DOCSLIB.ORG

Chronology of Post-Glacial Settlement in the Gobi Desert and the Neolithization of Arid Mongolia and China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chronology of Post-Glacial Settlement in the Gobi Desert and the Neolithization of Arid Mongolia and China Chronology of Post-Glacial Settlement in the Gobi Desert and the Neolithization of Arid Mongolia and China Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Janz, Lisa Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 20:56:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223342 CHRONOLOGY OF POST-GLACIAL SETTLEMENT IN THE GOBI DESERT AND THE NEOLITHIZATION OF ARID MONGOLIA AND CHINA by Lisa Janz _____________________ Copyright © Lisa Janz 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Anthropology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Lisa Janz entitled Chronology of Post-Glacial Settlement in the Gobi Desert and the Neolithization of Arid Mongolia and China and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 John W. Olsen _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Steven L. Kuhn _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Michael B. Schiffer _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Mary C. Stiner _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Dissertation Director: John W. Olsen 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Lisa Janz 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was made possible by financial support through the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC) Doctoral Fellowship and a Fellowship for East and Southeast Asian Archaeology and Early History from the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) with funding from the Henry Luce Foundation. Additional funding was provided by the Asian American Faculty, Staff, and Alumni Association Research Grant, University of Arizona, and the following University of Arizona, School of Anthropology funds: Emil W. Haury Educational Fund; William- Shirley Fulton Scholarship; Carol Kramer Memorial Scholarship; and the Traditions, Transitions and Treasures Fund. Generous logistical support was provided at the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm by Dr. Eva Myrdal, Anna Böstrom, and Dr. Håkan Wahlquist at the Ethnographic Museum, and at the American Museum of Natural History, New York by Dr. David H. Thomas, Paul Beelitz, Alex Lando, and Kristin Mable, as well as other staff members in the Divisions of Anthropology and Palaeontology. While in Mongolia, logistical support was kindly provided by Dr. B. Gunchinsuren, Dr. C. Amartushvin, D. Bukhchulun, and D. Khashbat. Drs. D. Tumen and Ya. Tserendagva were generous in their provision of important details about Mongolian archaeological research past and present. Drs. Sergei Gladyshev and Andrei Tabarev were my gracious hosts at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. Special thanks to Dr. Magnus Fiskesjö, who helped coordinate my original correspondence with the museums in Stockholm. My gratitude is also extended to Drs. William Honeychurch and Joshua Wright, under whom I was able to gain field experience and organize my own collaborations in Mongolia. Drs. Robert G. Elston, Joshua Wright, and Tiina Manne have given me inspiration and the opportunity to debate and discuss new ideas. Bonner Odell, Violet Yufeng Long, and Minami Cohen generously opened their homes to my daughter when I most needed a few uninterrupted days. The following people have been truly inspirational mentors throughout my university career: Drs. John W. Olsen, Steven L. Kuhn, Michael B. Schiffer, Mary C. Stiner, and Fumiko Ikawa-Smith. I would like to separately thank Dr. Olsen for his support, encouragement, and habit of pushing me to put in just a little more effort when I least wanted to. Also, to Dr. Kuhn, whose consistent intellectual support and feedback has encouraged me to be a better scientist. Most importantly, the support of my family has been essential in completing this milestone which has been so long in the making. 5 DEDICATION With love, for James H. Lee, who has brought me the joy of his companionship since I started my graduate work at the University of Arizona and who I hope will still be my partner in life at the end of my career. And to Sophia V. and Vivianne E. Lee, who have spent their entire lives until now sharing me with my dissertation. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2 – CHRONOLOGY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND NEOLITHIZATION IN POST-GLACIAL NORTHEAST ASIA ................................... 30 2.1. Key technological developments in Northeast Asia ............................................. 31 2.1.1. Terminology ................................................................................................... 33 2.1.2. Microblade technology ................................................................................... 34 2.1.3. Pottery ............................................................................................................. 38 2.1.4. Grinding stones ............................................................................................... 40 2.1.5. Polished stone tools ........................................................................................ 43 2.2. Chronology of food-production in Northeast Asia ............................................... 