Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality

Mr. Aleksandar Đurić, forest engineer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 4 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6

1.1. LEGISLATION AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 7 2. SURVEY RESULTS ...... 8

2.1. STRUCTURE OF THE ROAD NETWORK IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BAJINA BAŠTA ...... 8 2.1.1. State - Public Roads ...... 10 2.1.2. Municipal roads ...... 11 2.1.3. Rural roads ...... 12 2.1.4. Forest, field and access roads...... 16 2.2. METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF BIOMASS "RASTINJE" IN AREAS AROUND ROADS AND RESULTS OF THESE CALCULATIONS...... 18 2.3. LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES AND POTENTIAL RISKS OF USE OF ROADSIDES BIOMASS "RASTINJE" ...... 23 2.4. ECOLOGICAL BASIS REGARDING OF USE OF ROADSIDES BIOMASS "RASTINJE" ...... 24 2.5. POTENTIAL FOR THE USE OF ROADSIDES BIOMASS "RASTINJE" ...... 26 2.6. METHODS OF USE OF ROADSIDES BIOMASS "RASTINJE" ...... 26 2.7. PRICES AND COSTS OF PRODUCTION OF ROADSIDES BIOMASS "RASTINJE" ...... 29 3. CONCLUSION ...... 30 4. REFERENCES ...... 31

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 2

TABLE OF CHARTS CHART 1: LAND TYPE DISTRIBUTION ...... 6 CHART 2: DISTRIBUTION OF ROADS BY CATEGORY ...... 9 CHART 3: DISTRIBUTION OF ROADS BY LENGTH ...... 9 CHART 4: DISTRIBUTION OF STATE ROADS BY LENGTH ...... 10 CHART 5: DISTRIBUTION OF MUNICIPAL ROADS BY LENGTH ...... 12 CHART 6: DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL ROADS I ORDER BY LENGTH...... 13 CHART 7: DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL ROADS II ORDER BY LENGTH ...... 14 CHART 8: DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL ROADS III ORDER BY LENGTH ...... 15 CHART 9: DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AND FIELD (AGRICULTURAL) ROADS BY LENGTH ...... 17

TABLE OF TABLES TABLE 1: ROAD CATEGORIES ...... 8 TABLE 2: LIST OF STATE/PUBLIC ROADS ...... 10 TABLE 3: METODOLOGY OF CALCULATION OF ROADSIDE BIOMASS ...... 21 TABLE 4: QUANTITY OF ROAD SIDE BIOMASS BY WOOD SPECIES ...... 22 TABLE 5: CALCULATION OF THE COSTS OF UTILIZATION OF ROADSIDE BIOMASS ...... 29

TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ FIGURE 2: GOOGLE EARTH ...... 11 FIGURE 3: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ FIGURE 4: GOOGLE EARTH ...... 12 FIGURE 5: GOOGLE EARTH ...... 13 FIGURE 6: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ ...... 14 FIGURE 7: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ ...... 15 FIGURE 8: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ ...... 16 FIGURE 9: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ FIGURE 10: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ ...... 16 FIGURE 11: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ FIGURE 12: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ...... 17 FIGURE 13: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ ...... 17 FIGURE 14: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ ...... 18 FIGURE 15: PHOTO ALEKSANDAR ĐURIĆ ...... 18 FIGURE 16-21: PHOTO DOCUMENTATION PE " NATIONAL PARK" ...... 25 FIGURE 22-27: GRAFIC PRESENTATION OF UTILIZATION OF ROADSIDE BIOMASS ...... 25 FIGURE 28: GRAFIC PRESENTATION PHASES AND AND SECTIONS OF UTILIZATION OF ROADSIDE BIOMASS ...... 26

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 3

Executive summary Targeted area - Municipality of Bajina Bašta covers 67,341ha.

The research and analysis of the road network was established six categories of roads in the area Municipality of Bajina Bašta. Road network of Municipality of Bajina Bašta consists of: state roads (186 km), municipal (16 km), rural (1,152 km) and field and forest roads (1,222 km) of the total length of 2,576 km.

The methodology used for calculating the biomass potential: • Defining road network in the municipality by field researching and using ortophoto image, • Defining polygons covered by forest. • Calculating road length, defining road buffer zones (3 m width from both sides of the road) using GIS analysis. • Forest volume data (trees and shrubs) collected from Forest management plans and data from municipal agricultural experts. • More specifically, the reducing coefficient k (20% of the the average timber volume of management units and cadastral municipalities) was used to calculate roadside biomass "rastinje" in buffer zones of roads passing through forest areas. • Calculation of grassy biomass was based on the cultivated meadows data and reduced for specific conditions of road buffer zones.

