DOCSLIB.ORG

The Transnational Politics of Aceh and East Timor in the Diaspora

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

MAKING NOISE: THE TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS OF ACEH AND EAST TIMOR IN THE DIASPORA by KARLA S. FALLON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Political Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) May 2009 © Karla S. Fallon, 2009 Abstract This dissertation analyzes the transnational politics of two new or incipient diasporas, the Acehnese and East Tirnorese. It examines their political roles and activities in and across several countries in the West (Europe, North America, and Australia) as well as their impact on the “homeland” or country of origin, during and after armed conflict. It suggests that the importance of diaspora participation in conflict and conflict settlement is not solely or even primarily dependent on the material resources of the diaspora. Instead it is the ideational and political resources that may determine a diaspora’s ability to ensure its impact on the homeland, on the conflict, and its participation in the conflict settlement process. This study adopts a constructivist approach, process-tracing methods, and an analytical framework that combines insights from diaspora politics and theories on transnational advocacy networks (TANs). It concludes that the Aceh and East Timor cases support the proposition that diasporas are important and dynamic political actors, even when they are small, new, and weak. These cases also support the proposition that the political identities and goals of diasporas can be transformed over time as a diaspora is replenished with new members who have new or different ideas, as factions within diasporas gain power vis-à-vis others, and/or as the political partners available to the diaspora in the hostland and internationally change or broaden. The analysis of a diaspora’s relationship with a transnational advocacy network or networks (TAN) yields new insights into conflict settlement processes. Diasporans potentially learn from, contribute to, and benefit from TAN strategies and tactics. The TAN itself can help project the political influence of the diaspora. More significantly, the diaspora TAN relationship, in certain cases, can have a transformative effect on the diaspora, potentially moderating its views and positions, and thereby facilitating conflict settlement. Moreover, the moderating influence of the diaspora-TAN relationship may have implications for the post-conflict consolidation of democracy, human rights norms, and civil society. 11 Table of.Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables vi Glossary and Abbreviations vii Acknowledgements xii Chapter 1 1 Introduction 1 Major Questions and Propositions 5 Projecting Diaspora Politics: The Aceh and East Timor Cases 6 Analytical Framework—Diasporas and Transnational Advocacy Networks 6 The Cases 10 Methodology 13 Contributions of the Thesis 19 Chapter 2 21 Diaspora Politics 21 Review of Literature, Definitions, and Theoretical Approaches 21 Definitions, Features, and Typologies of Diasporas 22 Definitions and Features 24 Typologies 29 Definitions and Typologies Problematized 32 The Homeland as Territory, Symbol, and Ideal 32 Forced versus Voluntary Migration 34 9 35 Longevity or Age Agency and Dynamism in Definitions 37 Links to Other Theoretical Concepts 39 Ethnicity 39 The Nation-state and Nationalism 41 Globalization and Connectivity 45 9 47 Transnational Community or Diaspora The Politics of Diaspora 49 Situating Diaspora Politics 49 111 The Political Roles of Diasporas 53 Diaspora Identity, Agency, and Solidarity 56 Towards a Political Definition of Diaspora 59 Chapter 3 62 The Making of the Acehnese and East Timorese Diasporas 62 Historical Context and Classification 62 History of Migration 63 The East Timorese Migration 65 East Timorese in Diaspora by Country 75 The Acehnese Migration 77 Chapter 4 90 Diaspora Politics 90 Diaspora Actors, Practices, and Representation 90 The East Timorese Diaspora 91 Political Divisions and Early Political Activity (1970s to mid-1980s) 91 The Diplomatic Front: José Ramos-Horta (1970s to mid-1980s) 97 Diaspora Politics Widen (mid-1980s to 1999) 105 Bridging Divisions within the Diaspora (mid-1980s to 1999) 116 9 121 The East Timorese Diaspora: From Peace-wreckers to Peace-makers The Acehnese Diaspora 126 Hasan di Tiro: Exile and Early Political Activity (1979 to mid-1990s) 126 GAM’s Diaspora Diplomacy (1979 to mid-1990s) 133 The New Wave of Diasporans and Political Organization (mid-1990s to early 2000s)136 The New Wave: Political Activity (mid-1990s to mid-2000s) 144 Diaspora Politics: Top-down to Bottom-up? (2000 and beyond) 158 9 162 The Acehnese Diaspora: From Peace-wreckers to Peace-makers Chapter 5 168 Making Noise: Transforming and Projecting the Diaspora Voice through Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) and