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A Re-Assessment of Government and Political Institutions of Old Oyo Empire
QUAESTUS MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL A RE-ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF OLD OYO EMPIRE Oluwaseun Samuel OSADOLA, Oluwafunke Adeola ADELEYE Abstract: Oyo Empire was the most politically organized entity founded by the Yoruba speaking people in present-day Nigeria. The empire was well organized, influential and powerful. At a time it controlled the politics and commerce of the area known today as Southwestern Nigeria. It, however, serves as a paradigm for other sub-ethnic groups of Yoruba derivation which were directly or indirectly influenced by the Empire before the coming of the white man. To however understand the basis for the political structure of the current Yorubaland, there is the need to examine the foundational structure from which they all took after the old Oyo Empire. This paper examines the various political structures that made up government and governance in the Yoruba nation under the political control of the old Oyo Empire before the coming of the Europeans and the establishment of colonial administration in the 1900s. It derives its data from both primary and secondary sources with a detailed contextual analysis. Keywords: Old Oyo Empire INTRODUCTION Pre-colonial systems in Nigeria witnessed a lot of alterations at the advent of the British colonial masters. Several traditional rulers tried to protect and preserve the political organisation of their kingdoms or empires but later gave up after much pressure and the threat from the colonial masters. Colonialism had a significant impact on every pre- colonial system in Nigeria, even until today.1 The entire Yoruba country has never been thoroughly organized into one complete government in a modern sense. -
The Warrior and the State in Precolonial Africa Comparative Perspectives
The Warrior and the State in Precolonial Africa Comparative Perspectives G. N. UZOIGWE The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A. Introduction PREPARING this chapter was at once intimidating and challenging -in- timidating because I have no models to draw from; and challenging because it needed to be done. More significantly, it needed to be done by an Africanist historian. For the days, alas, are gone when such subjects were comfortably left to the nutty anthropologists while historians in their lonely and crusty arro- gance, exuded effortless superiority in dusty libraries and archives in a vain attempt to discover the &dquo;truth&dquo; about the past. &dquo;Hard history,&dquo; difficult enough as it is, is a much more straightforward and simpler affair than the &dquo;new history&dquo;. As our mentors were taught so did they teach us. The result is that most histori- ans of our generation are not properly equipped with the disciplines of anthro- pology and sociology as well as the other relevant social sciences which are crucial to African historical reconstruction. For a good Africanist, in whatever field, must be a jack-of-all-trades and master of one. The truth is perhaps that few of us are really master of anything at all - whatever we may claim. It is possible that I am really describing myself and no one else. Whatever is the case, I must begin this chapter with an apology relative to whatever weaknesses it may have. At a recent international conference on the military in Africa held in Accra, Ghana,’ a pet idea of mine received unsolicited support, namely, that a military interpretation of African history ought, at least, to be as rewarding as the economic or any other interpretation for that matter. -
Foreign Influence on Igbomina, C
FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON IGBOMINA, C. 1750-1900 By ABOYEJI, ADENIYI JUSTUS 97/15CA020 (B.A. (2001), M.A. (2006) HISTORY, UNILORIN) BEING A Ph.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN, NIGERIA i FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON IGBOMINA, C. 1750-1900 By ABOYEJI, ADENIYI JUSTUS 97/15CA020 (B.A. (2001), M.A. (2006) HISTORY, UNILORIN) BEING A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN, NIGERIA © March, 2015 ii iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the custodian of all Wisdom, Knowledge, Understanding, Might, Counsel, Reverential Fear (Isaiah 11:2) and the Donor of the ‘pen of the ready-writer’ (Psalms 45:1), through our Lord and Saviour, JESUS CHRIST. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My indebtedness for accomplishing this study is undoubtedly, enormous. Contributions within the academic circles, family link and notable individuals/personages deserve due acknowledgement. This is because a man who beats up his doctor after he has been cured is incapable of being grateful. Nature‘s cruelty, to candour, is more bearable than man‘s ingratitude to man. Words are undoubtedly inadequate to quantify the roles of my supervisors, Dr. Kolawole David Aiyedun and Professor Samuel Ovuete Aghalino, to whom special accolades are exclusively reserved. In spite of their busy schedules as Head of Department, Senior Professor and in many other capacities, they never denied me the benefits of their supervisory acumen. -