Results of the biomass calculations are as follows: • Roads passing through forest areas - 1,094 km or 43 % of roads of all categories; • The total area of road buffer zones is 654.76 ha of all roads passing through forests; • The total volume of woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) is 28,471 m3 or an average of 44 m3/ha; • The total quantity of roadside biomass by wood species: beech with 10,261 m3 or 36%, fir with 5,763 m3 or 20 %, oak 2,494 m3 or 10.4%, and other types are represented less than 10%; • The total volume of grassy biomass is 6,548 m3, or an average 10 m3/ha, and expressed by a weight measure 327,380 kg, or an average of 500 kg/ha; • The total volume of available biomass of “rastinje”, woody and grassy, in the road buffer zones in forest areas is 35,020 m3, or an average 54 m3/ha; • Rods passing through the agricultural areas - 1,482km or 58% of roads of all categories; • The total area of the road buffer zones trough agricultural areas is 755.92 ha; • The total volume of grassy biomass is 11,339 m3, and 566,937 kg (per hectare of 15 m3 and 750 kg).

Risks and limits are: Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 4

• The potential restrictions imposed by specific legal regulations in the National Park Tara; • Very steep terrain and the increased the risk of erosion on the roads and the area surrounding the roads by utilization of vegetation by the roads; • 92 % of roads are legally unclassified; • Issues with cadastral plans and owner rights; • Past and present inconsistent implementation of the laws and regulations in the area at the municipal level; • Limited technical characteristics of the roads categorized as rural, forest, field and access roads, for transporting biomass.

Over one third is protected area of the National Park Tara, characterised by great biodiversity. In view of the fact that there are 705 km of roads passing through the national park, there should be a balance between the need for biomass production or utilization, traffic safety and nature conservation. Quantity of roadside biomass ("rastinje") located in the road buffer zones with an amounting to 38,293 m3 represents an important resource, in addition to wastes obtained from wood processing and regular residues of forestry and agricultural production. Methods of utilization of roadside biomass ("rastinje"): for the cutting of trees and woody shrubs in the local conditions are most applicable chainsaws and for removal of smaller shrubs diameter of less than 4 cm, and the grassy vegetation is optimally to use the lawn trimmers. It is necessary to start using the adequate lawnmowers for grassy vegetation that will not chop up material excessively, as well as mobile crushers for the production of wood chips from harvested or mown material.

Considering the environmental assumptions works must be carried out in phases and carried out by sections. The length of individual sections which are maintained must be a maximum of 50 m. Utilization in the forests should be limited to a maximum of 7-10% per year (46 to 66 ha/year) which is 1,993- 2,847 m3/year expressed in timber volume.

The total costs of utilization in road buffer zones are 1,506,732 euro for calculated quantity of all types of biomass.

In conclusion, the use of biomass from road buffer zones is justified, as a significant portion of the overall biomass production, together with the wood processing waste and other sources.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 5

1. Introduction

The Municipality of Bajina Bašta is located in the District in the Western , covering the area of 67,341 ha (673 km2). The area is divided into 35 cadastral municipalities. The land type distribution is as follows: 330 ha represent a town Bajina Bašta; 25,913 ha is agricultural and other land; 41,098 ha are forests and forest land. The seat of the municipality is the small town of Bajina Bašta. According to the population census of 2011 it has population of 26,022 distributed in 36 settlements.

Chart 1: Land type distribution

1%

38% town Bajina Bašta

forests and forest lend 61%

agricultural and other bare land

In terms of its geographic location, the area extends between 43° 57′ / 44° 01′ North Latitude and 19°23′ / 19°39′ East Longitude.

In the area of municipality of Bajina Bašta can be clearly defined in three geomorphologic parts. The first is a relatively flat terrain in the valley of the River, with valleys of small rivers and Rogačica. Second part is hilly-mountainous area from Zarožje in the north through the villages , Ovčinja, , Jelovik to village in the south. And the third part is mountain region of Tara and Zvijezda, karsts plateau with few mountain peaks and intersected with numerous canyons. The lowest point of Bajina Bašta Municipality is 209 m, located at the border with the Municipality of on the Drina River, while the highest point is 1,591 m located at the Kozji rid peak at the border with (Republika Srpska).

From this it follows that in this region there are both very gentle and very steep slopes, which significantly affects the structure of the road network.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 6

The road network within the Municipality of Bajina Bašta consists of the public/state roads of 1B, 2A and 2B category. There are also a large number of unclassified roads including municipal, rural, field and forest roads, as well as short roads used for accessing households and private properties. At the municipal level there is an outdated regulation which defines the road network under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Administration of Bajina Bašta.

