DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds Jack Dekker Weed Biology Laboratory Agronomy Department Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50010 USA EMail: [email protected] WWW URL: www.public.iastate.edu/~jdekker 2011 ClassUse Version Copyright 1.1.11 Jack Dekker 1 Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds 2011 SHORT TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF WEEDS 13 1 The nature of weeds 14 1.1 What is a weed? 1.2 The definition of a weed 1.3 Weeds and human nature 1.4 Weedy traits 1.5 The origins of weeds 1.6 World origins and centers of agriculture, crop domestication and cultivation 1.7 World crop-weed species groups UNIT 2: THE EVOLUTION OF WEED POPULATIONS 45 2 Evolution, natural selection and weedy adaptation 47 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Evolution 2.3 Natural selection and elimination 2.4 The process of natural selection 2.5 Adaptation 3 Formation of the local weed population (deme): Precondition to natural selection 55 3.1 Introduction: opportunity and the formation of the local deme 3.2 The structure of local weedy opportunity 3.3 Habitat heterogeneity and dynamics 3.4 Limiting resources and pervasive conditions in local opportunity 3.5 The nature of plant invasions of local opportunity 4 Generation of genotypic and phenotypic variation: First process of natural selection 79 4.1 Genotypes and phenotypes 4.2 Generate genetic variation 4.3 Generate phenotypic variation 5 Survival, reproduction and inheritance: Second process of natural selection 97 5.1 Survive, Avoid Mortality 5.2 Reproduce the fittest, eliminate the others 5.3 Inheritance: transmit parental traits to offspring UNIT 3: ADAPTATION IN WEED LIFE HISTORY 114 6 Weed life history 115 6.1 Introduction to life history 6.2 Plant life history classification systems 6.3 Representing weed life history 6.4 The ecological demography of plant population life history dynamics 6.5 Evolutionary, trait-based, weed life history population dynamics 7 Reproductive adaptation 137 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Flowering, anthesis, fertilization and birth 7.3 Embryo adaptation: embryogenesis and dormancy induction 7.4 Propagule adaptation: post-abscission fecundity 8 Propagule dispersal in space and time 157 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Dispersal in space 8.3 Dispersal in time: formation of seed pools in the soil 8.4 Propagule germination and recruitment 2 Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds UNIT 4: ADAPTATION IN LOCAL PLANT COMMUNITIES 182 Weed-crop communities as complex adaptive systems 9 Neighbor interactions in local plant communities 186 9.1 Adaptation to neighbors in the community 9.2 The nature of neighbor interactions in the community 9.3 Strategic roles and traits of interference and facilitation with neighbors 9.4 Effects of neighborhood interactions on plant density, growth and form 10 Weed community structure, dynamics and biodiversity 209 10.1 Weed communities 10.2 Weed community structure 10.3 Exploiting opportunity: weed community dynamics 10.4 Weed community biodiversity 3 Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS & SYLLABUS Forward 9 Introduction 11 UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF WEEDS 13 1 The nature of weeds 14 Summary 1.1 What is a weed? 1.2 The definition of a weed 1.3 Weeds and human nature 1.4 Weedy traits 1.5 The origins of weeds 1.5.1 Weeds, planting and crop domestication 1.5.2 Biogeographic prehistory of agriculture 1.5.3 Pre-agricultural preadapted wild colonizing species 1.5.4 Wild-crop-weed complexes 1.6 World origins and centers of agriculture, crop domestication and cultivation 1.7 World crop-weed species groups UNIT 2: THE EVOLUTION OF WEED POPULATIONS 45 Introduction 2 Evolution, natural selection and weedy adaptation 47 Summary 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Evolution 2.2.1 Micro- and macroevolution 2.2.2 Units of evolution and natural selection 2.3 Natural selection and elimination 2.4 The process of natural selection 2.4.1 Population formation: Precondition to natural selection 2.4.2 Generate variation: Process of natural selection, step 1 2.4.3 Survival and reproduction: Process of natural selection, step 2 2.5 Adaptation 3 Formation of the local weed population (deme): Precondition to natural selection 55 Summary 3.1 Introduction: opportunity and the formation of the local deme 3.2 The structure of local weedy opportunity 3.2.1 Weedy habitats 3.2.2 Niches in the local community 3.2.3 The niche hypervolume 3.3 Habitat heterogeneity and dynamics 3.3.1 Spatial heterogeneity and patchiness 3.3.2 Temporal