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Brainstem and Spinal Cord MRI Identifies Altered

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Brainstem and Spinal Cord MRI Identifies Altered ARTICLE There are amendments to this paper https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11244-3 OPEN Brainstem and spinal cord MRI identifies altered sensorimotor pathways post-stroke Haleh Karbasforoushan 1,2, Julien Cohen-Adad 3,4 & Julius P.A. Dewald1,2,5 Damage to the corticospinal tract is widely studied following unilateral subcortical stroke, whereas less is known about changes to other sensorimotor pathways. This may be due to the fact that many studies investigated morphological changes in the brain, where the 1234567890():,; majority of descending and ascending brain pathways are overlapping, and did not investigate the brainstem where they separate. Moreover, these pathways continue passing through separate regions in the spinal cord. Here, using a high-resolution structural MRI of both the brainstem and the cervical spinal cord, we were able to identify a number of microstructurally altered pathways, in addition to the corticospinal tract, post stroke. Moreover, decreases in ipsi-lesional corticospinal tract integrity and increases in contra-lesional medial reticulospinal tract integrity were correlated with motor impairment severity in individuals with stroke. 1 Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA. 2 Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611 IL, USA. 3 NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, H3T 1J4 QC, Canada. 4 Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1J4 QC, Canada. 5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208 IL, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.K. (email: [email protected]) or to J.P.A.D. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:3524 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11244-3 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11244-3 ubcortical unilateral strokes affecting the internal capsule or investigating the spinal cord white matter tracts. DTI’s ability to basal ganglia are the most common of all strokes and determine long-term changes in white matter structure and its S 38–40 usually result in hemiparesis of the contralateral arm and recent developments in the cervical spinal cord makes this leg. Previous human brain imaging studies of unilateral sub- an excellent method for investigating altered sensorimotor cortical stroke have frequently reported damage to the corti- pathways in the brainstem and spinal cord in individuals with cospinal tract1–4. Cross-sectional studies also reported this chronic stroke. damage to be associated with greater motor deficits as well as To this end, we used high-resolution structural MRI of the worse motor recovery in these individuals5–8. However, less is brainstem and cervical spinal cord and unbiased voxel-wise known about other altered sensorimotor pathways post unilateral analyses to identify all altered sensorimotor pathways post uni- stroke and their role in motor impairments. An important reason lateral subcortical stroke. Subsequently, the link between micro- for this lack of knowledge is that most previous studies have only structural changes in pathways and paretic upper limb motor investigated the morphological changes in the brain, where the impairments (Fugl–Meyer Assessment (FMA)) was examined in majority of descending and ascending brain pathways (e.g., cor- the stroke participants. It was hypothesized that individuals with ticospinal tract, cortico-bulbospinal tracts, dorsal column medial stroke would show reduced white matter integrity in a number of lemniscus) mostly overlap and are not distinguishable with cur- sensorimotor pathways travelling through subcortical regions of rently available imaging techniques. Sensorimotor pathways, in lesioned hemisphere, in addition to the corticospinal tract. Fur- fact, delineate from each other in the brainstem9–12. Moreover, thermore, an increased white matter integrity in some brainstem these tracts continue travelling through separate regions in the ipsilaterally projecting pathways from the non-lesioned hemi- spinal cord9,10. sphere was expected. Our results indicate a significant decrease of It is also noteworthy to mention that numerous functional white matter integrity in corticospinal tract, lateral and medial neuroimaging studies of stroke have reported increased neural reticulospinal tracts, descending medial longitudinal fasciculus, activity in motor cortices of both lesioned and non-lesioned tectospinal tract, and cuneate and gracile fasciculi related to the hemisphere during hand/arm movement13–16. They have also lesioned