The fact is that the vegetation along the roads is an extremely valuable resource for the production of environmentally-friendly biofuels. The importance and benefits of biomass in general as a source for energy production has so far elaborated through a lot of researches and studies. Planned and organized consideration of the available capacities and capabilities for maximum biomass production and development of capacities for its smart application will raise the level of positive environmental, economic and other effects.

1.1. Legislation and legal framework

The issues pertaining to management, construction, reconstruction, use and maintenance of road infrastructure are defined by the law and other legal regulations. The following regulations are applicable to the Municipality of Bajina Bašta:

• The Law on Public Roads (Official Gazette of RS, no. 101/2005, 123/2007, 101/2011, 93/2012, 104/2013) • The Regulation on classification of State roads (Official Gazette of RS, no. 105/2013, 119/2013) • The Decision on unclassified roads in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta (Official Gazette of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta, no. 2/96, 2/2003).

The legal obligation to maintain the belt along the roadsides is determined by Article 58 of the Law on Public Roads and only applies to roads officially classified as public.

The Decision on unclassified roads in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta applies to rural, forest, field and other roads. Unfortunately, over 95% of municipal roads do not meet the technical requirements to be defined as public. According to the Article 12 of the Decision, the buffer zone is required to have the width of at least 3 meters on both external sides of the ending elements of the road (the external line scarp cut and fills, drain channels or extensions). The Article 24 defines the obligation to remove forest trees and fences (hereinafter: vegetation), in cases where traffic inspection determines there is a risk to traffic safety.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 7

2. SURVEY RESULTS

2.1. Structure of the road network in the municipality of Bajina Bašta

Initial information about the road network, road classification into public and non-categorized based on their characteristics and purpose, were obtained from the Municipal Administration of Bajina Bašta. Analysis of the spatial road distribution, current conditions and purpose was conducted by field recording using a highly sensitive GPS device. The GIS software ArcMap was used for accurate distance calculations, comparisons of layers of different road categories, and processing of collected information. Also, high resolution ortophoto image of the target area was used.

The road network of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta consists of a large number of diverse roads (nearly 3.000) which do not need to be described individually. The roads were grouped into 6 categories as shown in the following table:

Table 1: Road categories Serial Category of roads Length (m) Particip. (%) number 1 STATE ROADS 185,641 7 2 MUNICIPAL ROADS 15,523 1 3 RURAL ROADS OF THE I CATEGORY – ASPHALT 230,410 9 4 RURAL ROADS OF II CAT. – MACADAM IN GOOD CONDITION 403,872 16 5 RURAL ROADS OF III CATEGORY - OTHER VARIANTS 518,139 20 6 FOREST AND FIELD ROADS 1,222,257 47 TOTAL 2,575,842 100

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 8

Chart 2: Distribution of roads by category

1% STATE ROADS 7% 9% MUNICIPAL ROADS 47% 16% RURAL ROADS OF THE I CATEGORY – ASPHALT RURAL ROADS OF II CATEGORY – MACADAM IN GOOD CONDITION 20% RURAL ROADS OF III CATEGORY - OTHER VARIANTS FOREST AND FIELD ROADS

Chart 3: Distribution of roads by length

Length of roads (m) 28 30,0 20 25,0 18 18 20,0 15,0 7 6 10,0 4 5,0 0 0,0

participation -%

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 9

2.1.1. State - Public Roads

There are 7 public/state roads in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta. According to the Regulation on State Roads (The Official Gazette no. 105/13, 119/13) public/state roads are:

Table 2: List of state/public roads No State/public road name Category Length (m) Road number 28 – -Ljubovija-Rogačica- 1 Kostojevići-Užice-Kneževići- – state border with IB 52,276 Bosnia and Herzegovina (border cross ) Road number 170 – Valjevo-Poćuta-Debelo - 2 IIA 53,424 Rogačica-Bajina Bašta-Kaluđerske Bare-Kremna Road number 171 – -Bajina Bašta- state border with 3 IIA 14,423 Bosnia and Herzegovina (border cross Bajina Bašta) 4 Road number 172 – Bajina Bašta-Perućac IIA 13,401 Road number 174 – Užice--Kosjerić-Seča reka- 5 IIA 10,271 Varda-Jakalj-Kostojevići Road number 402 – connection with state road no. 170 - 6 IIB 4,304 Bajina Bašta-Rača-Monastery Rača Road number 403 – Kaluđerske Bare -Mitrovac- 7 IIB 45,273 Zaovine- state border with Bosnia and Herzegovina TOTAL 185,641

