İstanbul Boğazı Ve Prens Adaları Arasından Toplanan Sismik Ve

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İstanbul Boğazı Ve Prens Adaları Arasından Toplanan Sismik Ve İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İSTANBUL BOĞAZI VE PRENS ADALARI ARASINDA TOPLANAN SİSMİK VE MİKROBATİMETRİK VERİLERİN YORUMU Jeofizik Müh. Anisya B. TEKKELİ Jeofizik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman Yard.Doç.Dr. Hüseyin TUR Haziran, 2007 İSTANBUL i ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada kullanılmış olan veriler, yürütücülüğünü Yard Doç Dr. Hüseyin TUR’un üstlendiği Seyir, Hidrografi ve Oşinografi Dairesi Başkanlığı ile ortak olarak yürütülen İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterliği’nin 75/15052003 numaralı projesi kapsamında elde edilmiş olan verilerdir. Beni bu çalışmaya teşvik eden, çalışmanın her aşamasında benden destek ve ilgiyi esirgemeyen tez danışmanım sayın Yard. Doç. Dr. Hüseyin TUR’a ve bana bu çalışmanın tüm evrelerinde bilgisiyle ışık tutan ve ilgisini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen Doç Dr. Erkan Gökaşan’a candan teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Yüksek Lisans Eğitimim boyunca benden maddi desteği esirgemeyen TÜBİTAK- BİDEB’e, yine yüksek lisans eğitimim boyunca bana gerekli çalışma koşullarını sağlayan Uygulamalı Jeofizik Anabilim Dalı Başkanı Prof.Dr. İbrahim KARA’ya ve tüm diğer bölüm hocalarıma teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Batimetri haritasının hazırlanma aşamasında yardımlarını esirgemeyen Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Doğa Bilimleri Araştırma Merkezinde Arş. Gör. Tolga Görüm’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca yardımları için Araş. Gör. Gökhan Karcıoğlu’na teşekkürler. Bize sunduğu bağımsız, laik, hukuk devleti ve sonsuz kazanımları için Türkiye Cumhuriyetimizin kurucusu Ulu Önder Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Tüm hayatım boyunca yanımda oldukları ve beni her durumda destekledikleri için annem ve babama ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. İyi ki varsınız… Haziran, 2007 Anisya B.TEKKELİ ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ......................................................................................................... I İÇİNDEKİLER ..........................................................................................II ŞEKİL LİSTESİ.........................................................................................V SEMBOLLER ............................................................................................X ÖZET......................................................................................................... XI SUMMARY .............................................................................................XII 1.GİRİŞ.........................................................................................................1 2.GENEL KISIMLAR ..............................................................................14 2.1 SUALTI AKUSTİĞİ.......................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Ses Dalgaları ................................................................................................ 14 2.1.2 Ses Dalgalarının Yayınımı.......................................................................... 15 2.1.2.1 Yansıma ve Kırılma................................................................................ 15 2.1.3 Deniz Suyundaki Ses Hızı........................................................................... 17 2.1.4 Su İçinde Yüksek Frekanslı Ses Dalgasının Üretilmesi........................... 17 2.1.5 Dalga Genliğini Etkileyen Faktörler ......................................................... 18 2.1.5.1 Yayınım Etkisi ........................................................................................ 18 2.1.5.2 Soğrulma Etkisi ...................................................................................... 18 2.1.5.3 Saçınım Etkisi......................................................................................... 19 2.1.6 Gürültü......................................................................................................... 19 2.1.6.1 Dış Gürültüler........................................................................................ 20 2.1.6.2 İç Gürültüler .......................................................................................... 20 2.2 SİSMİK STRATİGRAFİK YORUMUN PRENSİPLERİ ............................. 20 2.2.1 Sismik Refleksiyonların Jeolojik Anlamları............................................. 21 2.2.2 Tabakaların Sona Ermeleri........................................................................ 23 2.2.3 Refleksiyon Parametreleri.......................................................................... 27 2.2.4 Sismik Refleksiyonlar ve Zaman Stratigrafisi.......................................... 27 2.2.5 Sismik “Sequence” Analizi......................................................................... 