hemisphere. Furthermore, the results from brainstem reported that the more severe the impairment, the greater the and cervical spinal cord DTI analyses indicate a significant activity in the contralesional hemisphere compared to the ipsi- increase in the white matter integrity of medial reticulospinal lesional (i.e., a shift of activity to non-lesioned hemisphere)17–23. tract at the side of contralesional hemisphere, which projects However, it is still unclear what descending motor pathway allows ipsilaterally to the paretic (contralesional) limbs. The decreased the contralesional motor cortex to control the ipsilateral paretic white matter integrity of ipsilesional corticospinal tract and arm, although one proposed idea from human and animal studies increased white matter integrity of contralesional medial reticu- suggests24–28 brainstem ipsilaterally projecting motor pathways lospinal tract are correlated with upper limb impairment severity (i.e., reticulospinal tracts or vestibulospinal tracts) may play this in individuals with stroke. role. Based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor Results imaging (DTI) can probe white matter microstructure by pro- Demographics. Of the subjects recruited, five stroke participants viding information on the direction and degree of water diffu- and one healthy control were excluded from the study due to sivity in white matter tracts29. The degree of anisotropy brainstem, bilateral or cortical lesions, or poor-quality image. (fractional anisotropy: FA) of water in the white matter tracts Therefore, the final sample consisted of 31 individuals with stroke reflects their level of integrity30,31. Evidence from human brain and 31 healthy controls. Demographics of two groups are pre- imaging studies suggests that white matter integrity could change sented in Table 1. The stroke group had more African-American with experience. For example, damage or degeneration to a tract participants than the controls group (x2 = 8.72, p = 0.01). The is shown to be associated with a decrease in its white matter – – two groups were well matched on age and gender. The lesion map integrity (FA)1 3,32 34. Likewise, training-induced or experience- of individuals with stroke is presented in Supplementary Fig. 1. dependent increases in white matter integrity have also been 35–37 reported in humans . Moreover, recent developments in MRI Brainstem white matter integrity in stroke. Tracts with sig- of the spinal cord have opened new doors to further studies of the fi 38–40 ni cant white matter integrity changes in the brainstem of indi- human nervous system . High-resolution DTI of cervical viduals with stroke compared to controls are presented in Fig. 1 spinal cord and novel analyses approaches provide means of (threshold-free cluster enhancement p = 0.05). In the brainstem Table 1 Demographic characteristics Variable Controls Stroke x2 df p Value N 31 31 Gender (male: 18:13 20:11 0.27 1 0.602 female) Ethnicity (White: 26:4:1 15:13:3 8.72 4 0.012 AA:Other) Affected side of — 15:16 — 1 — body (left:right) Mean SD Mean SD t df p Value Age 61.61 9.45 59.83 8.97 0.76 60 0.452 Years since onset ——11.48 7.65 — 30 — Fugl–Meyera ——31.00 15.78 — 29 — aFugl–Meyer score of one individual with stroke is missing 2 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:3524 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11244-3 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11244-3 ARTICLE abthe non-lesioned hemisphere, an increased white matter integrity Lesion Non-lesion CST, CBT in individuals with stroke was found in the medial reticulospinal CST, CBT tract, which receives projections from non-lesioned motor cor- tices (Fig. 1, tracts in blue-light blue color). The locations of sensorimotor tracts in the brainstem were determined with the help of Gray’s anatomy9, Haines’ neuroanatomy10, and Paxinos’ brainstem anatomy11,41. Fig. 1b shows the location of tracts on z = –19 the brainstem atlas, focusing on the sensorimotor pathways under Lesion Non-lesion investigation, for simplicity. CST We then tested for any associations between these white matter CST alterations and clinical motor assessments in the paretic upper limb (Fugl–Meyer Motor Assessment score). Figure 2 illustrates the tracts with significant correlation between white matter MRST MRST MRST integrity changes and motor impairment in individuals with nuclei stroke. Decreases in corticospinal tract integrity at the lesioned z = –24 hemisphere and increases in medial reticulospinal tract integrity Lesion Non-lesion at the non-lesioned hemisphere in individuals with stroke were CST fi CST shown to be signi cantly correlated with their motor impairment severity (Fig.
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