Chart 4: Distribution of state roads by length

The total length of state roads passing through the Municipality of Bajina Bašta is 186 km. The roads listed in the table are connecting Bajina Bašta with other cities: Ljubovija, Valjevo,

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 10

Kosjerić, Užice and others. The data in the table represent the length of the state roads in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta. The shortest road is listed at no. 5 in the Table 2 – the road number 402 (connection with the state road no. 170) Bajina Bašta-Rača-Rača Monastery with length of 4 km. The longest road is listed at no. 2 into the Table 2 – the road number 170 - Valjevo-Poćuta-Debelo Brdo-Rogačica- Bajina Bašta-Kaluđerske Bare-Kremna with length of 53 km.

state road no. 170

Figure 1: photo Aleksandar Đurić Figure 2: Google Earth

2.1.2. Municipal roads

According to the Law on public roads, municipal roads are defined as one of the categories of public roads so that they are connecting area the municipality or city, as well as they linking municipality with the network of state roads. Unfortunately, and with the exception of streets within the town of Bajina Bašta, only five roads in the area of Bajina Bašta meet the public transport criteria and are categorized as municipal. These are located in the Kaluđerske Bare: road from the connection with state road number 170 to the hotel "Beli Bor", with a length of 2,154 m; from the connection with state road number 170 to the "Jeremičak" restaurant with a length of 894 m; from the "Jeremičak" restaurant to the connection with the state road number 170 (1,630 m). And at the Perućac: the road from the end of the state road number 172 in Perućac to Mitrovac with length 10,544 m (the longest road, noting that it has not been formally categorised as a public road), and road from the end of the state road number 172 in Perućac to the Hydropower plant "Perućac" with length of 301 m (the shortest).

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 11

Chart 5: Distribution of municipal roads by length

Regardless of the technical deficiencies in terms of criteria, all roads representing important connections with the state roads are shown as municipal roads in this study. The total length of the municipal roads is 15,523m (16 km). The average length of roads in this category is 3,104 m

Figure 3: photo Aleksandar Đurić Figure 4: Google Earth

2.1.3. Rural roads

The rural road network has a role in connecting villages with urban areas, and with roads of higher classification (state and municipal). These roads are classified into three sub-categories, based on the degree of their technical development: category I rural roads – paved roads; category II rural roads– macadam roads; and category III rural roads– with different variants of roadways. The total length of the all rural roads is 1,152,421 m (1,152 km).

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 12

Figure 5: Google Earth

- Rural roads of the I category – asphalt

The total of 118 paved rural roads were identified and processed, of the total length of 230,410 m. The shortest road is 88 m long, and the longest is 15,121 m. The average length of roads in this category is 1,953 m.

Chart 6: Distribution of rural roads I order by length

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 13

Figure 6: photo Aleksandar Đurić

- Rural roads of the II category – macadam

The total of 137 rural roads were identified in this sub-category, of the total length of 403,872 m. The shortest route is 112 m long, and the longest is 15,475 m. The average length of roads in this sub-category is 2,947 m.

Chart 7: Distribution of rural roads II order by length

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 14

Figure 7: photo Aleksandar Đurić

- Rural roads of III category - other variants of roadway

This sub-category consists of the total of 600 identified rural roads with the total length of 518,139 m. The shortest road is 99 m long, and the length of the longest road is 5,888 m. The average road length in this sub-category is 864 m.

Chart 8: Distribution of rural roads III order by length

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 15

Figure 8: photo Aleksandar Đurić

2.1.4. Forest, field and access roads

Forest road network is well-developed, particularly in the area of the National Park Tara. Its primary role is o connect forest complexes with the aim of protecting nature and for the purpose of forestry. On the remaining territory of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta through state and private forest complexes are passing roads that also connect the villages. Field roads are roads passing through agricultural complexes, but they also have a purpose to connect rural settlements. The total of 2,290 forest and field roads was identified, with the total length of 1,222,257 m. The shortest road has a length of 56 m, and the longest 8,367 m. The average length of roads in this category is 534 m.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 16

Chart 9: Distribution of forest and field (agricultural) roads by length

Due to the fact that forest roads in the National Park Tara are maintained by the Public Enterprise " National Park Tara”, they are in excellent condition and of a multifunctional character.