28 iii 2.2.6 Sismik Fasiyes Analizi ................................................................................ 30 2.2.6.1 Paralel/Yarı Paralel ve Açılan Refleksiyonlar....................................... 31 2.2.6.2 İlerleyen Refleksiyon Paketleri .............................................................. 32 2.2.6.3 Kaotik Refleksiyonlar............................................................................. 34 2.2.6.4 Refleksiyonsuz Zonlar ............................................................................ 34 2.2.6.5 Kümbet/Kümbetimsi/Yığın/Yığışım Şekilli Refleksiyonlar ..................... 35 2.2.6.6 Aşma ve Dolgu Şeklindeki Refleksiyonlar.............................................. 35 3.MALZEME VE YÖNTEM...................................................................36 3.1 ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI .................................................................................. 36 3.1.1 Kara Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Kaynaklar............................................ 36 3.1.2 Deniz Çalışmasında Kullanılan Enerji Kaynakları ................................. 36 3.2 KULLANILAN YANSIMA SİSTEMLERİ.................................................... 37 3.2.1 Enerji Kaynağı ............................................................................................ 39 3.2.2 Ses Kaynağı(Katamaran) ........................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Model 265 Hidrofon (Hydrophone)........................................................... 39 3.2.4 Model 255 Kayıtçı(Recorder)..................................................................... 40 3.2.5 Uygulama Alanı........................................................................................... 41 3.2.6 Sismik Veri Toplama .................................................................................. 41 3.2.7 Uniboom (Portatif) Sığ Sismik Yansıma Sistemi ..................................... 41 3.2.8 Sparkarray Sismik Yansıma Sistemi......................................................... 42 3.2.9 Geoakustik Sığ Sismik Yansıma Sistemi................................................... 43 3.2.9.1 Sistemin Özellikleri ................................................................................ 44 3.2.9.2 Çalıştırmadan/Kullanmadan Önce Yapılacak İşlemler ......................... 44 3.2.9.3 EPC Model GSP- 1086 Kayıtçı ile Çalışacak ise ................................ 45 3.2.9.4 EPC Model 8300 Kullanılacak ise......................................................... 45 3.2.9.5 Çalıştırma İşlemleri ............................................................................... 45 3.2.10 Sparker....................................................................................................... 46 3.2.11 Boomer Enerji Kaynağı............................................................................ 46 3.2.11.1 Boomer Sisteminin Denizde Çalışması ............................................... 47 3.3 ECHOSOUNDER BATİMETRİ SİSTEMLERİ ............................................ 50 3.3.1 Tek Işınlı (Single Beam) Echosounder...................................................... 51 3.3.2 Çok Işınlı Tarama (Multi-Beam) Echosounder ....................................... 52 iv 3.3.3 Echounder Sistemlerinde Gürültü ve Ayırımlılık.................................... 57 3.4 MULTI-Beam Batimetrik Veri Toplama Kriterleri....................................... 59 3.5 Kara ve Deniz Yüzey Verilerinin İşlenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi................. 61 3.6 Sismik Veri Toplanması .................................................................................... 62 3.7 Temel Kaya Paleo-topografya ve Havza Dolgusu Kalınlık Haritalarının Hazırlanma İlkeleri.................................................................................................. 64 4. BULGULAR ..........................................................................................66 4.1 VERİLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ VE YORUMU................................ 66 4.1.1 Çalışma Alanının Kuzeyindeki Kara Alanının Jeolojisi ve Morfolojisi. 66 4.1.2 İstanbul Boğazı Marmara Denizi çıkışı ve Adalar Civarı Batimetrik ve Sismik Verilerin Yorumlanması......................................................................... 69 4.1.2.1 Batimetrik Verinin Yorumu .................................................................... 69 4.1.2.2 Sismik Verinin Stratigrafik Yorumu ....................................................... 71 4.1.2.3 Sismik Verinin Yapısal Yorumu.............................................................. 83 4.1.3 İstanbul Boğazı Marmara Denizi Çıkışı ile Adalar civarı ve Tuzla’ya Kadar Olan Bölgeden Elde Edilen Verilerin Ortak Yorumu.......................... 85 4.1.3.1 Tuzla-Adalar Arası Batimetrik Verinin Yorumu ................................... 85 4.1.3.2.Tuzla- Adalar Arası Sismik Verinin Stratigrafik Yorumu ....................
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