Partnerships 168 Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) and Diaspora Transformation 168 Conflict Settlement in East Timor 171 Conflict Settlement in Aceh 175 From Event to Catalyst: “Framing” and the Diaspora-Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN) Partnership Process 180 The Diaspora-TAN Partnership Process 183 iv Laying the Foundation for a Future East Timor Solidarity Movement 183 The Evolution of the East Timor Solidarity Movement 186 The Santa Cruz Massacre as Catalyst 189 The Diaspora-TAN Partnership Process and East Timor Conflict Settlement 194 Framing Complicity and Obligation 195 Effecting Change 200 The Diaspora-TAN Partnership Process 205 Lacking a Foundation for a Future Aceh Solidarity Movement 205 A Late-Evolving Aceh Solidarity Movement 209 The Diaspora-TAN Partnership Process and Aceh Conflict Settlement 214 Challenges in “Framing” the Aceh Conflict 216 Effecting Change 224 Chapter 6 232 Home: Un-making the Acehnese and East Timorese 232 Diasporas and the Impact of Return 232 East Timor: Diaspora Return and Political Power 234 Aceh: Diaspora Return and Political Power 251 Conclusion: A Look to the Future 269 Chapter 7 275 Conclusions 275 Challenges to Assumptions in Diaspora Literature 275 Materialist Explanations Assessed 276 Alternative Explanation: Ideational and Political Resources and Processes Matter 277 The Diaspora-TAN Relationship Evaluated 279 Questions and Suggestions for Future Study 282 Bibliography 288 v List of Tables Table 1. Estimates of East Timorese in Diaspora by Country 75 Table 2. East Timorese Political Leadership in Diaspora by Country 76 Table 3. Estimates of Acehnese in Diaspora by Country 87 vi Glossary and Abbreviations Aceh Center Diaspora organization in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Aceh Community Australia Diaspora political organization in Australia AETA Australia East Timor Association AHRO Aceh Human Rights Online (Australia-based joint diaspora and solidarity organization) Al Amnesty International APODETI Associacão Popular Democratica Popular Democratic Association ASAP Action in Solidarity with Asia Pacific (formerly ASIET) ASDT Associaçáo Social Democrática Timorense, Timorese Social Democratic Association (Precursor to Fretilin) ASIET Action in Solidarity with Indonesia and East Timor ASNLF (see GAM) Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front BRA Badan Reintegrasi Aceh Aceh Reintegration Board BRR Badan Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency for Aceh and Nias Bupati Head of district (Indonesian) CAFOD Catholic Agency for Overseas Development CAVR (Chega!) Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliaçäo de Timor Leste, Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor CIET Campaign for an Independent East Timor (Australia based org.) vii Glossary and Abbreviations CuR Catholic Institute for International Relations (renamed Progressio) CMI Crisis Management Initiative Helsinki-based NGO CNRM Conseiho Nacional da Resistencia Maubere National Council of Maubere Resistance CNRT Conseiho Nacional da Resistencia Timorense National Council of Timorese Resistance COHA Cessation of Hostilities Framework Agreement signed by the Government and Indonesia and GAM in December 2002 Co SPA Komisi Keberlanjutan Perdamaian, Aceh Commission on Sustaining Peace in AcehICoSPA DOM Daerah Operasi Militer Military Operation Zone/Area ETAN East Timor Action Network (U.S. solidarity organization), after East Timor independence changed name to East Timor and Indonesia Action Network and broadened scope of work to include Aceh and West Papua ETAN East Timor Alert Network (Canadian solidarity organization) ETRA East Timor Relief Association (Australia-based diaspora organization) Falintil Forcas Armadas da Libertaçäo Nacional de Timor Leste Armed Forces of National Liberation of East Timor Fenetil Frente Clandestina dos Estudiantes de Timor-Leste Clandestine Front of East Timorese Students Student group based in Indonesia Fretilin Revolutionary Front for and Independent East Timor Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente viii Glossary and Abbreviations GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka Free Aceh Movement HDC Henri Dunant Centre HRW Human Rights Watch ICG International Crisis Group Helsinki MoU Watch Tim Pemantau MoU Helsinki Aceh-based organization that advocates conformity of the LoGA with the text of the MoU IFA International Forum for Aceh (U.S.-based diaspora- established non-governmental organization) IMET International Military Education and Training Program (U.S. Gov.) Indonesian Solidarity Australia-based NGO INTERFET International Force for East Timor (1NTERFET) KPA Komite Peralihan Aceh Aceh Transition Committee Body created to accommodate former GAM fighters post-conflict
Recommended publications
  • Phd Neven UN PK and State Building TL