46 2.2.1. Brief chronology of plant domestication ........................................................ 47 2.2.2. Detailed chronology of animal domestication ................................................ 53 2.2.3. Animal domestication in the Gobi Desert ...................................................... 68 2.2.4. Chronology of nomadic pastoralism in Northeast Asia ................................. 70 2.3. Current knowledge of the Neolitthic transition in Mongolia ................................ 81 2.3.1. Post-LGM settlement and subsistence in Mongolia ....................................... 83 2.4. Summary ............................................................................................................. 105 3.1. Chronometric dating ............................................................................................ 112 3.1.1. Sample selection ........................................................................................... 113 3.1.2. Dating methods ............................................................................................. 114 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 3.1.3. Results .......................................................................................................... 119 3.2.1. Definition of “Neolithic” and issues in terminology .................................... 126 3.2.2. Chronological variation in technology, subsistence, and land-use ............... 129 3.2.2.1. Early Epipalaeolithic (Upper Palaeolithic/Late Palaeolothic) – 19.0 to 13.5k cal yr BP .................................................................................................... 129 3.2.2.2. Late Epipalaeolithic/Oasis 1 (Mesolithic/Early Neolithic) – 13.5 to 8.0k cal yr BP .............................................................................................................. 140 3.2.2.3. Neolithic/Oasis 2 (Early to Middle Neolithic) – 8.0 to 5.0k cal yr BP… ............................................................................................................................. 155 3.2.2.4. Eneolithic/Oasis 3 (Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age) – 5.0 to 3.0k cal yr BP .......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aislamiento, Caracterización Estructural Y Regulación De La Expresión De Genes Implicados En La Tolerancia Al Aluminio En Centeno
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Genética AISLAMIENTO, CARACTERIZACIÓN ESTRUCTURAL Y REGULACIÓN DE LA EXPRESIÓN DE GENES IMPLICADOS EN LA TOLERANCIA AL ALUMINIO EN CENTENO MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Diaa Ahmed Mohamed Abd El-Moneim Bajo la dirección de los doctores César Benito Jiménez Francisco Gallego Rodríguez Madrid, 2012 © Diaa Ahmed Mohamed Abd El-Moneim, 2012 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GENÉTICA Aislamiento, Caracterización Estructural y Regulación de la Expresión de Genes Implicados en la Tolerancia al Aluminio en Centeno TESIS DOCTORAL DIAA AHMED MOHAMED ABD EL-MONEIM MADRID, 2012 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GENÉTICA Aislamiento, caracterización estructural y regulación de la expresión de genes implicados en la tolerancia al aluminio en centeno Memoria que para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid presenta DIAA AHMED MOHAMED ABD EL-MONEIM Vº Bº Director de la Tesis Prof. Cesar Benito Jiménez Prof. Francisco Javier Gallego Rodríguez MADRID, 2012 AL ALMA DE MI PADRE, A MI MADRE, A MI QUERIDA MAYSA, A MIS NIÑAS SHAZA Y HANA, A LAS ALMAS DE LOS MÁRTIRES DE LA REVOLUCIÓN DE ENERO 2011 Ningún número de experimentos, por muchos que sean, Podrán demostrar que tenga razón. Tan solo un Experimento puede demostrar que estoy equivocado (Albert Einstein) I Hace solamente cuatro años que me embarqué en este trabajo (el mundo del aluminio) y ya estoy agradeciendo a toda la gente que me ha apoyado, ayudado, sobre todo, aguantado durante este tiempo.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: a Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
    © Copyright Australian Museum, 2006 Records of the Australian Museum (2006) Vol. 58: 371–410. ISSN 0067-1975 Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert M.A. SMITH National Museum of Australia, GPO Box 1901, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia [email protected] ABSTRACT. This paper presents the first detailed study of a large assemblage of late Pleistocene artefacts from the central desert. Analysis of the lithics shows show that Puritjarra rock shelter was used more intensively over time, with significant shifts in the character of occupation at 18,000, 7,500 and 800 B.P., reflecting significant re-organization of activities across the landscape. The same generalized flake and core technology appears to have been used for over 30 millennia with only limited change in artefact typology over this period. SMITH, M.A., 2006. Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene stone artefact assemblages from Puritjarra rock shelter: a long sequence from the Australian Desert. Records of the Australian Museum 58(3): 371–410. Excavations at Puritjarra rock shelter provide a rare 2004). Ethno-archaeological studies involving the last opportunity to examine an assemblage of late Pleistocene generation of Aboriginal people to rely on stone artefacts artefacts from central Australia, dating as early as c. 32,000 have been very influential in this shift in perspective (Cane, B.P. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the flaked 1984, 1992; Gould, 1968; Gould et al., 1971; Hayden, 1977, stone artefacts at Puritjarra, comparing the Pleistocene and 1979; O’Connell, 1977).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2013 Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina Gabrielle Casio Purcell [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Purcell, Gabrielle Casio, "Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2447 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Gabrielle Casio Purcell entitled "Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Kandace D. Hollenbach, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald Schroedl, Michael Logan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) i Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Gabrielle Casio Purcell August 2013 ii Copyright © 2013 by Gabrielle Casio Purcell All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeologist Volume 44 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 44 NO. 1 WINTER 1994 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incor­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 porated non-profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, BACK ISSUES Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 43130, (614)653-9477 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064, (614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1994 Immediate Past Pres.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 96 International Conference on Humanities Science, Management and Education Technology (HSMET 2017) Development and Research of Public Art in the Construction of Xi'an International Metropolis - A case study of city sculpture Xiaofei Liu School ofArtˈXi'an UniversityˈXi'anˈ710065.China Keywords: Public art; city sculpture; Xi’an; internationalization Abstract. With the development of diversified urban construction, public art constantly becomes an essential element in modern international metropolis construction, and domestic cities carry out different forms of public art and urban construction. As the ancient city of the history and civilization, Xi'an, has a prominent role in the construction of public art, but there are still many issues to be resolved. In the present study, with a case study of Xi'an city sculpture, we aim to study the development of its public art. Introduction As an international famous tourist resort, Xi’an has a reputation of 13 Dynasties and 6 Ancient Capitals history of China. Meanwhile, it also contains profound cultural heritage. In urban construction of Xi'an city, construction of public art has a profound impact on urban history and culture, humanism thoughts and urban themes [1]. Developing investigation of Xi'an public art is the fundamental of reasonable construction of public art elements in modern urban construction. Modern international city civilization is built through investigation to determine the contents of program, the theme and direction, and means of artistic expression in the construction of public art elements. As an important form of public art, city sculpture is also a key construction content in the construction of Xi'an international metropolis.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenta Praehistorica XLVI
    UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY DocumentaDocumenta PraehistPraehistoricaorica XLVIXLVI Documenta Praehistorica XLVI EDITOR Mihael Budja ISSN 1408–967X (Print) ISSN 1854–2492 (Online) LJUBLJANA 2019 DOCUMENTA PRAEHISTORICA XLVI (2019) Urednika/Editors: Prof. Dr. Mihael Budja, urednik/editor, [email protected] Bojan Kambič, tehnični urednik/technical editor, [email protected] Uredniški odbor/Editorial board: Maja Andrič, Institute of Archaeology, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia Mihael Budja, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia Canan Çakirlar, University of Groningen, Faculty of Arts, Netherlands Ekaterina Dolbunova, The State Hermitage Museum, The department of archaeology of Eastern Europe and Siberia, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation Ya-Mei Hou, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropolgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Dimitrij Mlekuž Vrhovnik, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia; Institute for the protection of the cultural heritage of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia Simona Petru, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia Žiga Šmit, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of mathematics and physics, Slovenia Katherine Willis, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Andreja Žibrat Gašparič, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia To delo je ponujeno pod licenco Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 Mednarodna licenca/This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Založila in izdala/Published by: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, Univerza v Ljubljani/ Ljubljana University Press, Faculty of Arts ([email protected]; www.ff.uni-lj.si) Za založbo/For the publisher: Prof. Dr. Roman Kuhar, dekan Filozofske fakultete Naslov uredništva/Address of Editorial Board: Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Aškerčeva 2, 1001 Ljubljana, p.p.