division of the environment 3.3.3 Disturbance 3.4 Limiting resources and pervasive conditions in local opportunity 3.4.1 Limiting resources 3.4.1.1 Light 3.4.1.2 Water 3.4.1.3 Mineral nutrients 3.4.1.4 Gases 3.4.2 Pervasive conditions in the environment 3.4.2.1 Heat 3.4.2.2 Terroir 3.4.3 Environmental signal spacetime 4 Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds 3.5 The nature of plant invasions of local opportunity 3.5.1 The plant invasion process: seizing, exploiting and occupying opportunity 3.5.2 Dispersal 3.5.3 Colonization 3.5.4 Enduring occupation of a locality 3.5.5 Extinction 3.5.6 The perception of plant invasion 4 Generation of genotypic and phenotypic variation: First process of natural selection 79 Summary 4.1 Genotypes and phenotypes 4.2 Generate genetic variation 4.2.1 Sources of genetic diversity 4.2.1.1 Forces increasing population variability 4.2.1.2 Forces decreasing population variability 4.2.2 Speciation 4.2.2.1 Process of speciation 4.2.2.2 Reproductive isolating mechanisms 4.2.2.3 Modes of speciation 4.3 Generate phenotypic variation 4.3.1 Phenotypic plasticity 4.3.2 Somatic polymorphism 5 Survival, reproduction and inheritance: Second process of natural selection 97 Summary 5.1 Survive, Avoid Mortality 5.2 Reproduce the fittest, eliminate the others 5.2.1 Timing of reproduction 5.2.2 Plant age and stage structure 5.2.3 Reproductive value 5.2.4 Risk of death determines life history 5.2.5 Influences of plant density on mortality 5.2.6 Modes of selection and population diversity 5.3 Inheritance: transmit parental traits to offspring 5.4 Mating system and inheritance 5.4.1 Mating system and opportunity 5.4.2 Evolution of mating systems 5.4.3 Sex classification systems 5.4.4 Types of mating systems 5.4.4.1 Self-pollenating species 5.4.4.2 Out-crossing species 5.4.4.3 Apomictic species 5.4.4.4 Vegetative clone reproducing species UNIT 3: ADAPTATION IN WEED LIFE HISTORY 114 Introduction 6 Weed life history 115 Summary 6.1 Introduction to life history 6.1.1 Phenotypic life history traits 6.1.2 Processes of life history adaptation 6.2 Plant life history classification systems 6.2.1 Life span 6.2.2 Growth and life form 6.2.3 Life history strategies 6.3 Representing weed life history 6.4 The ecological demography of plant population life history dynamics 6.4.1 Weed life history models 6.4.2 Demographic weed life history population dynamics models 6.4.3 Representation and information, inference and prediction 5 Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds 6.4.3.1 Representation and information 6.4.3.2 Inference 6.4.3.2.1 The deme 6.4.3.2.2 Life history development and behavior 6.4.3.2.3 Model formalization and measurement metrics 6.4.3.3 Predicting weed population dynamics 6.5 Evolutionary, trait-based, weed life history population dynamics 7 Reproductive adaptation 137 Summary 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Flowering, anthesis, fertilization and birth 7.2.1 Parental plant architecture 7.2.2 Mating systems 7.3 Embryo adaptation: embryogenesis and dormancy induction 7.3.1 Induction of seed dormancy 7.3.2 The evolutionary ecology of seed dormancy 7.3.3 Weed seed dormancy variability and somatic polymorphism 7.3.4 Evolutionary ecology of seed heteroblasty 7.3.5 Weed species seed heteroblasty examples 7.3.6 Observable seed dormancy-germinability regulation life forms 7.3.6.1 Non-dormant 7.3.6.2 Vegetative, perinating buds 7.3.6.3 Environmental seed germination control mechanisms 7.3.6.4 Hard, gas- and water-impermeable, seed envelope germination inhibition 7.3.6.5 Light-phytochrome and nitrate stimulated germination 7.3.6.6 Species with multiple interacting germination control mechanisms 7.3.6.7 Other seed germination control mechanisms 7.3.7 Experimental weed seed science 7.4 Propagule adaptation: post-abscission fecundity 150 7.4.1 Five roles of seeds 7.4.2 Principle of strategic allocation 7.4.3 Trade-offs among seed roles 7.4.4 Seed size trade-offs 7.4.4.1 Seed size plasticity and stability 7.4.4.2 Relationship of seed size to habitat 8 Propagule dispersal in space and time 157 Summary 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 The evolutionary ecology of dispersal structures 8.1.2 Seed dispersal trade-offs 8.1.3 Cost of dispersal 8.1.4 Space-time dimensions of dispersal 8.2 Dispersal in space 8.2.1 Dispersal and post-dispersal processes 8.2.2 Seed flux at a locality 8.2.3 Modes of seed and propagule dispersal 8.2.3.1 Gravity 8.2.3.2 Wind and air 8.2.3.3 Water 8.2.3.4 Animal, non-human 8.2.3.5 Human 8.2.3.6 Other modes of dispersal 8.3 Dispersal in time: formation of seed pools in the soil 8.3.1 Adaptative roles of soil seed pools 8.3.2 Population dynamics in the soil seed pool 8.3.2.1 Life history of a seed 6 Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds 8.3.2.2 Seed states, fates and seed state transition processes 8.3.2.3 Seed pool additions, losses and continuity 8.3.3 Structure of soil seed pools 8.3.3.1 Spatial distribution in the soil profile 8.3.3.2 Floral seed community compostion 8.3.3.3 Seed pool size 8.3.3.4 Seed longevity in the soil 8.4 Propagule germination and recruitment 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Process of recruitment 8.4.3 Germination micro-sites and safe sites 8.4.4 Patterns of seedling emergence 8.4.5 Relationship
