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Voice and Verb Morphology in Minangkabau, a Language of West Sumatra, Indonesia

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Voice and Verb Morphology in Minangkabau, a Language of West Sumatra, Indonesia Voice and verb morphology in Minangkabau, a language of West Sumatra, Indonesia Sophie Elizabeth Crouch BA (Hons) This thesis is presented for the degree of Master of Arts of The University of Western Australia School of Humanities, Linguistics Discipline Group 2009 Abstract Minangkabau is an Austronesian, Indonesian-type language spoken in West Sumatra by approximately seven million speakers. Despite its large number of speakers and the spread of Minangkabau people throughout the Indonesian Archipelago, Minangkabau remains under-described when compared to other Indonesian-type languages like Javanese. This study seeks to improve current understanding about Minangkabau by describing its system of voice alternations and verb morphology. This study presents a novel analysis of the forms and functions of voice marking in Minangkabau, incorporating naturalistic data into the analysis as well as taking the findings of recent typological and theoretical studies of Austronesian languages into consideration. The study makes use of naturalistic, conversational and narrative data from a database maintained by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Field Station in Padang. The study also makes use of elicited data collected in Perth and during fieldwork in Padang. Naturalistic and more formal, elicited Minangkabau data reveals different kinds of linguistic patterns, therefore this study makes a distinction between Colloquial Minangkabau and Standard Minangkabau. The study concludes that Minangkabau has a pragmatically motivated voice system encoded by the alternation between active voice, passive voice and the pasif semu construction. In addition, the study concludes that Minangkabau also has a conceptually motivated voice system that is encoded by a series of semantic and lexical/derivational affixes ( ta-, pa-, and ba-) which show how the action originates and develops. The Minangkabau applicatives -an and -i are for the most part valency changing devices but operate within both the pragmatic and conceptual domains of Minangkabau voice. The active voice marker maN- also operates in both pragmatic and conceptual domains whereas the use of the passive voice marker di- is primarily motivated by pragmatic and syntactic factors. This analysis is supported by the finding that di- is a morphosyntactic clitic whereas the conceptual voice markers are affixes and have mainly lexico-semantic properties. 1 The study further demonstrates that although voice marking is obligatory in Standard Minangkabau, bare verbs (i.e. verbs that are not marked for voice) are a prevalent feature of Colloquial Minangkabau. Bare verbs show that morphological underspecification is acceptable in Colloquial Minangkabau. As such, it is argued that Standard Minangkabau can be characterised as having an Indonesian-type voice system whereas Colloquial Minangkabau can be characterised as having a Sundic-type voice system. The existence of bare verbs does not entail that Minangkabau is a precategorial language and the study argues that Minangkabau has a clear lexical distinction between nouns and verbs. This study is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the scope of the study and Chapter 2 constitutes a review of the relevant literature concerning the descriptive and theoretical issues involved in writing about Austronesian voice systems. Chapter 3 summarises the methodological concerns involved in collecting the linguistic data for this study. The major findings and the analysis and description of Minangkabau can then be found in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. Chapter 4 describes the Minangkabau parts of speech and predicate construction, and also discusses some derivational morphological processes. Chapter 5 provides an analysis of the pragmatically and conceptually motivated voice systems of Minangkabau. Chapter 6 then describes the use bare verbs and addresses some of the theoretical implications of their use in Colloquial Minangkabau. Finally, concluding remarks can be found in Chapter 7. 2 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................................8 Chapter 1. Introduction............................................................................................10 1.1 Minangkabau: Speakers and Location...............................................................10 1.2 Minangkabau: Existing Studies .........................................................................11 1.3 Examination of Minangkabau Voice and Morphosyntax in this Study ................15 Chapter 2. Literature Review : Voice in Austronesian Languages.........................18 2.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................18 2.1 Philippine-type Voice ........................................................................................19 2.2 Indonesian-type Voice .......................................................................................21 2.3 Acehnese-type Voice..........................................................................................31 2.4 Sundic-type Voice..............................................................................................36 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................40 Chapter 3. Methodology ...........................................................................................42 3.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................42 3.1 The MPI EVA Minangkabau Corpus..................................................................42 3.2 Fieldwork..........................................................................................................44 3.3 Differentiating Standard Minangkabau and Colloquial Minangkabau...............46 Chapter 4. Parts of Speech and Predicate Types.....................................................49 4.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................49 4.1 Defining Parts of Speech ...................................................................................49 4.1.1 Traditional Classification of Parts of Speech...............................................49 4.1.2 The Generative Classification of Parts of Speech........................................50 4.1.3 Prototypes...................................................................................................52 4.1.3.1 Langacker............................................................................................53 4.1.3.2 Croft ....................................................................................................55 4.1.4 Defining Parts of Speech in Austronesian Languages.................................57 4.2.1 Open Class Items............................................................................................59 4.2.1.1 Nouns ......................................................................................................59 4.2.1.2 Verbs.......................................................................................................66 4.2.1.3 Adverbs ...................................................................................................76 4.2.2 Closed Class Items .........................................................................................77 4.2.2.1 Pronouns..................................................................................................78 4.2.2.2 Prepositions .............................................................................................79 4.2.2.3 Specifiers.................................................................................................80 4.2.2.4 Negators ..................................................................................................80 4.2.2.5 TAM Adverbs..........................................................................................80 4.2.2.6 Pragmatic Particles ..................................................................................81 4 4.3 The Predicate Construction............................................................................... 81 4.3.1 Non-verbal Predicates................................................................................. 82 4.3.1.1 Nominal Predicates.............................................................................. 82 4.3.1.2 Numeral Predicates.............................................................................. 84 4.3.1.3 Existential Predicates........................................................................... 85 4.3.1.4 Locative Predicates.............................................................................. 86 4.3.2 Verbal Predicates........................................................................................ 87 4.3.2.1 Stative Predicates................................................................................. 88 4.3.2.2 Active Intransitive Predicates............................................................... 91 4.3.2.3 Transitive Predicates............................................................................ 94 4.3.2.4 Ditransitive Predicates ......................................................................... 96 4.3.2.5 Imperatives.......................................................................................... 97 4.4 Conclusion.....................................................................................................
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