    [Show full text]
  • SS Hscev14.Indd
    High School Content Expectations ENGLISHSOCIAL LANGUAGESTUDIES ARTS ■ World History and Geography ■ United States History and Geography ■ Civics ■ Economics NOTE: These DRAFT 5/07 v.7 documents are NOT OPEN FOR PUBLIC COMMENT. Please DO NOT copy or distribute. Social Studies Work Group Academic Review Chair Bob Bain University of Michigan Craig Benjamin Offi ce of School Improvement Grand Valley State University Jeffrey L. Bernstein Eastern Michigan University Jessica Cotter Michigan State Board of Education Holt Central High School John C. Davidek Flint Southwestern Academy Kathleen N. Straus, President David C. Dieterle Michigan Council for Economic Education Bloomfi eld Township Hal M. Friedman Henry Ford Community College John C. Austin, Vice President Vivian Johnson Andover High School Ann Arbor Marc W. Kruman Wayne State University Carolyn L. Curtin, Secretary Russ Olwell Eastern Michigan University Evart Pamela Sayre Henry Ford Community College Marianne Yared McGuire, Treasurer Joseph P. Stoltman Detroit Western Michigan University Bill Strickland East Grand Rapids High School Nancy Danhof, NASBE Delegate Graduate Student Assistants East Lansing Lauren McArthur University of Michigan Elizabeth W. Bauer Tamara Shreiner Birmingham University of Michigan Brett Levy Reginald M. Turner University of Michigan Drew Ciancia Detroit University of Michigan Internal Review Casandra E. Ulbrich Betty Underwood Rochester Hills Michigan Department of Education J. Kelli Sweet Governor Jennifer M. Granholm Michigan Council for the Social Studies Ex Offi cio Karen R. Todorov Michigan Department of Education Michael P. Flanagan, Chairman Michael Yocum Oakland Schools Superintendent of Public Instruction Ex Offi cio External Review Teachers, administrators, consultants, MDE Staff and college and university professors contributed documents and reviews.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceramic's Influence on Chinese Bronze Development
    Ceramic’s Influence on Chinese Bronze Development Behzad Bavarian and Lisa Reiner Dept. of MSEM College of Engineering and Computer Science September 2007 Photos on cover page Jue from late Shang period decorated with Painted clay gang with bird, fish and axe whorl and thunder patterns and taotie design from the Neolithic Yangshao creatures, H: 20.3 cm [34]. culture, H: 47 cm [14]. Flat-based jue from early Shang culture Pou vessel from late Shang period decorated decorated with taotie beasts. This vessel with taotie creatures and thunder patterns, H: is characteristic of the Erligang period, 24.5 cm [34]. H: 14 cm [34]. ii Table of Contents Abstract Approximate timeline 1 Introduction 2 Map of Chinese Provinces 3 Neolithic culture 4 Bronze Development 10 Clay Mold Production at Houma Foundry 15 Coins 16 Mining and Smelting at Tonglushan 18 China’s First Emperor 19 Conclusion 21 References 22 iii The transition from the Neolithic pottery making to the emergence of metalworking around 2000 BC held significant importance for the Chinese metal workers. Chinese techniques sharply contrasted with the Middle Eastern and European bronze development that relied on annealing, cold working and hammering. The bronze alloys were difficult to shape by hammering due to the alloy combination of the natural ores found in China. Furthermore, China had an abundance of clay and loess materials and the Chinese had spent the Neolithic period working with and mastering clay, to the point that it has been said that bronze casting was made possible only because the bronze makers had access to superior ceramic technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoring Western Ranges and Wildlands
    United States Department of Agriculture Restoring Western Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Ranges and Wildlands Report RMRS-GTR-136-vol. 3 September 2004 Volume 3 Chapters 24–29, Appendices, Index Abstract ______________________________________ Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard; Shaw, Nancy L., comps. 2004. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136-vol-3. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Pages 699– 884 plus appendices and index. This work, in three volumes, provides background on philosophy, processes, plant materials selection, site preparation, and seed and seeding equipment for revegetating disturbed rangelands, emphasizing use of native species. The 29 chapters include guidelines for planning, conducting, and managing, and contain a compilation of rangeland revegetation research conducted over the last several decades to aid practitioners in reestablishing healthy communities and curbing the spread of invasive species. Volume 3 contains chapters 24-29 plus appendices and index. Keywords: rehabilitation, revegetation, plant ecology, seed, plant communities, wildlife habitat, invasive species, equipment, plant materials, native plants A B A—Hand-harvesting grass seed. B—Certification tag. C—Native plant propagation in greenhouse. D—Brush machine. E—Flail-vac harvesting needle-and thread grass. Restoring Western Ranges and Wildlands Compilers Stephen B. Monsen Volume 3 Richard Stevens Nancy L. Shaw Chapters 24–29, Appendices, Index D C E i The Compilers _____________________________________ Stephen B. Monsen (retired), Botanist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, Utah Richard Stevens, Project Leader (retired), Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Great Basin Research Center, Ephraim, Utah Nancy L.