    Phd Neven UN PK and State Building TL

    Ba Ne’bé: Where Are You Going? The Changing Nature of United Nations Peacekeeping in Timor Leste Doctoral Dissertation by Neven Knezevic Victoria University of Technology May 2007 Table of Contents Student Declaration ..………………………………………………………………. vi Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………... vii List of Abbreviations .…….……………………………………………………….. xii List of Tables .……………….…………………………………………………….. xv List of Diagrams .…………………..………………………………………………. xv List of Illustrations .……………………......………………………………………. xv List of Boxes ………………………………….…………………………………… xv List of Maps.……………………………………………………………………….. xv Abstract .……………………………………………..…………………………….. xvi Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 Setting of the Study .……………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 State-Building Background ……..……….………………………………… 3 1.3 UN Operational Phases .…………………………………………………… 5 1.4 Research Aims …………………..………………………………………… 8 1.5 Chapter Structure .…………………………………………………………. 11 Chapter 2 – State-Failure and Post-Conflict Political Reconstruction ..………. 14 2.1 Intrastate Conflict and State-Failure of the 1990s ……….……………………. 14 2.1.1 Intrastate Conflict and State-Failure: Relevant to Timor Leste? ……………………………….................................... 26 2.2 Post-Conflict Institutional Peace-building ……………...…............................... 29 2.2.1 Post-Conflict Democratisation and Citizenship-Building ………………………………….………........... 40 2.2.2 The Need for Stability and Security ………………….……………... 42 2.2.3 Deliberative Democracy as Institutional Peace-Building .………………………………………..…………….. 44 2.2.4 Democratic Peace-Building
  • A Nation Is Born, Again by Curt Gabrielson

    A Nation Is Born, Again by Curt Gabrielson

    CG-18 Southeast Asia Curt Gabrielson, a science teacher and an Institute Fellow, is observing the re- ICWA establishment of education in East Timor. LETTERS A Nation Is Born, Again By Curt Gabrielson JUNE 1, 2002 Since 1925 the Institute of Current World Affairs (the Crane- BAUCAU, East Timor–My most recent look at the political situation in East Timor Rogers Foundation) has provided (CG-11, November 2001) had a Constituent Assembly elected with the goal of long-term fellowships to enable drafting the nation’s new constitution. The Assembly was composed of 88 mem- bers: 75 national representatives, and one each from the 13 districts. This group of outstanding young professionals 24 women and 64 men viewed various constitutional models from around the to live outside the United States world, and each major party put forth a draft constitution to be considered. and write about international areas and issues. An exempt I found the whole process a bit overwhelming. The “Mother Law,” as it is operating foundation endowed by called in Tetum, East Timor’s lingua franca, is all-important; this much I had the late Charles R. Crane, the learned in high-school. How to write one from scratch, however, was not covered Institute is also supported by in Mr. Krokstrom’s civics class. contributions from like-minded individuals and foundations. The Assembly’s constitutional debates were broadcast on national radio, and one could follow them by drifting in and out of small shops and walking by houses with open windows. What I heard was sometimes incoherent, not necessarily TRUSTEES logical, often unorganized, but always very passionate.
  • A Stigmatised Dialect

    A Stigmatised Dialect

    A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF ACEHNESE WITH A FOCUS ON WEST ACEHNESE: A STIGMATISED DIALECT Zulfadli Bachelor of Education (Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia) Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) Thesis submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics Faculty of Arts University of Adelaide December 2014 ii iii iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF ACEHNESE WITH A FOCUS ON WEST ACEHNESE: A STIGMATISED DIALECT i TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xv ABSTRACT xvii DECLARATION xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi CHAPTER 1 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Preliminary Remarks ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Acehnese society: Socioeconomic and cultural considerations .......................... 1 1.2.1 Acehnese society .................................................................................. 1 1.2.2 Population and socioeconomic life in Aceh ......................................... 6 1.2.3 Workforce and population in Aceh ...................................................... 7 1.2.4 Social stratification in Aceh ............................................................... 13 1.3 History of Aceh settlement ................................................................................ 16 1.4 Outside linguistic influences on the Acehnese ................................................. 19 1.4.1 The Arabic language..........................................................................
  • A Policy Proposal for Heritage Language Conservation: a Case for Indonesia and Sarawak

