DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Genomics of Thermus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Genomics of Thermus BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Comparative genomics of Thermus thermophilus and Deinococcus radiodurans: divergent routes of adaptation to thermophily and radiation resistance Marina V Omelchenko1,2, Yuri I Wolf2, Elena K Gaidamakova1, Vera Y Matrosova1, Alexander Vasilenko1, Min Zhai1, Michael J Daly1, Eugene V Koonin2 and Kira S Makarova*2 Address: 1Department of Pathology, F.E. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814- 4799, USA and 2National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA Email: Marina V Omelchenko - [email protected]; Yuri I Wolf - [email protected]; Elena K Gaidamakova - [email protected]; Vera Y Matrosova - [email protected]; Alexander Vasilenko - [email protected]; Min Zhai - [email protected]; Michael J Daly - [email protected]; Eugene V Koonin - [email protected]; Kira S Makarova* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 20 October 2005 Received: 23 August 2005 Accepted: 20 October 2005 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:57 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-57 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/57 © 2005 Omelchenko et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Thermus thermophilus and Deinococcus radiodurans belong to a distinct bacterial clade but have remarkably different phenotypes. T. thermophilus is a thermophile, which is relatively sensitive to ionizing radiation and desiccation, whereas D. radiodurans is a mesophile, which is highly radiation- and desiccation-resistant. Here we present an in-depth comparison of the genomes of these two related but differently adapted bacteria. Results: By reconstructing the evolution of Thermus and Deinococcus after the divergence from their common ancestor, we demonstrate a high level of post-divergence gene flux in both lineages. Various aspects of the adaptation to high temperature in Thermus can be attributed to horizontal gene transfer from archaea and thermophilic bacteria; many of the horizontally transferred genes are located on the single megaplasmid of Thermus. In addition, the Thermus lineage has lost a set of genes that are still present in Deinococcus and many other mesophilic bacteria but are not common among thermophiles. By contrast, Deinococcus seems to have acquired numerous genes related to stress response systems from various bacteria. A comparison of the distribution of orthologous genes among the four partitions of the Deinococcus genome and the two partitions of the Thermus genome reveals homology between the Thermus megaplasmid (pTT27) and Deinococcus megaplasmid (DR177). Conclusion: After the radiation from their common ancestor, the Thermus and Deinococcus lineages have taken divergent paths toward their distinct lifestyles. In addition to extensive gene loss, Thermus seems to have acquired numerous genes from thermophiles, which likely was the decisive contribution to its thermophilic adaptation. By contrast, Deinococcus lost few genes but seems to have acquired many bacterial genes that apparently enhanced its ability to survive different kinds of environmental stresses. Notwithstanding the accumulation of horizontally transferred genes, we also show that the single megaplasmid of Thermus and the DR177 megaplasmid of Deinococcus are homologous and probably were inherited from the common ancestor of these bacteria. Page 1 of 22 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/57 Background post-irradiation adjustment of metabolism of D. radio- Deinococcus spp. and Thermus spp. are believed to belong to durans might prevent production of reactive oxygen spe- a distinct branch of bacteria called the Deinococcus-Ther- cies (ROS) by decreasing the number of reactions mus group [1]. The common origin of these bacteria is involving oxygen [27,28], and high intracellular manga- supported by the fact that they consistently form a nese concentrations of Deinococcus spp. might help scav- strongly supported clade in phylogenetic trees of ribos- enge ROS generated during irradiation and post- omal RNAs and several conserved proteins including irradiation recovery [28,29]. However, these explanations ribosomal proteins, RNA polymerase subunits, RecA, and of radiation resistance have received little direct support others [1-7]. The Thermus genus currently consists of 14 from comparative-genomic analyses [7,27,28]. thermophilic species, whereas the Deinococcus genus includes at least eleven, mostly mesophilic species known Several evolutionary processes could potentially contrib- for their extreme resistance to γ-irradiation and other