Estudio Descriptivo Y Discursivo De La Traducción Del Humor En Textos Audiovisuales. El Caso De Los Simpson

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Estudio Descriptivo Y Discursivo De La Traducción Del Humor En Textos Audiovisuales. El Caso De Los Simpson UNIVERSITAT JAUME I Facultat de Ciències Humanes i Socials Departament de Traducció i Comunicació ESTUDIO DESCRIPTIVO Y DISCURSIVO DE LA TRADUCCIÓN DEL HUMOR EN TEXTOS AUDIOVISUALES. EL CASO DE LOS SIMPSON. TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR: Juan José Martínez Sierra DIRIGIDA POR: Dr. Frederic Chaume Varela Castellón, 2004 A Susana, la sonrisa de mi vida Agradecimientos La redacción de esta página significa que, por fin, he llegado al final del arduo camino que emprendiera hace ya algún tiempo. Si bien, como todo el que haya pasado por ello conoce, la elaboración de una tesis doctoral supone grandes momentos de soledad frente a una pantalla de ordenador, también es cierto que no constituye una empresa viable sin la valiosa colaboración de diversas personas y entidades. Es momento, pues, de volver la mirada atrás y de reconocer las distintas ayudas de las que he disfrutado a lo largo del que pareciera interminable recorrido. En primer lograr, deseo expresar mi más profundo agradecimiento al Profesor Frederic Chaume, director de mi tesis, profesor en mis años de licenciatura y finalmente compañero. No puedo más que expresar el gran honor que para mí ha supuesto trabajar bajo la dirección de una persona tan experimentada en el ámbito de la traducción audiovisual. Gracias también a la comisión Fulbright, por haberme permitido sumergirme durante dos años en la cultura estadounidense. Al Departamento de Lenguas Modernas y Lingüística de la Universidad de Maryland, Baltimore County y a los Departamentos de Estudios Ingleses y de Traducción y Comunicación de la Universitat Jaume I, por los conocimientos que me han aportado. A los miembros de mis tribunales de Tesis de Maestría, de Proyecto de Investigación y de Diploma de Estudios Avanzados, por los comentarios y sugerencias realizados sobre mi trabajo. A todos aquellos que, ya sea arrojando luz sobre mis dudas, recomendándome determinadas lecturas, facilitándome copias de sus trabajos o, incluso, haciendo todo esto de manera simultánea, han supuesto una ayuda inestimable: Rosa Mª. Agost Canos, Delia Chiaro, Josep Marco Borillo, Roberto Mayoral Asensio, Angela Moorjani, José Luis Otal Campo, Francisco Raga Gimeno, Vicent Salvador Liern, Ron Schwartz, Dan Sperber, Jeroen Vandaele y Patrick Zabalbeascoa. A Lisa Elisofon, Mary O’Neill y, especialmente, Thomas Field por aportar luz sobre aquellos aspectos culturales que a mí me resultaban extraños y que a ellos les son propios. De forma similar, también a Neil David Fowler, por sus aportaciones lingüísticas. A María José Aguirre de Cárcer, traductora de la serie Los Simpson, por permitirme acercarme a su labor y siempre contestar a mis preguntas. También a Estudios Abaira y a Televisió de Catalunya, por atender a mis consultas. A aquellos miembros de la listas TRAG y JOVELING, así como del foro Felizonia.com, que trataron de echarme una mano con ciertas cuestiones relativas a la serie. A mi familia, por estar siempre ahí. A Susana, compañera de fatigas, nunca mejor dicho. Por tu plena confianza y apoyo, por tu aliento cuando el vaso parecía medio vacío, por tu comprensión cada vez que te dije “sí, mañana también trabajo en la tesis”, por tu compañía en mis ausencias, por todo, siempre, gracias. A cualquiera que merezca figurar aquí y que, pese a la mejor de mis intenciones, haya podido olvidar. Página INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................. ................. 1 1. LA TRADUCCIÓN AUDIOVISUAL. EL DOBLAJE 1.1. Prefacio ........................................................................................... ................13 1.2. Sobre traducción y traducción audiovisual ..................................... ............... 13 1.2.1. Ubicación de la traducción audiovisual en los Estudios sobre la Traducción .............................................................. ............... 13 1.2.2. Hacia una definición de traducción audiovisual .................... ............... 14 1.2.3. Traducción frente a adaptación ............................................. ............... 24 1.2.4. El texto audiovisual ............................................................... ............... 26 • La forma del texto audiovisual ............................................ ............... 27 • La oralidad prefabricada ...................................................... ............... 29 1.2.5. Prioridades y restricciones ..................................................... ............... 33 1.2.6. Extranjerización frente a familiarización ............................... ............... 37 1.2.7. La traducción audiovisual como una cuestión de propósitos ............... 