    A Policy Proposal for Heritage Language Conservation: a Case for Indonesia and Sarawak

    Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) A POLICY PROPOSAL FOR HERITAGE LANGUAGE CONSERVATION: A CASE FOR INDONESIA AND SARAWAK Bambang SUWARNO Universitas Bengkulu, Indonesia Jalan W. R. Supratman, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia [email protected] Manuscript received 7 July 2017 Manuscript accepted 4 October 2017 ABSTRACT Heritage languages are declining in Indonesia and Sarawak. They need conservation due to their situations as endemic languages. Their decline could be attributed to the fact that they often do not possess significant roles in the public domains. As a result, their speakers see little rewards or prestige for maintaining them. In Indonesian and Malaysian constitutions there is a spirit for protecting heritage languages. However, their executions, through national laws, might not have provided adequate protection for the heritage languages. As heritage languages keep declining, a policy revision needs to be given consideration. A heritage language may better survive if it has some functions in the public domains. Thus, to conserve the heritage languages, there is a need for the revision of language policy, so that these languages may have roles in the public domains, with varying scope, depending on their size. Large regional languages may be given maximum roles in the public domains, while smaller regional languages may be given smaller roles. Language conservation areas could be developed, where heritage languages serve as co-official languages, besides the national language. These areas may range from a district to a province or a state. Keywords: language policy, language planning, heritage language, language conservation IntroDuction: Why Heritage Languages Must Be Conserved? Before starting the discussion, it is essential to define heritage language.
  • Divided Loyalties

    Divided Loyalties

    DIVIDED LOYALTIES: Displacement, Belonging and Citizenship among East Timorese in West Timor Andrey Yushard Damaledo A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University January 2016 I declare that this thesis is my own work and that I have acknowledged all results and quotations from the published or unpublished work of other people. Andrey Yushard Damaledo Department of Anthropology School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Page | ii This thesis is dedicated to my parents Page | iii ABSTRACT This thesis is an ethnographic study of belonging and citizenship among former pro-autonomy East Timorese settlers who have elected to settle indefinitely in West Timor. In particularly I shed light on the ways East Timorese construct and negotiate their socio-political identities following the violent and destructive separation from their homeland. In doing so, I examine the ways different East Timorese groups organise and represent their economic, political and cultural interests and their efforts to maintain traditional exchange relationships in the production and reproduction of localities, inscribing connection and informing entitlement in Indonesian Timor. East Timorese in West Timor have been variously perceived as ‘refugees’ (pengungsi), ‘ex-refugees’ (eks pengungsi), and/or ‘new citizens’ (warga baru). I argue, however, that these labels misunderstand East Timorese socio-political identities in contemporary Indonesia. The East Timorese might have had Indonesia as their destination when they left the eastern half of the island in the aftermath of the referendum, but they have not relinquished their cultural identities as East Timorese.
  • Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia

    Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia

    Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia <UN> Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte (kitlv, Leiden) Henk Schulte Nordholt (kitlv, Leiden) Editorial Board Michael Laffan (Princeton University) Adrian Vickers (Sydney University) Anna Tsing (University of California Santa Cruz) VOLUME 300 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki <UN> Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia A Longue Durée Perspective Edited by David Henley Henk Schulte Nordholt LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of kitlv (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). Cover illustration: Kampong Magetan by J.D. van Herwerden, 1868 (detail, property of kitlv). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environment, trade and society in Southeast Asia : a longue durée perspective / edited by David Henley, Henk Schulte Nordholt. pages cm. -- (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde ; volume 300) Papers originally presented at a conference in honor of Peter Boomgaard held August 2011 and organized by Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-28804-1 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-28805-8 (e-book) 1. Southeast Asia--History--Congresses. 2. Southeast Asia--Civilization--Congresses.
  • Table of Contents