Figure 9: photo Aleksandar Đurić Figure 10: photo Aleksandar Đurić

It is obvious that forest, field and rural roads are much intertwined; therefore, their differentiation is complex and it is difficult to determine their sole purpose. It should be noted that there are a number of very short roads (shorter than 50 m) used to access households from the roads of a higher rank. These roads are not subject of this study, as they do not meet the minimum requirements in order to be classified into any of the above mentioned road categories.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 17

2.2. Methodology of calculating the amount of biomass "rastinje" in areas around roads and results of these calculations

Calculation of biomass quantity was conducted using the following inputs: • Defining final platform of the road network in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta; • Defining polygon under forest in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta; • Length of roads through forests / unit of measure m-meter; • Belt surface width of 3 m / unit of measure ha-hectare; • Average forest and shrubs volume, by cadastral municipalities and management units / unit of measure m3/ha • Coefficient of reduction due to set discontinuity of 0.2 (20%); • Average amount of grassy vegetation in forest conditions.

By field recording, using ortophoto images and GIS tools and software are identified and classified all the roads that make up the road network in the municipality of Bajina Bašta.

Figure 11: photo Aleksandar Đurić Figure 12: photo Aleksandar Đurić Using the ortophoto images, forest complexes on the entire territory of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta were accurately extracted as polygons and their total area calculated.

Length of roads of different categories passing through forest complexes was accurately established using ArcGIS software, and was expressed in meters.

There is no updated planning framework that defines the width of the road buffer zone for the Municipality of Bajina Bašta. Therefore, previously defined buffer zone width of 3 meters from both sides of the road (a total of 6 meters) was used in this study. In practice, only vegetation along side public roads is removed using rotary mowers or trimmers, but only at the belt width of 1.5-2 m from the roadway edge.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 18

The area was calculated by multiplying the road length by the buffer zone width, and expressed in hectares.

Figure 13: photo Aleksandar Đurić

Figure 14: photo Aleksandar Đurić

Calculation of the volume of trees and shrubs data was performed using the data from relevant Forest management plans for the state, church and private forests, developed by the Planning and Management Department of PE "National Park Tara". These plans are official and approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection. The plans contain the accurate

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 19

calculation of the volume of all forest complexes and the average volume was derived from this calculation (per unit area expressed in cubic meters per hectare).

Figure 15: photo Aleksandar Đurić

Due to the fact that buffer zones around forest roads has been intensively used in an unplanned manner by owners or users, that forest vegetation has been disturbed, reduced, and even partially destroyed, the component of bushy tree species has become increasingly present (mainly represented by trees and bushes of small diameter which predisposes them for biomass production). Therefore, the adopted coefficient of reduction k is 0.2 (20% of the previously calculated volume). The reduced volume was calculated by multiplying the average volume by coefficient k. Another significant element of biomass is also grassy vegetation. In cultivated meadows where agro-technical practices are implemented (food fertilizers, etc.) the yield of grass biomass (mowed grass) is 4.000-6.000 kg per hectare, e.g. 80-120 m3 per hectare (empirical data). In pastures which are left to natural processes which are used exclusively for pasture, yield grass mass is 1.500-2.000 kg per hectare, respectively of 30-40 cubic meters per hectare. Of course, in areas next to roads, these data are not relevant in agricultural zones, and especially in forest zones. In the buffer zones of roads through the forest in the lower floor there are herbaceous plants such as those encountered in meadows and pastures as well as those typically found in

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 20

forests, and smaller shrubs like blackberry, raspberry and others. The quantity of 500 kilograms per hectare, or 10 cubic meters per hectare, was used for calculations in this study. Based on the above assumptions (established and spatially oriented road network; clearly defined forest complexes; calculated road length; adopted buffer zone width; calculated buffer zone area) calculation of biomass volume was derived in the zones along the roads. Elaboration of calculation is shown in the table below:

Table 3: Metodology of calculation of roadside biomass

vol.

Cadastral veg. )

V ) 3

municipality/ Length /ha) Volume 3 (2x3m) 3 m reduced ha (kg) management l (m) V(m3) d (m (m3) ( olume of olume of V(m of woody idth unit olume per