39 • Escopo .................................................................................. ............... 39 • Encargo de traducción ......................................................... ............... 40 • El encargo de traducción en Los Simpson ........................... ............... 42 • Coherencia intratextual y coherencia intertextual ............... ............... 43 • Lealtad ................................................................................. ............... 44 • Traducción fiel frente a traducción libre ............................. ............... 45 • Equivalencia ........................................................................ ............... 46 • Culturema ............................................................................ ............... 47 1.3. Modalidades de traducción audiovisual .......................................... ............... 48 1.3.1. Definición de modalidad ........................................................ ............... 48 1.3.2. Modalidades de traducción audiovisual ................................. ............... 50 1.3.3. El doblaje ............................................................................... ............... 54 1.3.3.1. Definición y descripción ............................................... ............... 55 1.3.3.2. Doblaje y subtitulación ................................................. ............... 59 1.3.3.3. Los géneros audiovisuales doblados en España ........... ............... 65 i 1.3.3.4. Historia del doblaje ....................................................... ............... 68 1.3.3.5. Las fases del doblaje ..................................................... ............... 69 1.3.3.6. La cuestión de la sincronía ........................................... ............... 70 • Definición ...................................................................... ............... 70 • Tipos de sincronía .......................................................... ............... 70 • La sincronía en los dibujos animados ............................ ............... 74 1.3.4. La subtitulación en Los Simpson ........................................... ............... 75 1.4. La investigación en traducción audiovisual .................................... ............... 77 1.5. Coda ................................................................................................ ............... 81 2. LOS ESTUDIOS DESCRIPTIVOS Y LA TRADUCCIÓN AUDIOVISUAL 2.1. Prefacio ........................................................................................... ............... 83 2.2. La escuela de la manipulación ........................................................ ............... 83 2.2.1. Presupuestos básicos de la escuela de la manipulación ......... ............... 83 2.2.2. La escuela de la manipulación en traducción audiovisual ..... ............... 88 2.3. La cuestión de las normas ............................................................... ............... 94 2.3.1. El concepto de norma ............................................................ ............... 96 • Cuestiones preliminares ....................................................... ............... 96 • Las normas en la comunidad ............................................... ............... 99 • Características de las normas ............................................... ............. 100 2.3.2. Clases de normas de traducción ............................................ ............. 104 2.3.2.1. Las normas de Toury .................................................... ............. 104 2.3.2.2. Crítica al modelo de Toury y otras propuestas ............. ............. 106 • Crítica ............................................................................ ............. 106 • Otras propuestas ............................................................. ............. 108 2.3.2.3. Normas en traducción audiovisual ............................... ............. 114 2.3.3. Tendencias de traducción ...................................................... ............. 117 2.4. Coda ................................................................................................ ............. 119 3. LOS ESTUDIOS CULTURALES Y SU APLICACIÓN A LA TRADUCCIÓN ii 3.1. Prefacio ........................................................................................... ............. 121 3.2. Los Estudios Culturales y el concepto de cultura ........................... ............. 122 3.2.1. Los Estudios Culturales ......................................................... ............. 122 3.2.2. El concepto de cultura ........................................................... ............. 127 3.2.2.1. Cuestiones preliminares ................................................ ............. 128 • Antecedentes .................................................................
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