    Table of Contents

    Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 4 Burma (Myanmar) 5 Asia 6 Chapter 2 8 Political Overview 8 History 9 Political Conditions 12 Political Risk Index 57 Political Stability 71 Freedom Rankings 87 Human Rights 98 Government Functions 102 Government Structure 104 Principal Government Officials 115 Leader Biography 125 Leader Biography 125 Foreign Relations 128 National Security 140 Defense Forces 142 Chapter 3 145 Economic Overview 145 Economic Overview 146 Nominal GDP and Components 149 Population and GDP Per Capita 151 Real GDP and Inflation 152 Government Spending and Taxation 153 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 154 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 155 Data in US Dollars 156 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 157 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 159 World Energy Price Summary 160 CO2 Emissions 161 Agriculture Consumption and Production 162 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 164 Metals Consumption and Production 165 World Metals Pricing Summary 167 Economic Performance Index 168 Chapter 4 180 Investment Overview 180 Foreign Investment Climate 181 Foreign Investment Index 184 Corruption Perceptions Index 197 Competitiveness Ranking 208 Taxation 217 Stock Market 218 Partner Links 218 Chapter 5 220 Social Overview 220 People 221 Human Development Index 222 Life Satisfaction Index 226 Happy Planet Index 237 Status of Women 246 Global Gender Gap Index 249 Culture and Arts 259 Etiquette 259 Travel Information 260 Diseases/Health Data 272 Chapter 6 278 Environmental Overview 278 Environmental Issues 279 Environmental Policy 280 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 281 Global Environmental Snapshot 292 Global Environmental Concepts 304 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 318 Appendices 342 Bibliography 343 Burma (Myanmar) Chapter 1 Country Overview Burma (Myanmar) Review 2016 Page 1 of 354 pages Burma (Myanmar) Country Overview BURMA (MYANMAR) The military authorities ruling this country have changed the historic name - Burma - to Union of Myanmar or Myanmar.
  • Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden

    Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden

    INVENTORIES OF COLLECTIONS OF ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS INVENTORY OF THE ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN VOLUME 7 MANUSCRIPTS OR. 6001 – OR. 7000 REGISTERED IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN MAY 1917 AND 1946 COMPILED BY JAN JUST WITKAM PROFESSOR OF PALEOGRAPHY AND CODICOLOGY OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD IN LEIDEN UNIVERSITY INTERPRES LEGATI WARNERIANI TER LUGT PRESS LEIDEN 2007 © Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007. The form and contents of the present inventory are protected by Dutch and international copyright law and database legislation. All use other than within the framework of the law is forbidden and liable to prosecution. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First electronic publication: 17 September 2006. Latest update: 30 July 2007 Copyright by Jan Just Witkam & Ter Lugt Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2006, 2007 2 PREFACE The arrangement of the present volume of the Inventories of Oriental manuscripts in Leiden University Library does not differ in any specific way from the volumes which have been published earlier (vols. 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22 and 25). For the sake of brevity I refer to my prefaces in those volumes. A few essentials my be repeated here. Not all manuscripts mentioned in the present volume were viewed by autopsy. The sheer number of manuscripts makes this impossible.
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/01/2021 11:47:07PM Via Free Access

    Downloaded from Brill.Com10/01/2021 11:47:07PM Via Free Access

    chapter 5 History and Seismology in the Ring of Fire Punctuating the Indonesian Past Anthony Reid Terrifying spasms of the planet like the one that struck northern Honshu in March 2011, or Aceh and much of the Indian Ocean littoral on Boxing Day 2004, force us to reflect on what our discipline is about. The longer the time-depth considered, the more human history can be seen to be dependent on the benef- icence of the planet we inhabit. In our preoccupation with the rise, fall, suc- cesses and follies of states, especially of our own states, historians have often missed the larger vocation of seeking to understand the planet itself. Here Peter Boomgaard blazed a crucial trail, showing what appropriately equipped histori- ans can do to write the history of the Southeast Asian environment as a crucial part of that of the planet.1 Yet this too risks becoming a marginal sub-discipline. The great majority of historians of Southeast Asia focus on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and have little contact with those we call pre-historians, let alone seismologists, geologists, life scientists and climatologists. Past Neglect Since 2004 Sumatra has come to be understood as one of the most active and dangerous tectonic subduction zones in the world, with the most dramatically evident periodicity of mega-events (Perkins 2008). But the historians and oth- ers who wrote about Sumatra in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries did little to prepare their readers for violent earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and climatic aberrations. Authors such as C. Snouck Hurgronje, E.S.
  • Studies in English Language and Education X(X)

    Studies in English Language and Education X(X)