chips G30 V V Area buffer zone P (ha) V medow veg. Potential W meadow 18,099 6 10.86 245.9 2,670 534 1,298 109 5,430 Višesava 15,757 6 9.45 130.4 1,233 247 599 95 4,727 Gvozdac 21,142 6 12.69 123.0 1,560 312 758 127 6,343 14,868 6 8.92 129.7 1,157 231 562 89 4,460 29,741 6 17.84 179.8 3,208 642 1,559 178 8,922 Dub 17,424 6 10.45 160.2 1,675 335 814 105 5,227 Zaglavak 44,905 6 26.94 174.0 4,688 938 2,278 269 13,472 Zaovine 104,520 6 62.71 188.8 11,840 2,368 5,754 627 31,356 GornjeZaoržje 32,598 6 19.56 174.2 3,407 681 1,656 196 9,779 Donje Zaoržje 31,040 6 18.62 152.4 2,838 568 1,379 186 9,312 14,508 6 8.70 218.2 1,899 380 923 87 4,352 18,759 6 11.26 194.7 2,191 438 1,065 113 5,628 Jagoštica 11,034 6 6.62 283.7 1,878 376 913 66 3,310 Jakalj 29,292 6 17.58 199.6 3,508 702 1,705 176 8,788 Jelovik 19,691 6 11.81 162.8 1,923 385 935 118 5,907 21,731 6 13.04 332.9 4,341 868 2,110 130 6,519 Kostojevići 22,350 6 13.41 136.2 1,826 365 888 134 6,705 3,879 6 2.33 168.3 392 78 190 23 1,164 Lještansko 21,716 6 13.03 181.0 2,358 472 1,146 130 6,515 Mala Reka 26,720 6 16.03 218.1 3,497 699 1,699 160 8,016 20,372 6 12.22 173.3 2,118 424 1,029 122 6,112 Ovčinja 20,292 6 12.18 181.5 2,210 442 1,074 122 6,088 31,610 6 18.97 177.2 3,361 672 1,633 190 9,483 Perućac 8,442 6 5.07 192.9 977 195 475 51 2,533 Pilica 23,914 6 14.35 129.1 1,852 370 900 143 7,174 Pridoli 17,146 6 10.29 150.7 1,550 310 753 103 5,144 Rastište 41,496 6 24.90 228.9 5,699 1,140 2,770 249 12,449

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 21

vol.

Cadastral veg. )

V ) 3

municipality/ Length /ha) Volume 3 (2x3m) 3 m reduced ha (kg) management l (m) V(m3) d (m (m3) ( olume of olume of V(m of woody idth unit olume per

chips G30 V V Area buffer zone P (ha) V medow veg. Potential W meadow Rača 17,527 6 10.52 161.5 1,698 340 825 105 5,258 Svojdrug 43,544 6 26.13 162.3 4,240 848 2,061 261 13,063 Sijerač 9,832 6 5.90 157.5 929 186 452 59 2,950 Solutuša 53,762 6 32.26 141.3 4,558 912 2,215 323 16,129 42,508 6 25.50 177.6 4,530 906 2,201 255 12,752 22,809 6 13.69 181.2 2,480 496 1,205 137 6,843 MU TARA 75,141 6 43.65 487.0 21,258 4,252 10,331 437 21,826 MU CRNI VRH 48,978 6 29.39 448.5 13,180 2,636 6,405 294 14,693 MU ZVEZDA 14,482 6 8.69 348.4 3,027 605 1,471 87 4,345 MU MZ RAČA 26,176 6 15.71 160.0 2,513 503 1,221 157 7,853 MU K. BARE 12,470 6 7.48 383.0 2,866 573 1,393 75 3,741 MU SPM 6,757 6 4.05 245.0 993 199 483 41 2,027 RAČA MU Communal 36,623 6 21.97 192.3 4,226 845 2,054 220 10,987 forests TOTAL 1,093,655 654.76 142,357 28,471 69,186 6,548 327,380

The timber volume or amount of biomass was calculated by cadastral municipalities for private forests, while for the state and church forests it was calculated by forest management units taking into account the specific characteristics of each unit. Taking into account the presence of certain species of trees in the forests of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta, the following table lists the species that would be considered for cutting:

Table 4: Quantity of road side biomass by wood species Volume in Municipalities Volume for Species Bajina Bašta felling m3 % m3 beech 3,209,947 36 10,261 oak 922,658 10 2,949 other hardwood 767,247 9 2,453 other softwood 215,727 2 690 fir 1,802,955 20 5,763 spruce 1,134,947 13 3,628 pine 834,742 9 2,668 other conifers 18,654 0 60 TOTAL 8,906,876 100 28,471

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 22

For the area of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta, the analysis concluded that there are 1,094 km (43%) of roads of all categories passing through forest complexes. The area of the road buffer zone at 3 m width on both sides of a road is 654.76 ha. Volume of woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) is 28,471 m3 or an average of 44 m3/ha. The amount of woody biomass expressed through the volume of the wood chips G30 is 69,186 dm3 (deposited cubic meters), or an average of 106 dm3. According to types of tree species intended for cutting the most common is beech with 36% or 10,261 m3, followed by fir with 20% or 5,763 m3, oak with 10% or 2,494 m3, and other types are represented with less than 10%. The volume of grassy biomass is 6,476 m3, or an average of 10 m3/ha, and expressed by a weight measure it is 327,380 kg, or an average of 500 kg/ha. The total volume of available biomass of “rastinje”, woody and grassy, in road buffer zones is 35,020 m3, or an average of 54 m3/ha.