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Apiaceae) - Beds, Old Cambs, Hunts, Northants and Peterborough
    CHECKLIST OF UMBELLIFERS (APIACEAE) - BEDS, OLD CAMBS, HUNTS, NORTHANTS AND PETERBOROUGH Scientific name Common Name Beds old Cambs Hunts Northants and P'boro Aegopodium podagraria Ground-elder common common common common Aethusa cynapium Fool's Parsley common common common common Ammi majus Bullwort very rare rare very rare very rare Ammi visnaga Toothpick-plant very rare very rare Anethum graveolens Dill very rare rare very rare Angelica archangelica Garden Angelica very rare very rare Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica common frequent frequent common Anthriscus caucalis Bur Chervil occasional frequent occasional occasional Anthriscus cerefolium Garden Chervil extinct extinct extinct very rare Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley common common common common Apium graveolens Wild Celery rare occasional very rare native ssp. Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort very rare or extinct very rare extinct very rare Apium nodiflorum Fool's Water-cress common common common common Astrantia major Astrantia extinct very rare Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip occasional frequent occasional occasional x Beruladium procurrens Fool's Water-cress x Lesser very rare Water-parsnip Bunium bulbocastanum Great Pignut occasional very rare Bupleurum rotundifolium Thorow-wax extinct extinct extinct extinct Bupleurum subovatum False Thorow-wax very rare very rare very rare Bupleurum tenuissimum Slender Hare's-ear very rare extinct very rare or extinct Carum carvi Caraway very rare very rare very rare extinct Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil common common common common Cicuta virosa Cowbane extinct extinct Conium maculatum Hemlock common common common common Conopodium majus Pignut frequent occasional occasional frequent Coriandrum sativum Coriander rare occasional very rare very rare Daucus carota Wild Carrot common common common common Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo very rare, prob.
    [Show full text]
  • Karyologická Variabilita Vybraných Taxonů Rodu Allium V Evropě Alena
    UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Přírodov ědecká fakulta Katedra botaniky Karyologická variabilita vybraných taxon ů rodu Allium v Evrop ě Diplomová práce Alena VÁ ŇOVÁ obor: T ělesná výchova - Biologie Prezen ční studium Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Martin Duchoslav, Ph.D. Olomouc 2011 Prohlašuji, že jsem zadanou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatn ě s použitím citované literatury a konzultací. V Olomouci dne: 14.1.2011 ................................................. Pod ěkování Ráda bych pod ěkovala všem, co mi v jakémkoli ohledu pomohli. P ředevším svému vedoucímu diplomové práce RNDr. Martinu Duchoslavovi, PhD., a to nejen za cenné rady a pomoc p ři práci, ale p ředevším za velké množství trp ělivosti. Stejn ě tak d ěkuji Mgr. Míše Jandové za veškerý čas, který mi v ěnovala, Tereze P ěnkavové za pomoc ve skleníku a odd ělení fytopatologie za možnost využívat jejich laborato ří. Samoz řejm ě mé díky pat ří i všem blízkým, kte ří m ě po dobu studia podporovali. Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a p říjmení autora : Alena Vá ňová Název práce : Karyologická variabilita vybraných taxon ů rodu Allium v Evrop ě. Typ práce : Diplomová Pracovišt ě: Katedra botaniky, P řírodov ědecká fakulta Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci Vedoucí práce : RNDr. Martin Duchoslav, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby práce : 2011 Abstrakt : Diplomová práce m ěla za cíl postihnout karyologickou variabilitu (chromozomový po čet, ploidní úrove ň a DNA-ploidní úrove ň) a velikost jaderné DNA (2C) vybraných taxon ů rodu Allium pro populace získané z různých částí Evropy. Celkov ě bylo pomocí karyologických metod prov ěř eno 550 jedinc ů u 14 taxon ů rodu Allium : A. albidum, A.