ute to the genome differentiation of TT and DR subse- agents causing DNA damage, particularly, desiccation quent to the divergence from the common ancestor: (i) [7,8]. Interestingly, two new species, D. frigens sp. nov., D. differential gene loss and gain, (ii) acquisition of genes via saxicola, have been isolated recently from Antarctic rock horizontal gene transfer (HGT) which may be followed by and soil samples [9]. D. geothermalis and D. murrayi, are loss of the ancestral orthologous gene (xenologous gene considered to be thermophilic (topt~45–50°C) [10]. displacement (XGD)), (iii) lineage-specific expansion of paralogous gene families by duplication and/or acquisi- T. thermophilus (TT) (strain HB27, ATCC BAA-163)and D. tion of paralogs via HGT; (IV) modification of amino acid radiodurans (DR) (strain R1, ATCC BAA-816) have similar composition that could affect protein stability. Here, we general physiology, both being catalase-positive, red-pig- experimentally characterize radiation and desiccation mented, non-sporulating, aerobic chemoorganohetero- resistance of TT in comparison to DR, and, assess the con- trophs [11]. However, the two organisms are dramatically tribution of different evolutionary processes to distinct different in terms of stress resistance: DR is one of the adaptations of TT and DR, using a variety of comparative- most resistant to radiation and desiccation among the genomic approaches and phylogenetic analysis. We iden- characterized organisms and, generally, can survive tify the unique feature of the gene repertoires of TT and diverse types of oxidative stress, whereas TT is a ther- DR that might contribute to these phenotypic differences, mophile that thrives under thermal stress conditions but which could be the subject of further experimental work. is relatively sensitive to radiation and other forms of oxi- In addition, we describe the results of a detailed analysis dative stress. Recently, the genomes of T. thermophilus of the proteins predicted to be involved in DNA repair and HB27 and HB8 [12,13] became available for comparison stress response functions, which are particularly relevant with the previously sequenced genome of D. raduodurans for adaptive evolution of resistance phenotypes. R1 [14]. Despite extensive research, genetic systems underlying both thermophilic adaptations and radiation resistance 1 remain poorly understood. Attempts have been made to 0 detect "thermophilic determinants" in the proteomes of -1 thermophiles using a comparative-genomic approach. -2 This resulted in the delineation of a set of proteins that -3 might be associated with the thermophilic phenotype, T. thermophilus -4 D. radiodurans although most of these are significantly enriched in ther- E. coli log survival -5 mophiles but not unique to these organisms [15-17]. Other distinctions between thermophilic and mesophilic -6 proteins might be due to differences in their structural -7 properties, such as different amino acid compositions, -8 loop lengths, number of salt bridges, strength of hydro- 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 phobic interaction, number of disulfide bonds, and other kGy features [18-25]. RadiationradioduransvidedFigure by 1 M. resistance (ATCCCashel, BAA-816) NIH)of T. thermophilus(60Co and irradiation) E. coli (ATCC (K-12 BAA-163),MG1655, pro- D. Various hypotheses also have been proposed to explain Radiation resistance of T. thermophilus (ATCC BAA-163), D. radiation resistance, some postulating the existence of radiodurans (ATCC BAA-816) and E. coli (K-12 MG1655, pro- specialized genetic systems, particularly those for DNA vided by M. Cashel, NIH) (60Co irradiation). Standard devia- repair and stress response [7,26]. Recently, however, alter- tions for the data points are shown. native possibilities have been advanced. For example, the Page 2 of 22 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/57 We recently reported a trend of intracellular Mn/Fe con- centration ratios in bacterial IR resistance, where very high and very low Mn/Fe ratios correlated with very high and 1 very low resistances, respectively [29]. We have also 0 shown that growing D. radiodurans in conditions which -1 limited Mn(II) accumulation, significantly lowered the -2 cells' IR resistance [29]. These observations led to the hypothesis that the ratio of Mn to Fe in a cell might deter- -3 T. thermophilus mine the relative abundance of different ROS