The indicated results are related to the forest complexes. GIS analysis revealed the length of the roads passing through the agricultural land and settlements. The total length of these roads is 1,482 km, of which 1,260 km (about 85%) passes through agricultural land. Similar analogy was used to determine the parameters for the so-called field roads. In the Municipality Bajina Bašta the total area is 755.92 ha. According to the composition of vegetation in these areas are dominated grassy species, and tiny shrubs like blackberry. At the borders of agricultural cadastral parcels, there are frequently tree alleys next to the roads that separate these parcels. The potential amount of biomass is 11,339 m3, and 566,937 kg (per hectare of 15 m3 and 750 kg).

2.3. Limited circumstances and potential risks of use of roadsides biomass "rastinje"

One of the most important facts is that a large part of forested areas that are the subject of this study is located in the National Park Tara, where specific legal regulations apply, defining the zoning of areas. This directly affects the possibility of using biomass. Biomass of grassy species is of much lower quality than the material derived from woody species. Moreover, the largest part of the area of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta is hilly and mountainous and roads have been built on all types of slopes from very mild to very steep. Negligent and improper removal can increase the risk of erosion on the roads and around them. It is obvious that one of the problems is related to the fact that there is small number of public roads - only 8 % and that the majority of 92% of roads are legally unclassified roads. Obsolescence and non-implementation of the laws and regulations in this area at the municipal level is also a limiting factor. All roads, except state and municipal roads, are not defined by cadastre in over 70 % of cases, and they pass through private properties raising issues related to claims on used biomass. The average area of cadastral parcels in private ownership is less than 0.5 ha and there are also a large number of co-owners, which additionally complicates the situation. It is common practice that fence, as well as crops grown on private properties are placed along the edge of the roadside, which is a limiting factor for the implementation of the required works and causes aconflict of

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 23

interests between owners and biomass users. Due to their technical characteristics (small roadway width of 2.5–3 m, too many sharp curves, excessive longitudinal gradients), roads categorized as rural, forest, field and access roads offer reduced accessibility for transport vehicles of larger capacity; therefore, transport of used materials from the site on vehicles of smaller capacity is limited. This reduces productivity and raises the price of the final product.

2.4. Ecological basis regarding of use of roadsides biomass "rastinje"

From an environmental point of view is very important to observe the roadside buffer zones part of an ecosystem, not only as a production area. This is particularly important considering that 705 km of roads passing through the National Park Tara. At National Park Tara there are over 1,100 plant species, about 600 species of fungi, 59 species of mammals, 140 species of birds, 12 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians. Some of the listed species are endemic and relict and are very vulnerable. The most famous of the 30 endemic plant species is Serbian Spruce (Picea omorika Pančić) - a symbol of the National Park Tara. This protected area has the largest population of brown bear in Serbia, and there are also chamois and Pancic's grasshopper.

Balance has to be achieved between the need to conserve the nature, the need to increase the level of traffic safety and the need for biomass production.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 24

Figure 16-21: photo documentation PE "Tara National Park"

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 25

2.5. Potential for the use of roadsides biomass "rastinje"

At the level of municipality of Bajina Bašta there is a trend of development and improvement and a clear strategic commitment to the application of biofuels in the production of heating energy in both urban and in rural areas. Preferred types of biofuels are the wood chips and the chips obtained from agricultural vegetation. It is common practice that in individual dwellings, firewood is mainly used. However, it is important to note that practice has shown that there is a clear problem with insufficient energy efficiency. In collective residential buildings, the heating is centralized. The existing capacities need to be repaired and new capacities built for the production of heat energy by biofuels (wood chips) and service heating network.

Residences, individual and collective, in a number not are thermo insulated, and for heating is used insufficiently dry wood in combination with inefficient combustion devices. This significantly reduces the final effect of maximum energy production with minimal energy consumption.

Biomass of “rastinje” located in the buffer zones of the roads with an amount of 38,292.8 m3 represents an important potential, in addition to waste obtained from wood processing and regular residues of forestry and agricultural production.

It is necessary to define the location for central storage and distribution Center for biofuels. Since the district heating, as the future largest consumer, is under the authority of the Municipal Public Company "BB term", there is clearly a requirement to arrange space for this center in the close vicinity of the town i.e. district heating.

2.6. Methods of use of roadsides biomass "rastinje"

Chainsaws are most applicable for cutting trees and woody shrubs in local conditions. Smaller shrubs of a diameter of less than 4 cm, and grass vegetation are most efficiently removed using lawn trimmers. Currently available local technical capacities are exclusively limited to the aforementioned machines.