    PUBLISHED VERSION Zulfadli A. Aziz, Robert Amery The effects of a linguistic tsunami on the languages of Aceh Studies in English Language and Education, 2016; 3(2):103-111 Copyright © 2016 Syiah Kuala University. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Published version http://www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/SiELE/article/view/4958 PERMISSIONS http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 28 March, 2017 http://hdl.handle.net/2440/103942 The Effects of a Linguistic Tsunami on the Languages of Aceh p-ISSN 2355-2794 e-ISSN 2461-0275 Zulfadli A. Aziz1* Robert Amery2 1Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, INDONESIA 2University of Adelaide, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA Abstract The languages throughout the world are in crisis and it is estimated that 50% to 90% will have disappeared by the end of this century (Grenoble, 2012). Colonisation, nationalism, urbanisation and globalisation have resulted in a linguistic tsunami being unleashed, with a few major world languages swamping others. The rate of language loss today is unprecedented as this small number of dominant languages expands rapidly. Small minority languages are mainly in danger, but even large regional languages, such as Acehnese with millions of speakers, are unsafe. Similar to the case of a tsunami triggered by an earthquake, it is generally too late before speakers are aware of what is happening. In most cases language shift will have already progressed and irreversible before people realize it. This paper examines the early warning signs of impending language shift and what can be done for minority languages to have the best chance of survival.
  • TIMMAS30 94-07 UN Hearings.DOC

    TIMMAS30 94-07 UN Hearings.DOC

    Documents on East Timor Volume 30: July 13-14, 1994 Special Issue: United Nations Decolonization Committee Hearings on East Timor Published by: East Timor Action Network / U.S. P.O. Box 1182, White Plains, NY 10602 USA Tel: 914-428-7299 Fax: 914-428-7383 E-mail [email protected] These documents are produced approximately every two months and mailed to subscribers. For additional or back copies, send US$25. per volume; add $3. for international air mail. Discounts: $10 for educational and non-profit institutions. Activist rate: $6. domestic, $8. international. Subscription rates: $150 ($60 educational, $36 activist) for the next six issues. Add $18 ($12 activist) for international air mail. Further subsidies are available for groups in Third World countries working on East Timor. Checks should be made out to “ETAN.” This material is also available on IBM-compatible diskette, in Word for Windows or ASCII format. Reprinting and distribution without permission is welcomed. TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 2 WORKING PAPER PREPARED BY THE U.N. SECRETARIAT ......................................................................... 3 I. GENERAL...............................................................................................................................................3 II. CONSIDERATION BY THE UNITED NATIONS 2 ......................................................................................3
  • List of Signatories June 2020

    List of Signatories June 2020

    A CALL TO DEFEND DEMOCRACY LETTER LIST OF SIGNATORIES JUNE 2020 TABLE OF CONTENT CONFIRMED ORGANIZATIONS (70) CONFIRMED LIST OF SIGNATORIES (481) FORMER HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT (62) NOBEL LAUREATES (13) CURRENT PUBLIC OFFICIALS (43) CONFIRMED ORGANIZATIONS (70) CONFIRMED ORGANIZATIONS Organization Signatory HQ Country African Movement for Democracy Ateki Caxton, Advisory Council Member Cameroon African Network of Constitutional Lawyers (ANCL) Enyinna Nwauche, Chair South Africa Alinaza Universitaria Nicaraguense (AUN) Max Jerez, Political Coordinator Nicaragua Al-Kawakibi Democracy Transition Center Amine Ghali, Director Tunisia Alliance of Democracies Foundation Jonas Parello-Plesner, Executive Director Denmark Asia Democracy Network Ichal Supriadi, Secretary-General South Korea Asian Network For Free Elections (ANFREL) Chandanie Watawala, Executive Director Thailand Association Béninoise de Droit Constitutionnel (ABDC) Federic Joel Aivo, Chair Benin Association for Participatory Democracy (ADEPT) Igor Botan, Executive Director Moldova Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) Andrew Wilson, Executive Director USA Coalition for Dialogue in Africa (CODA) Souad Aden-Osman, Executive Director Ethiopia Colectivo Ciudadano Ecuador Wilson Moreno, President Ecuador Council for Global Equality Mark Bromley, Executive Director USA Council for the Development of Social Science Research Godwin Murunga, Executive Secretary Senegal in (CODESRIA) Democracy International Eric Bjornlund, President USA Democracy Reporting International