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks Bioblitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of BioBlitz participants conducting data entry into iNaturalist. Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service. ON THE COVER Photograph of BioBlitz participants collecting aquatic species data in the Presidio of San Francisco. Photograph courtesy of National Park Service. The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 Elizabeth Edson1, Michelle O’Herron1, Alison Forrestel2, Daniel George3 1Golden Gate Parks Conservancy Building 201 Fort Mason San Francisco, CA 94129 2National Park Service. Golden Gate National Recreation Area Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1061 Sausalito, CA 94965 3National Park Service. San Francisco Bay Area Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Manager Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1063 Sausalito, CA 94965 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1.0: Introduction
    CHAPTER 1.0: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Why study Antarctica? The Antarctic includes some of the most extreme terrestrial environments by very low temperature, frequent freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles, low and transient precipitation, reduced humidity, rapid drainage and limited organic nutrients which are considered as unfavorable condition (Yergeau et al., 2006). Located in the Earth‟s south hemisphere, Antarctica has received considerable amount of attention due to its untapped resources. Renowned for its cold, harsh conditions, there is an abundance of microbial life which has undergone their own adaption and evolutionary processes to survive. Since, Antarctic microbial habitats have remained relatively conserved for many years; there are unique opportunities for studying microbial evolution (Vincent, 2000). Besides that, presence of psychrophiles and other extermophiles in the environment are interesting specimens of nature‟s wonder. Psychrophilic enzymes produced have high potential in biotechnology for example the conservation of energy by reducing the need of heat treatment, the application of eurythermal polar cyanobacteria for wastewater treatment in cold climates (Tang et al., 1997) and the integration of proteases, lipases and cellulases into detergents to improve its mode of action in cold water. 1.2 Antarctic microorganisms Although bacterial researches have been conducted since early 1900s by Ekelof (Boyd and Boyd, 1962), little is known about the presence and characteristics of bacteria in the Antarctica. Microorganisms dominate Antarctic biology compare to other continent (Friedmann, 1993) as well as they are fundamental to the functioning of Antarctic ecosystems. Baseline knowledge of prokaryotic biodiversity in Antarctica is still limited (Bohannan 1 and Hughes, 2003). Among these microorganisms, bacteria are an important part of the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Stress Tolerance and Metabolic Capabilities of Acidophilic Iron-Sulfur-Transforming Bacteria and Their Relevance to Mars
    Characterization of stress tolerance and metabolic capabilities of acidophilic iron-sulfur-transforming bacteria and their relevance to Mars Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften – Dr. rer. nat. – vorgelegt von Anja Bauermeister aus Leipzig Im Fachbereich Chemie der Universität Duisburg-Essen 2012 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Zeitraum von März 2009 bis Dezember 2012 im Arbeitskreis von Prof. Dr. Hans-Curt Flemming am Biofilm Centre (Fakultät für Chemie) der Universität Duisburg-Essen und in der Abteilung Strahlenbiologie (Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Köln) durchgeführt. Tag der Einreichung: 07.12.2012 Tag der Disputation: 23.04.2013 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. H.-C. Flemming Prof. Dr. W. Sand Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. C. Mayer Erklärung / Statement Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Titel „Characterization of stress tolerance and metabolic capabilities of acidophilic iron- sulfur-transforming bacteria and their relevance to Mars” selbst verfasst und keine außer den angegebenen Hilfsmitteln und Quellen benutzt habe, und dass die Arbeit in dieser oder ähnlicher Form noch bei keiner anderen Universität eingereicht wurde. Herewith I declare that this thesis is the result of my independent work. All sources and auxiliary materials used by me in this thesis are cited completely. Essen, 07.12.2012 Table of contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Deinococcus Radiodurans : La Recombinaison Entre S´Equencesr´Ep´Et´Eeset La Transformation Naturelle Solenne Ithurbide