It is necessary to start to use the appropriate lawnmowers that will not chop up material excessively, as well as mobile crushers for the production of wood chips from harvested or mown material.

Smaller trucks with adequate space for container biomass should be used for transportation.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 26

Figure 22-27: grafic presentation of utilization of roadside biomass Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 27

Considering the environmental assumptions works must be carried out in phases and in sections. In order to ensure sustainability of the process of roadside woody biomass use of from the projected surface of buffer zone along the roads through the forests it should be used for a maximum of 7-10% per year (46 to 66 ha/year) which is 1,993- 2,847m3/year expressed in timber volume.

Length of individual sections which are maintained must not exceed 50 m. This will provide a type of safe corridor for small animals in particular, in areas where no works are conducted.

In smaller forest areas the length of a section to be maintained should be reduced, thus reducing the negative effects on the habitat of plants and animals. At the same time, a maximum of 1/3 of the forest stands should be maintained, which will provide specific ecological stability.

An area which was treated should not be used in the next 10-15 years in order to regenerate the forest vegetation. In this way positive habitat conditions for plants and animals will be provided.

Figure 28: grafic presentation phases and and sections of utilization of roadside biomass

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 28

2.7. Prices and costs of production of roadsides biomass "rastinje"

It is not purposeful to elaborate the final biomass price in this study, since price levels are determined by market flows i.e. supply and demand for this type of the product at a given moment.

Costs of production and transportation are the parameters by which one can express the basic value of produced biomass.

As the final form of produced biomass is defined wood chips i.e. the chips from the grass and other agricultural vegetation. For the whole area of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta, it is necessary to create operational zones where activities are to be concentrated, taking into account the spatial distribution of tree species that are used in order to provide material of uniform quality for storage and distribution center.

Production costs are determined on the basis of official production costs obtained from PE “National Park Tara”, and are partly related to the logging and production of assortments, as well as the data from PE “12. Septembar” on the costs of mowing of grass and small bushes.

Table 5: Calculation of the costs of utilization of roadside biomass Unit costs Total cost Biomass Operations volume Costs RSD EUR RSD/ EUR/ 3 3 (m3) RSD EUR

/m /m ha* ha* Surface (ha) Cutting and processing of 680 6 - - 655 28,471 19,360,552 156,592 firewood with a chainsaw Mowing with grass trimmer* - - 127,300 1,626 655 6,547 83,350,948 1,064,908 Mowing tractor with lawn - - 46,400 377 756 11,338 35,074,688 285,231 mower * TOTAL 137,786,188 1,506,732

The total costs of utilization in road buffer zones are 1,506,732 euro for calculating quantity of all types of biomass.

Study of Biomass Potential and Ways of Utilization of Roadside Biomass (“Rastinje”) on the Territory of Bajina Bašta Municipality 29

3. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the use of biomass from the road buffer zones is justified, and it represents a significant portion of the overall biomass production, together with waste obtained from wood processing and other sources. This conclusion is based on the amount of wooded biomass of 44 m3/ha and the amount of grass vegetation of 15 m3/ha or 10 m3/ha (in forest belts). However, limitations and risks associated with the preparation of operational plans for implementation of production cannot be disregarded.

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4. REFERENCES

• The Law on Public Roads (Official Gazette of RS, no. 101/2005, 123/2007, 101/2011, 93/2012, 104/2013)

• Regulation on classification of State roads (Official Gazette of RS, no. 105/2013, 119/2013)

• The Decision on unclassified roads in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta (Official Gazette of the - Municipality of Bajina Bašta, No. 2/96, 2/2003)

• -Study on agro - biomass potentials and logistics for supplying heat only production Senta and / or combined heat and power production in Senta (source: FORAGROBIO Consulting company, http://www.bioenergy- Serbia.rs/images/documents/studies/Senta_Agro_biomass_supply_study_rev1_20160712.pdf)

• Wood fuel types, characteristics and benefits for heating, Prof. Dr. Branko Glavonjić Faculty of Forestry,

• Roadside green - Notes on the ecologically oriented care of Grassy and wooded areas on roads, Ministry of Transport Baden-Württemberg, 2016

• Strategic Forestry Plan of National Park Tara (source: PE "Tara National Park")

• Operational plans for forest management units: Tara, Crni vrh, Zvezda, MZ Raca, Communal forests, SPM Raca, Kaludjerske bare, private forests (source: PE "Tara National Park")

• Ortophoto image of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta (source: PE "Tara National Park")

• Information collected from Agricultural department and Traffic inspection of the Municipality of Bajina Bašta

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