Theatrical Visual Languages in Duro Ladipo's Three Yoruba Plays
1 CHAPTER ONE THE ORIGINS OF DURO LADIPO’S THEATRE Introduction There is no doubt that traditional Yoruba travelling theatre occupies a significant position in the sociocultural, political and religious milieu of the Yoruba people. This is because in most cases their ways of life, their world views and their being as a whole are commonly expressed through performance. This work seeks to investigate an aspect of Yoruba traditional theatre; this being the theatrical visual languages in the plays of Duro Ladipo - one of the most prominent of the 20th century Yoruba playwrights and actors. The need to embark on this work is motivated by the need to bring to light the intrinsic values contained in the visual theatrics of Duro Ladipo’s three Yoruba plays, namely Oba Koso,1 Oba Waja2 and Oba Moro3. The visual component of his plays takes one on a journey into understanding the aesthetics and expressions found in all aspects of Yoruba culture. It also explores the social, political and spiritual dynamics of Yoruba from an historical context and provides an extraordinary link into the life history of the avatars of Yoruba cosmology. The Eegun Alare (Alarinjo)4 theatre which is directly responsible for the birth of the Yoruba professional theatre, came out of the re-enactment of Yoruba legendary stories 1 Oba Koso means ‘the king did not hang’ in the Yoruba language, a term which refers to Sango, the legendary fourth king of Oyo and the Yoruba god of thunder and lightning. 2 Oba Waja is a term used for describing a deceased king in Yorubaland. -
The Owu Factor in the History of Ibadanland
The Owu Factor in the History of Ibadanland By: ESV. Tomori Moshood Adijolola OWU-IBADAN PROJECT Anniversary Public Lecture In Celebration of Owu Convention of The Royal Union of owu People (RUOP) Title The Owu Factor in the History of Ibadanland By: ESV. TOMORI MOSHOOD ADIJOLOLA ANIVS, RV, MNIM, ARVA. Former Oyo State Rating Valuation Coordinator (Rtd) CEO/MD Macos Urban Management Consultant Saturday 16th December, 2017 Cultural Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria Published by: OYESILE OLUGBODE DESCENDANTS UNION Ita-Baale Olugbode, Ibadan Nigeria. © Tomori Moshood Adijolola 2017 First Published, 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the author, in who has the copyright ownership. ISBN: 978-31154-2-2 The publication was made possible through the commitment, efforts and finance of Chief ……………………………………. The Mogaji of OyesileOlugbode family compound, Ita-Baale Olugbode, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Printed by: ………………………………… DEDICATION The Publication is dedicated to Almighty Allah, the founding of fathers of Ibadan, in particular, Oyesile Olugbode family and all Owus living in Ibadan PREFACE The present study is focused on the critical role played by Owu and Owu war in the history of evolution of Ibadan and how Owu war effectively marked the end of a particular phase of Yoruba political development. As Ibadan community evolved and its relationships with the neighbouring Egba, Owu, Oyo, Ife and Ijebu groups were modified, so the traditional hisorty of Ibadan subtly changed to give support to the new status of being the most powerful city in Yorubaland. -
Aduloju of Ado: a Nineteenth Century Ekiti Warlord
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 18, Issue 4 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 58-66 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Aduloju of Ado: A Nineteenth Century Ekiti Warlord Emmanuel Oladipo Ojo (Ph.D) Department of History & International Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, NIGERIA Abstract: For Yorubaland, south-western Nigeria, the nineteenth century was a century of warfare and gun- powder akin, in magnitude and extent, to that of nineteenth century Europe. Across the length and breadth of Yorubaland, armies fought armies until 1886 when Sir Gilbert Carter, British Governor of the Lagos Protectorate, intervened to restore peace. Since men are generally the products of the times in which they live and the circumstances with which they are surrounded; men who live during the period of peace and tranquillity are most likely to learn how to promote and sustain peace while those who live in periods of turbulence and turmoil are most likely to learn and master the art of warfare. As wars raged and ravaged Yoruba nations and communities, prominent men emerged and built armies with which they defended their nations and aggrandised themselves. Men like Latosisa, Ajayi Ogboriefon and Ayorinde held out for Ibadan; Obe, Arimoro, Omole, Odo, Edidi, Fayise and Ogedengbe Agbogungboro for Ijesa; Karara for Ilorin; Ogundipe for Abeokuta; Ologun for Owo; Bakare for Afa; Ali for Iwo, Oderinde for Olupona, Onafowokan and Kuku for Ijebuode, Odu for Ogbagi; Adeyale for Ila; Olugbosun for Oye and Ogunbulu for Aisegba. Like other Yoruba nations and kingdoms, Ado Kingdom had its own prominent warlords. -