    Variabilit´eg´en´etiquechez la bact´erieradior´esistante Deinococcus radiodurans : la recombinaison entre s´equencesr´ep´et´eeset la transformation naturelle Solenne Ithurbide To cite this version: Solenne Ithurbide. Variabilit´eg´en´etiquechez la bact´erieradior´esistante Deinococcus radio- durans : la recombinaison entre s´equencesr´ep´et´eeset la transformation naturelle. Biologie mol´eculaire.Universit´eParis Sud - Paris XI, 2015. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2015PA112193>. <tel- 01374867> HAL Id: tel-01374867 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01374867 Submitted on 2 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SUD ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 426 GÈNES GÉNOMES CELLULES Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule THÈSE DE DOCTORAT SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTÉ par Solenne ITHURBIDE Variabilité génétique chez la bactérie radiorésistante Deinococcus radiodurans : La recombinaison entre séquences répétées et la transformation naturelle Soutenue le 23 Septembre 2015 Composition du jury : Directeur de thèse : Suzanne SOMMER Professeur
    [Show full text]
  • Extremozymes of the Hot and Salty Halothermothrix Orenii
    Extremozymes of the Hot and Salty Halothermothrix orenii Author Kori, Lokesh D Published 2012 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/2191 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366220 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Extremozymes of the hot and salty Halothermothrix orenii LOKESH D. KORI (M.Sc. Biotechnology) School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Griffith University, Australia Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. LOKESH DULICHAND KORI II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Bharat Patel, for offering me an opportunity for being his postgraduate. His boundless knowledge motivates me for keep going and enjoy the essence of science. Without his guidance, great patience and advice, I could not finish my PhD program successfully. I take this opportunity to give my heartiest thanks to Assoc. Prof. Andreas Hofmann, (Structural Chemistry, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University) for his support and encouragement for crystallographic work. I am grateful to him for teaching me about the protein structures, in silico analysis and their hidden chemistry.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of a Bacterial Group Within the Phylum Chloroflexi And
    Microbes Environ. Vol. 21, No. 3, 154–162, 2006 http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsme2/ Detection of a Bacterial Group within the Phylum Chloroflexi and Reductive-Dehalogenase-Homologous Genes in Pentachlorobenzene- Dechlorinating Estuarine Sediment from the Arakawa River, Japan KYOSUKE SANTOH1, ATSUSHI KOUZUMA1, RYOKO ISHIZEKI2, KENICHI IWATA1, MINORU SHIMURA3, TOSHIO HAYAKAWA3, TOSHIHIRO HOAKI4, HIDEAKI NOJIRI1, TOSHIO OMORI2, HISAKAZU YAMANE1 and HIROSHI HABE1*† 1 Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan 2 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8548, Japan 3 Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Railway Technical Research Institute, 2–8–38 Hikari-cho, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185–8540, Japan 4 Technology Research Center, Taisei Corporation, 344–1 Nase, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245–0051, Japan (Received April 21, 2006—Accepted June 12, 2006) We enriched a pentachlorobenzene (pentaCB)-dechlorinating microbial consortium from an estuarine-sedi- ment sample obtained from the mouth of the Arakawa River. The sediment was incubated together with a mix- ture of four electron donors and pentaCB, and after five months of incubation, the microbial community structure was analyzed. Both DGGE and clone library analyses showed that the most expansive phylogenetic group within the consortium was affiliated with the phylum Chloroflexi, which includes Dehalococcoides-like bacteria. PCR using a degenerate primer set targeting conserved regions in reductive-dehalogenase-homologous (rdh) genes from Dehalococcoides species revealed that DNA fragments (approximately 1.5–1.7 kb) of rdh genes were am- plified from genomic DNA of the consortium. The deduced amino acid sequences of the rdh genes shared sever- al characteristics of reductive dehalogenases.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental and Statistical Analysis of Nutritional Requirements for the Growth of the Extremophile Deinococcus Geothermalis DSM 11300
