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Effects of Selection on Genetic Parameters of Secale Montanum Based on Seed Storage Protein Marker

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Effects of Selection on Genetic Parameters of Secale Montanum Based on Seed Storage Protein Marker Simpo PDF Journal Merge of Rangeland and Split Science, Unregistered 2013, Vol. 3, No. Version 3 - http://www.simpopdf.com Salehi Shanjani et al. / 231 Archive of SID Contents available at ISC and SID Journal homepage: www.rangeland.ir Full Length Article: Effects of Selection on Genetic Parameters of Secale montanum Based on Seed Storage Protein Marker A B C Parvin Salehi Shanjani , Ali Ashraf Jafari , Roya Hoseinzadeh AAssistant Professor, Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institutes of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author). E-mail: [email protected] BProfessor, Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institutes of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran. CAzad University of Karadj, Karadj, Iran. Received on: 30/08/2013 Accepted on: 29/10/2013 Abstract. Secale montanum is one of the important perennial grasses growing naturally in arid to semiarid pastures and rangelands, with a typical Mediterranean climate, in northern and western Iran at altitudes of 800-2900 m. In this paper, seed storage protein profiles of nine wild populations of S. montanum from different regions of Iran and their phenotypically superior progenies as well as a multi-origin polycross (PLC) were studied. High levels of polymorphism were observed over all populations with the average number of bands and average heterozygosity. Superior progeny of different populations showed less genetic variability than wild parents in terms of band diversity, whereas PLC samples showed extremely high values of genetic parameters. Two locally common bands were observed in almost all wild parent populations, which are missing in superior progeny of different populations and PLC. These results provide highly support for the hypothesis that neutral genetic diversity has been reduced or inadvertently lost via artificial selection. Among wild parent populations and their superior progenies significant differences were observed in expected heterozygosity suggesting that more intensive breeding practices may have resulted in a further erosion of genetic variability. Neighbor-joining cluster analysis showed that wild populations and the phenotypically superior progeny of different populations were separated into two groups. This suggests that founder effects and subsequent selection have had more effect on the genetic differentiation between these accessions than geographical separation. This technology, seed storage protein profiling, has great potential for use in breeding programmes. Key words: Secale montanum, Seed storage proteins, Superior progeny, Wild population www.SID.ir Simpo J.PDF of Range. Merge Sci., and 2013, Split Vol. 3,Unregistered No. 3 Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Effects of …/ 232 Archive of SID 1. Introduction chromosomes, but eventually were Secale montanum Guss. (syn. S. successful (Reimann-Philipp, 1995). dalmaticum Vis., common names: secale The most frequent breeding or mountain rye) is a diploid, methods applied to crop species involve outbreeding, perennial grass, widely different forms of mass selection, distributed in central and southern recurrent phenotypic selection and Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor, development of synthetic populations. Transcaucasia, Iraq, Iran, and northern Information about germplasm diversity Pakistan (Davis, 1985). It normally and relationships among elite breeding inhabits dry, stony, or rocky hillsides, and materials is of fundamental importance in as a weed in crops of Triticum turgidum plant breeding (Hallauer and Miranda, Steud (Davis, 1985). S. montanum is one 1988). This is especially true for species of the important perennial grasses like S. montanum which suffers severe naturally growing in arid to semiarid inbreeding depression (Geiger and pastures and rangelands, with a typical Miedaner, 1999). However, there is Mediterranean climate, in northern and neither information on the genetic quality western Iran at altitudes of 800-2900 m. of wild S. montanum populations nor It is used for grazing and hay production information on the progeny to be used in as well as revegetating the overgrazed breeding programmes. Reports of studies semi-steppe rangelands (Peymani-Fard, based on different plant species provide 1993). Because of its dense network of conflicting results on the impact of roots, S. montanum is recommended as a domestication on the genetic diversity of part of a seed mix for erosion control populations (Chaisurisri and El Kassaby, (Anderson and Brooks, 1975; Mclean and 1994; Rajora, 1999; Moran et al., 2000; Clark, 1980). A few studies have been Godt et al., 2001; Icgen et al., 2006). conducted on S. montanum in different Also the impact of domestication on the ecological conditions of Iran and revealed genetic diversity of progeny populations that there was considerable variation in is poorly understood (Stoehr and El- herbage yield, seed yield and crude Kassaby, 1997; Schmitdtling and Hiplins, protein content (Rahmani et al., 2002). 