Samuel Johnson on the Egyptian Origin of the Yoruba
SAMUEL JOHNSON ON THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE YORUBA by Jock Matthew Agai A thesis submitted to the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 Declaration I, Jock Matthew Agai, hereby declare that ‘SAMUEL JOHNSON ON THE EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF THE YORUBA’ is my own original work, and that it has not been previously accepted by any other institution for the award of a degree, and that all quotations have been distinguished by quotation mark, and all sources of information have been duly acknowledged. __________________________ Jock Matthew Agai (Student) ______________________ Professor Phillippe Denis (Supervisor) 30 November 2016 i Dedication This research is dedicated to my grandmother, the late Ngo Margaret alias Nakai Shingot, who passed away in 2009, during which time I was preparing for this research. She was my best friend. May her gentle soul rest in peace. ii Thesis statement The Yoruba oral tradition, according to which the original ancestors of the Yoruba originated from the “East,” was popular in Yorubaland during the early 19th century. Before the period 1846 to 1901, the East was popularly perceived by the Yoruba as Arabia, Mecca or Saudi Arabia. Samuel Johnson (1846-1901) mentioned that Mohammed Belo (1781-1837) was among the first Africans to write that the East meant Arabia, Mecca or Saudi Arabia. He contested the views of associating the East with a Muslim land or a Muslim origin. In contrast to these views, Johnson believed that the East actually meant Egypt. This thesis presents research into Samuel Johnson’s contribution towards the development of the tradition of Egyptian origins of the Yoruba. -
The Lost Tribes of Israel”
ANTHROPOS 106.2011: 579 – 595 Origin of the Yoruba and “The Lost Tribes of Israel” Dierk Lange Abstract. – On the basis of comparative studies between the ademic African historiography in connection with dynastic tradition of the Ọyọ-Yoruba and ancient Near Eastern the independence of African states around 1960, history, the present article argues that Yoruba traditions of prov- scholars relied more directly on the available tra- enance, claiming immigration from the Near East, are basically correct. According to Ọyọ-Yoruba tradition, the ancestral Yor- ditions of Yoruba origin and they did some com- uba saw the Assyrian conquests of the Israelite kingdom from parative research between Yoruba, ancient Mediter- the ninth and the eighth centuries b.c. from the perspective of ranean and Israelite cultures. On the basis of this the Israelites. After the fall of Samaria in 722 b.c., they were evidence they suggested that the Yoruba immigrat- deported to eastern Syria and adopted the ruling Assyrian kings as their own. The collapse of the Assyrian empire is, however, ed from far away: either from Phoenicia, the Medi- mainly seen through the eyes of the Babylonian conquerors of terranean world, Egypt, or Nubia (Biobaku 1955: Nineveh in 612 b.c. This second shift of perspective reflects the 8 – 13; Lange 1995: 40 – 48). If any of these supposi- disillusionment of the Israelite and Babylonian deportees from tions could be shown to be true and present opinion Syria-Palestine towards the Assyrian oppressors. After the defeat to be ideologically biased, it would mean that a cul- of the Egypto-Assyrian forces at Carchemish in Syria in 605 b.c. -
IBADAN HISTORY from LAGELU ERA and the IMPACT of POLITICAL CRISIS in the NINETEENTH CENTURY By: ESV
IBADAN HISTORY FROM LAGELU ERA AND THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY By: ESV. Tomori M.A. anivs, rsv, mnim Email: [email protected] 1.1 Background History of Lagelu Lagelu (a.k.a. Oroo Apatamaja), a war-chief (Jagun Osun) from Dalegu compound, Ajamapo area of oke Eso in Ile-Ife was the founder of Ibadan. He was the grandson of Orunto (or Obalufe), the prime minister of Ile-Ife and Head of Ooni-in-council. His mother was the daughter of Ooni Luwo Gbagida, the only female in Ife history who married Chief Obaloran, a member of the council of Ooni of Ife (Chief (Dr.) M.A. Fabunmi, 1985). (a) Benin Army Invaded Iddo Island When he was still in Ife, a legend had it that he led Ife army as Jagun Osin to assist the children of Olofin Ogunfunminire, the progenitor of the Awori’s with the king of Gbagura referred to as Agura fought against the Benin army who invaded Iddo Island near Lagos founded by the Aworis. The children were; Olumegbon, Oluwa, Onitona, Onitoolo, Elegusi, Aromire, Olooto and Ojora. The Aromires later swam across the Lagoon to Lagos Island in the middle of the 16th century for fishing and farming (Oluremi I. Obateru, 2006). They constituted the “IDEJO” who are the traditional land owners and White Cap Chiefs in Lagos. When a Portuguese expedition led by Ruy de Sequeira landed there, Eko was changed to Lagos in 1472A.D. Thereafter, about the 16th century, during the Alaafin Onigbogi (1530-1542), Lagelu “Oroo Apatamoja”; led a group of men and women and interested people out to found a new settlement, known as EBA ODAN later known as Ibadan. -
