108 vortex pairs, 375,376,377,378 MARK, 47, 48, 61,62, 78,226,227 vorticity equation, 146 TAG. 48, 51,52.54, 56, 57.58, 59.78.81. 224 Woodlark Basin, 196,200,201,202 Wasp's Nest, 37, 38, 39,175,179, 182-3,270 zinc sulphides, Broken Spur, 176, 181,183,184 water/rock ratios, EPR, 140 zinc/iron ratios in plumes, JDFR, 389 'waves of recruitment' of mussels, MAR, 269 zirconium. Galapagos Rift, 214