1998). Such studies on genetic diversity Although S. montanum is described as a of initial selection materials are essential palatable, leafy, short-lived, tufted for successful breeding and creation of perennial which can provide winter new cultivars. grazing in subtropical areas with fair S. montanum has been studied by winter rainfall (Rahmani et al., 2002), it morphological (Fredriksen and Petersen, has some troublesome characteristics 1998; Rahmani et al., 2002; Oram, 2013), including small seed size, shattering and cytological (Katsumasa et al., 1990; pre-harvest sprouting (Gazanchian, Petersen and Doebley, 1993, Petersen et 2006). Gordon-Werner and Dorffling al., 2004; Cuadrado and Jouve, 1997, (1988) have studied some of the 2002; Riley, 1955; Sheidai, 2008) mechanisms of drought tolerance in isozymes (Vence et al., 1987a, b), mountain rye. It is also used as a source restriction fragment length of disease resistance genes (Andriyash, polymorphisms of plastid genome 1989) and cytoplasmic male sterility (cpDNA RFLPs) (Murai et al., 1989), (Lapinski, 1991) in cereal rye breeding restriction fragment length programmes in Eastern Europe. Attempts polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA to breed a perennial grain type from (mDNA RFLPs) (Skizai et al., 2007), hybrids between S. cereale and S. rDNA spacer-lengths (Reddy et al., montanum were initially hindered by 1990), ITS of the 18 s-5.8 s rDNA (De interchanges among three pairs of Bustos and Jove, 2002), Random www.SID.ir Journal of Rangeland Science, 2013, Vol. 3, No. 3 Salehi Shanjani et al. / 233 Archive of SID www.SID.ir Simpo PDFJ. of Range. Merge Sci., and 2013, Split Vol. Unregistered3, No. 3 Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Effects of …/ 234 Archive of SID 2.1. Data analysis 3. Results For protein profile data, to avoid On the basis of the relative mobility of taxonomic weighting, the intensity of total proteins on the gel, 32 bands was not taken into consideration, polypeptide bands of different sizes only the presence of bands was taken ranging from 6.606 to 269.153 kDa, as indicative. The scores were 1 for the from nine wild parent populations, presence and 0 for the absence of a their superior progenies and PLC band. Then, the indices of genetic samples of S. montanum, were diversity, such as the number of bands identified. Different populations (Na), locally common bands with showed quite different band frequency frequency ≤ 25% (Nalc), Percentage of distributions among wild parent, Polymorphic Loci (PPL) and expected progeny and PLC genotypes (Fig. 2). heterozigosity (He), were calculated Among the nine wild populations, the using POPGENE 32 software (Yeh et mean PPL and He values were 62.50% al., 1999) on the basis of gene and 0.253, respectively. Population p- frequencies. At the same time, the Bojnurd (Na, PPL and He values: 31, genetic structure within and among 81.25% and 0.345, respectively) and p- populations were detected using the Zanjan1 (Na, PPL and He values: 32, software AMOVA- PREP 1.01 (Miller, 87.50% and 0.332, respectively) had 1997) and WINAMOVA (Excoffier, the highest level of variability, whereas 1995) in order to partition the genetic population p-Zanjan3 had the lowest variation among local and exotic level of variability (Na, PPL and He groups, among populations within values: 27, 18.75% and 0.079, groups and among individuals within respectively) (Table 1). Among the populations. The significance of each superior progenies, the mean PPL and variance component was tested with He values were 56.45% and 0.221, permutation tests (Excoffier et al., respectively. Within the superior 1992). Genetic distances were progenies, PPL value ranged from estimated according to Nei (1978) and 37.50% (s-Karaj3) to 71.88% (s- the resulting similarity matrix was Karaj1), He value ranged from 0.116 subjected to Principal Component (s-Esfahan) to 0.71.88 (s-Zanjan) Analysis (PCA), UPGMA algorithm (Table 1). The PPL and He values of using NTSYS-pc 2.01 (Rohlf, 2004), PLC (93.75% and 0.409, respectively) and Neighbor- Joining (NJ) analysis were higher than all the wild parent using MEGA4 software (Tamura et al., and superior populations. Almost in all 2007). Wright‟s Fst and Nm were used wild populations (except p-Zanjan3) to estimate population differentiation two locally common bands (with and gene flow, respectively. The rate frequency ≤ 25%) were observed, of gene flow was estimated indirectly missing in superior progeny of from the proportion of total diversity different populations and PLC. that was found among populations Comparison of different wild (Wright,
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