Ibadan-Oyo Relations
IBADAN HISTORY FROM THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO THE BRITISH COLONIAL PERIOD By: ESV. Tomori M.A. anivs, rsv, mnim Email: [email protected] • INTRODUCTION The ‘Ibadan-Oyo Relations’ described in this paper takes a fresh and unprejudiced look at events as recorded by tradition, old documents and products of conventional studies by eminent scholars including written accounts of Ibadan and other Yoruba local historians. A good number of them witnessed some of the events, which they narrated and also collected firsthand information from those who participated in the events that they described. Historically, Ibadan people had one time or the other settled at different places like other Yoruba “community of ancient people” after the founder had migrated from the cradle, Ile-Ife. It later became a war-camp and rose to the level of city-state, and then an empire in the nineteenth century. Its success in transforming Yoruba hereditary political institutions and adapting them to a new age free, just, and egalitarian society without a hereditary system of leadership during the same nineteenth century was remarkable. Thus, the history of Ibadan could be generally divided into periods. The old settlement established by Lagelu which endured from about 1520A.D. to 1824A.D. it was followed by the transition period when Ibadan became a war camp, or era of civil wars and controlled by the allied armies of Ife, Ijebu, Oyo and Egba refugees between 1824- 1832. Next came the full control of Ibadan by the Oyo-Osun elements of Yoruba subgroups till today. Benito Mussolini on October 21, 1935 opined that: “certainly there would be history without wars, but it would be a much different history than what we know. -
Antropologia Dos Orixás
Antropologia dos Orixás , A Civilização Yorubá a partir de seus Mitos, Orikis e sua Diáspora. Autor – Ivan da Silva Poli ( Osunfemi Elebuibon ) e-mail – [email protected] [email protected] 1 Livro Antropologia dos Orixás , a Civilização Yorubá a partir de seus Mitos, Orikis e sua Diáspora. Autor – Ivan da Silva Poli ( Osunfemi Elebuibon ) e-mail – [email protected] [email protected] Introdução Ouvimos falar muito,quando resolvemos abordar os Yorubás , da chamada Nagocracia, significando que outros povos da África os quais igualmente nos constituíram através de suas diásporas, não são tratados com a mesma relevância. Contudo, o que vemos na verdade, em relação aos nagôs, e em parte por responsabilidade do estereótipo da Nagocracia, é algo que nomeio de Nagonomia. Este povo tão importante na nossa formação e que tem sua inegável marca em nossa constituição cultural e identitária, na maioria das obras a que a eles se referem, são vistos e observados somente no contexto religioso. Salvo raras exceções como Risério, Lépine, Salami, uma parte da obra de Verger, Abimbola Wande e outros autores da Universidade de Ile Ife e outros raros autores, é como se os Yorubás não pudessem ser objeto de estudos em um contexto histórico ou antropológico. Inclusive os mitos dos Orixás, normalmente são vistos somente no contexto de sua mística, como se não tivessem também um papel civilizatório e pedagógico, que tenham influenciado a sociedades africanas de onde são originários e muito menos os povos que se formaram com a contribuição da diáspora Yorubá, como nós brasileiros. No sentido de prestar uma pequena contribuição, a fim de combater esta imagem que reforça o que, a meu ver, chamo de Nagonomia que realizei este livro a partir de um trabalho de extensão Cultural com o aval do Núcleo de Cultura Extensão da Biblioteca Municipal de Osasco e o Centro Cultural Africano da Barra Funda, em São Paulo. -
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1 IN SEARCH OF JUSTICE (EVENTS IN EGBA HISTORY) 2 IN SEARCH OF JUSTICE (EVENTS IN EGBA HISTORY) 3 To Mark the 10th Year Coronation Of Kabiyesi Alaiyeluwa Oba Adewale Adedapo Tejuoso M.A., M.B; CH.B; B.A.O.; D.T.M. & H.; D.P.H.; F.M.C.G.P.; F.W.A.C.P Patron of Rotary Recipient of Rotary International “SERVICE ABOVE SELF" Award Patron of the African Church of Nigeria (Oranmiyan) Karunwi III Osile Oke-Ona Egba By Chief Lekan Ogundimu Akingbotun Oke-Ona Egba District Governor Plus 1996-97 R.I. District 9110 Nigeria His Royal Majesty Oba Dr. Adedapo Adewale Tejuoso (JP) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the publishers, Kabiyesi Oba Dr. Adedapo Adewale Tejuoso and the Author. First Published 1999 ISBN: 978-34838-8-9 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Prologue ix Kabiyesi's Profile xiii Chapter 1 An Overview - It Is True 1 Chapter 2 Egba Roots Traced 11 Chapter 3 Life Demands Service, Courage & Sacrifice .. 37 Chapter 4 Upgrading of Obas in Ogun State 45 Chapter 5 Land Matters 57 Chapter 6 The Alake Lays Claim to Egbaland173 Chapter 7 For Record Purposes 189 Chapter 8 Conference of Egbado Obas 209 Chapter 9 Gathering of the Storm 219 Chapter 10 Upgrading of the Three Obas to Paramount Status 313 Chapter 11 The Alake Versus the Others 325 Chapter 12 Oke-Ona, Gbagura, Owu Cry Out Foul 353 Chapter 13 The Peace Makers .