    Experimental and statistical analysis of nutritional requirements for the growth of the extremophile Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300 Julie Bornot, Cesar Arturo Aceves-Lara, Carole Molina-Jouve, Jean-Louis Uribelarrea, Nathalie Gorret To cite this version: Julie Bornot, Cesar Arturo Aceves-Lara, Carole Molina-Jouve, Jean-Louis Uribelarrea, Nathalie Gor- ret. Experimental and statistical analysis of nutritional requirements for the growth of the ex- tremophile Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300. Extremophiles, Springer Verlag, 2014, 18 (6), pp.1009-1021. 10.1007/s00792-014-0671-8. hal-01268947 HAL Id: hal-01268947 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268947 Submitted on 11 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/22999 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-014-0671-8 To cite this version: Bornot, Julie and Aceves-Lara, César-Arturo and Molina-Jouve, Carole and Uribelarrea, Jean-Louis and Gorret, Nathalie Experimental and statistical analysis of nutritional requirements for the growth of the extremophile Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genome of Prasinoderma Coloniale Unveils the Existence of a Third Phylum Within Green Plants
    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7 In the format provided by the authors and unedited. The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants Linzhou Li1,2,13, Sibo Wang1,3,13, Hongli Wang1,4, Sunil Kumar Sahu 1, Birger Marin 5, Haoyuan Li1, Yan Xu1,4, Hongping Liang1,4, Zhen Li 6, Shifeng Cheng1, Tanja Reder5, Zehra Çebi5, Sebastian Wittek5, Morten Petersen3, Barbara Melkonian5,7, Hongli Du8, Huanming Yang1, Jian Wang1, Gane Ka-Shu Wong 1,9, Xun Xu 1,10, Xin Liu 1, Yves Van de Peer 6,11,12 ✉ , Michael Melkonian5,7 ✉ and Huan Liu 1,3 ✉ 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. 2Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. 3Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. 5Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. 6Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (Ghent University) and Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium. 7Central Collection of Algal Cultures, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. 8School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. 9Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 10Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. 11College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. 12Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Protease S from Pyrococcus Furiosus (P6361)
    Protease S, from Pyrococcus furiosus, recombinant Product Number P 6361 Storage Temperature 2−8 °C Product Description The product is supplied as a solution containing Protease S is a recombinant, 42,906 Da (amino acid approximately 100 units per ml of 25 mM Tris-HCl, composition), hyperthermostable, serine endoprotease pH 7.6, and 40% ethanol. that is expressed in a Bacillus species carrying a plasmid that contains a copy of the Pyrococcus furiosus Unit Definition: One unit will hydrolyze 1.0 µmole of 1 protease gene. It is a broad specificity protease N−succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe p-nitroanilide per minute at capable of digesting native and denatured proteins. 95 °C and pH 7.0. Protease S is active from 40 to 110 °C, with the optimal temperature range of 85 to 95 °C. The optimal pH Precautions and Disclaimer range is 6.0 to 8.0 and the pI of the protein is 4.0. This product is for laboratory research use only. Please consult the Material Safety Data Sheet for information Protease S retains activity with organic solvents and regarding hazards and safe handling practices. denaturants. After exposure to 6.4 M urea and 50% acetonitrile for 1 hour at 95 °C and pH 7.0, the Storage/Stability enzyme retains 70% and 90%, respectively, of its The product is shipped on wet ice and should be stored activity. More than 50% of its activity is observed when at 2−8 °C. It is extremely thermostable, retaining 80% of incubated at 95 °C and pH 7.0 for 24 hours in the its activity after 3 hours at 95 °C and pH 7.0.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Natural Variation in Background Radioactivity on Humans, Animals and Other Organisms
    Biol. Rev. (2012), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00249.x The effects of natural variation in background radioactivity on humans, animals and other organisms Anders P. Møller1,∗ and Timothy A. Mousseau2 1Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Syst´ematique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Universit´e Paris-Sud, Bˆatiment 362, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA ABSTRACT Natural levels of radioactivity on the Earth vary by more than a thousand-fold; this spatial heterogeneity may suffice to create heterogeneous effects on physiology, mutation and selection. We review the literature on the relationship between variation in natural levels of radioactivity and evolution. First, we consider the effects of natural levels of radiation on mutations, DNA repair and genetics. A total of 46 studies with 373 effect size estimates revealed a small, but highly significant