    [Show full text]
  • Originally, the Descendants of Hua Xia Were Not the Descendants of Yan Huang
    E-Leader Brno 2019 Originally, the Descendants of Hua Xia were not the Descendants of Yan Huang Soleilmavis Liu, Activist Peacepink, Yantai, Shandong, China Many Chinese people claimed that they are descendants of Yan Huang, while claiming that they are descendants of Hua Xia. (Yan refers to Yan Di, Huang refers to Huang Di and Xia refers to the Xia Dynasty). Are these true or false? We will find out from Shanhaijing ’s records and modern archaeological discoveries. Abstract Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas ) records many ancient groups of people in Neolithic China. The five biggest were: Yan Di, Huang Di, Zhuan Xu, Di Jun and Shao Hao. These were not only the names of groups, but also the names of individuals, who were regarded by many groups as common male ancestors. These groups first lived in the Pamirs Plateau, soon gathered in the north of the Tibetan Plateau and west of the Qinghai Lake and learned from each other advanced sciences and technologies, later spread out to other places of China and built their unique ancient cultures during the Neolithic Age. The Yan Di’s offspring spread out to the west of the Taklamakan Desert;The Huang Di’s offspring spread out to the north of the Chishui River, Tianshan Mountains and further northern and northeastern areas;The Di Jun’s and Shao Hao’s offspring spread out to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the Di Jun’s offspring lived in the west of the Shao Hao’s territories, which were near the sea or in the Shandong Peninsula.Modern archaeological discoveries have revealed the authenticity of Shanhaijing ’s records.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Horse Bridle with Cheekpieces As a Marker of Social Change: an Experimental and Statistical Study T
    Journal of Archaeological Science 97 (2018) 125–136 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Early horse bridle with cheekpieces as a marker of social change: An experimental and statistical study T ∗ Igor V. Chechushkova, , Andrei V. Epimakhovb,c, Andrei G. Bersenevd a Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, 3302 WWPH, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA b Research Educational Centre for Eurasian Research, South Ural State University, Lenina av., 76, Chelyabinsk, 454000, Russia c Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of RAS, Kovalevskaya st., 16, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia d Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for Chelyabinsk Region, 3rd International st., 116, Chelyabinsk, 454000, Russia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The morphological similarities/dissimilarities between antler and bone-made cheekpieces have been employed Cheekpieces in several studies to construct a relative chronology for Bronze Age Eurasia. Believed to constitute a part of the Chariot horse bit, the cheekpieces appear in ritual contexts everywhere from the Mycenaean Shaft Graves to the Bronze Bronze age Age kurgan cemeteries in Siberia. However, these general understandings of the function and morphological Experimental archaeology changes of cheekpieces have never been rigorously tested. This paper presents statistical analyses (e.g., simi- Use-wear larities, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis) that document differences in cheekpiece morphology, comparing shield-like, plate-formed, and rod-shaped types in the context of temporal change and spatial var- iation. We investigated changes in function over time through the use of experimental replicas used in bridling horses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa
    Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Introduction 20 The African archeological record of 43-28 ka as a comparison 21 A - The Aurignacian has no direct equivalent in Africa 21 B - Archaic hominins persist in Africa through much of the Late Pleistocene 24 C - High modification symbolic artifacts in Africa and Eurasia 24 Conclusions 26 Acknowledgements 26 References cited 27 To cite this article Tryon C. A. , 2015 - The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa, in White R., Bourrillon R. (eds.) with the collaboration of Bon F., Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe, Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University, P@lethnology, 7, 19-33. http://www.palethnologie.org 19 P@lethnology | 2015 | 19-33 Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Abstract The Aurignacian technocomplex in Eurasia, dated to ~43-28 ka, has no direct archeological taxonomic equivalent in Africa during the same time interval, which may reflect differences in inter-group communication or differences in archeological definitions currently in use. Extinct hominin taxa are present in both Eurasia and Africa during this interval, but the African archeological record has played little role in discussions of the demographic expansion of Homo sapiens, unlike the Aurignacian. Sites in Eurasia and Africa by 42 ka show the earliest examples of personal ornaments that result from extensive modification of raw materials, a greater investment of time that may reflect increased their use in increasingly diverse and complex social networks.
    [Show full text]