Chronology of Post-Glacial Settlement in the Gobi Desert and the Neolithization of Arid Mongolia and China Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Janz, Lisa Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 20:56:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223342 CHRONOLOGY OF POST-GLACIAL SETTLEMENT IN THE GOBI DESERT AND THE NEOLITHIZATION OF ARID MONGOLIA AND CHINA by Lisa Janz _____________________ Copyright © Lisa Janz 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Anthropology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Lisa Janz entitled Chronology of Post-Glacial Settlement in the Gobi Desert and the Neolithization of Arid Mongolia and China and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 John W. Olsen _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Steven L. Kuhn _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Michael B. Schiffer _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Mary C. Stiner _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 10 October 2011 Dissertation Director: John W. Olsen 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Lisa Janz 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was made possible by financial support through the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC) Doctoral Fellowship and a Fellowship for East and Southeast Asian Archaeology and Early History from the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) with funding from the Henry Luce Foundation. Additional funding was provided by the Asian American Faculty, Staff, and Alumni Association Research Grant, University of Arizona, and the following University of Arizona, School of Anthropology funds: Emil W. Haury Educational Fund; William- Shirley Fulton Scholarship; Carol Kramer Memorial Scholarship; and the Traditions, Transitions and Treasures Fund. Generous logistical support was provided at the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm by Dr. Eva Myrdal, Anna Böstrom, and Dr. Håkan Wahlquist at the Ethnographic Museum, and at the American Museum of Natural History, New York by Dr. David H. Thomas, Paul Beelitz, Alex Lando, and Kristin Mable, as well as other staff members in the Divisions of Anthropology and Palaeontology. While in Mongolia, logistical support was kindly provided by Dr. B. Gunchinsuren, Dr. C. Amartushvin, D. Bukhchulun, and D. Khashbat. Drs. D. Tumen and Ya. Tserendagva were generous in their provision of important details about Mongolian archaeological research past and present. Drs. Sergei Gladyshev and Andrei Tabarev were my gracious hosts at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. Special thanks to Dr. Magnus Fiskesjö, who helped coordinate my original correspondence with the museums in Stockholm. My gratitude is also extended to Drs. William Honeychurch and Joshua Wright, under whom I was able to gain field experience and organize my own collaborations in Mongolia. Drs. Robert G. Elston, Joshua Wright, and Tiina Manne have given me inspiration and the opportunity to debate and discuss new ideas. Bonner Odell, Violet Yufeng Long, and Minami Cohen generously opened their homes to my daughter when I most needed a few uninterrupted days. The following people have been truly inspirational mentors throughout my university career: Drs. John W. Olsen, Steven L. Kuhn, Michael B. Schiffer, Mary C. Stiner, and Fumiko Ikawa-Smith. I would like to separately thank Dr. Olsen for his support, encouragement, and habit of pushing me to put in just a little more effort when I least wanted to. Also, to Dr. Kuhn, whose consistent intellectual support and feedback has encouraged me to be a better scientist. Most importantly, the support of my family has been essential in completing this milestone which has been so long in the making. 5 DEDICATION With love, for James H. Lee, who has brought me the joy of his companionship since I started my graduate work at the University of Arizona and who I hope will still be my partner in life at the end of my career. And to Sophia V. and Vivianne E. Lee, who have spent their entire lives until now sharing me with my dissertation. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2 – CHRONOLOGY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND NEOLITHIZATION IN POST-GLACIAL NORTHEAST ASIA ................................... 30 2.1. Key technological developments in Northeast Asia ............................................. 31 2.1.1. Terminology ................................................................................................... 33 2.1.2. Microblade technology ................................................................................... 34 2.1.3. Pottery ............................................................................................................. 38 2.1.4. Grinding stones ............................................................................................... 40 2.1.5. Polished stone tools ........................................................................................ 43 2.2. Chronology of food-production in Northeast Asia ............................................... 46 2.2.1. Brief chronology of plant domestication ........................................................ 47 2.2.2. Detailed chronology of animal domestication ................................................ 53 2.2.3. Animal domestication in the Gobi Desert ...................................................... 68 2.2.4. Chronology of nomadic pastoralism in Northeast Asia ................................. 70 2.3. Current knowledge of the Neolitthic transition in Mongolia ................................ 81 2.3.1. Post-LGM settlement and subsistence in Mongolia ....................................... 83 2.4. Summary ............................................................................................................. 105 3.1. Chronometric dating ............................................................................................ 112 3.1.1. Sample selection ........................................................................................... 113 3.1.2. Dating methods ............................................................................................. 114 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 3.1.3. Results .......................................................................................................... 119 3.2.1. Definition of “Neolithic” and issues in terminology .................................... 126 3.2.2. Chronological variation in technology, subsistence, and land-use ............... 129 3.2.2.1. Early Epipalaeolithic (Upper Palaeolithic/Late Palaeolothic) – 19.0 to 13.5k cal yr BP .................................................................................................... 129 3.2.2.2. Late Epipalaeolithic/Oasis 1 (Mesolithic/Early Neolithic) – 13.5 to 8.0k cal yr BP .............................................................................................................. 140 3.2.2.3. Neolithic/Oasis 2 (Early to Middle Neolithic) – 8.0 to 5.0k cal yr BP… ............................................................................................................................. 155 3.2.2.4. Eneolithic/Oasis 3 (Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age) – 5.0 to 3.0k cal yr BP .......................................................................................................................