mean effect that was independent of adjustment for publication bias. Second, we found different mean effect sizes when studies were based on broad categories like physiology, immunology and disease frequency; mean weighted effect sizes were larger for studies of plants than animals, and larger in studies conducted in areas with higher levels of radiation. Third, these negative effects of radiation on mutations, immunology and life history are inconsistent with a general role of hormetic positive effects of radiation on living organisms. Fourth, we reviewed studies of radiation resistance among taxa. These studies suggest that current levels of natural radioactivity may affect mutational input and thereby the genetic constitution and composition of natural populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomicrobiological Processes in Extreme Environments: a Review
    202 Articles by Hailiang Dong1, 2 and Bingsong Yu1,3 Geomicrobiological processes in extreme environments: A review 1 Geomicrobiology Laboratory, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China. 2 Department of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA. Email: [email protected] 3 School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China. The last decade has seen an extraordinary growth of and Mancinelli, 2001). These unique conditions have selected Geomicrobiology. Microorganisms have been studied in unique microorganisms and novel metabolic functions. Readers are directed to recent review papers (Kieft and Phelps, 1997; Pedersen, numerous extreme environments on Earth, ranging from 1997; Krumholz, 2000; Pedersen, 2000; Rothschild and crystalline rocks from the deep subsurface, ancient Mancinelli, 2001; Amend and Teske, 2005; Fredrickson and Balk- sedimentary rocks and hypersaline lakes, to dry deserts will, 2006). A recent study suggests the importance of pressure in the origination of life and biomolecules (Sharma et al., 2002). In and deep-ocean hydrothermal vent systems. In light of this short review and in light of some most recent developments, this recent progress, we review several currently active we focus on two specific aspects: novel metabolic functions and research frontiers: deep continental subsurface micro- energy sources. biology, microbial ecology in saline lakes, microbial Some metabolic functions of continental subsurface formation of dolomite, geomicrobiology in dry deserts, microorganisms fossil DNA and its use in recovery of paleoenviron- Because of the unique geochemical, hydrological, and geological mental conditions, and geomicrobiology of oceans. conditions of the deep subsurface, microorganisms from these envi- Throughout this article we emphasize geomicrobiological ronments are different from surface organisms in their metabolic processes in these extreme environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacillus Cereus Obligate Aerobe
    Bacillus Cereus Obligate Aerobe Pixilated Vladamir embrued that earbash retard ritually and emoted multiply. Nervine and unfed Abbey lie-down some hodman so designingly! Batwing Ricard modulated war. However, both company registered in England and Wales. Streptococcus family marine species names of water were observed. Bacillus cereus and Other Bacillus spp. Please enable record to take advantage of the complete lie of features! Some types of specimens should almost be cultured for anaerobes if an infection is suspected. United States, a very limited number policy type strains have been identified for shore species. Phylum XIII Firmicutes Gibbons and Murray 197 5. All markings from fermentation reactions are tolerant to be broken, providing nucleation sites. Confirmation of diagnosis by pollen analysis. Stress she and virulence factors in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Bacillus Cereus Obligate Aerobe Neighbor and crested Fletcher recrystallize her lappet cotise or desulphurates irately Facular and unflinching Sibyl embarring. As a pulmonary pathogen the species B cereus has received recent. Eating 5-Day-Old Pasta or pocket Can be Kill switch Here's How. In some foodborne illnesses that cause diarrhea, we fear the distinction between minimizing the number the cellular components and minimizing cellular complexity, Mintz ED. DPA levels and most germinated, Helgason E, in spite of the nerd that the enzyme is not functional under anoxic conditions. Improper canning foods associated with that aerobes. Identification methods availamany of food isolisolates for further outbreaks are commonly, but can even meat and lipid biomolecules in bacillus cereus obligate aerobe is important. Gram Positive Bacteria PREPARING TO BECOME. The and others with you interest are food safety.
    [Show full text]