    [Show full text]
  • FL0107:Layout 1.Qxd
    S. M. El Naggar & N. Sawady Pollen Morphology of Malvaceae and its taxonomic significance in Yemen Abstract El Naggar, S. M. & Sawady N.: Pollen Morphology of Malvaceae and its taxonomic signifi- cance in Yemen. — Fl. Medit. 18: 431-439. 2008. — ISSN 1120-4052. The pollen morphology of 20 species of Malvaceae growing in Yemen was investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The studied taxa belong to 9 genera and three different tribes. These taxa are: Abelmoschus esculentus, Hibiscus trionum, H. micranthus, H. deflersii, H. palmatus, H. vitifolius, H. rosa-sinensis, H. ovalifolius, Gossypium hirsutum, Thespesia populnea (L.) Solander ex Correa and Senra incana (Cav.) DC. (Hibiscieae); Malva parviflora and Alcea rosea (Malveae); Abutilon fruticosum, A. figarianum, A. bidentatum, A. pannosum, Sida acuta, S. alba and S. ovata (Abutileae). Pollen shape, size, aperture, exine structure and sculpturing as well as the spine characters proved that they are of high taxonom- ic value. Pollen characters with some other morphological characters are discussed in the light of the recent classification of the family in Yemen. Key words: Malvaceae, Morphology, Yemen. Introduction Malvaceae Juss. (s. str.) is a large family of herbs, shrubs and trees; comprising about 110 genera and 2000 species. It is a globally distributed family with primary concentrations of genera in the tropical and subtropical regions (Hutchinson 1967; Fryxell 1975, 1988 & 1998; Heywood 1993; La Duke & Doeby 1995; Mabberley 1997). Due to the high economic value of many taxa of Malvaceae (Gossypium, Hibiscus, Abelmoschus and Malva), several studies of different perspective have been carried out, such as those are: Edlin (1935), Bates and Blanchard (1970), Krebs (1994a, 1994b), Ray (1995 & 1998), Hosni and Araffa (1999), El Naggar (1996, 2001 & 2004), Pefell & al.
    [Show full text]
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018
    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2012 Number 1
    Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 December 2012 Number 1 CONTENTS Proceedings of the Fifth South- western Rare and Endangered Plant Conference Calochortiana, a new publication of the Utah Native Plant Society . 3 The Fifth Southwestern Rare and En- dangered Plant Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 2009 . 3 Abstracts of presentations and posters not submitted for the proceedings . 4 Southwestern cienegas: Rare habitats for endangered wetland plants. Robert Sivinski . 17 A new look at ranking plant rarity for conservation purposes, with an em- phasis on the flora of the American Southwest. John R. Spence . 25 The contribution of Cedar Breaks Na- tional Monument to the conservation of vascular plant diversity in Utah. Walter Fertig and Douglas N. Rey- nolds . 35 Studying the seed bank dynamics of rare plants. Susan Meyer . 46 East meets west: Rare desert Alliums in Arizona. John L. Anderson . 56 Calochortus nuttallii (Sego lily), Spatial patterns of endemic plant spe- state flower of Utah. By Kaye cies of the Colorado Plateau. Crystal Thorne. Krause . 63 Continued on page 2 Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights Reserved. Utah Native Plant Society Utah Native Plant Society, PO Box 520041, Salt Lake Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights City, Utah, 84152-0041. www.unps.org Reserved. Calochortiana is a publication of the Utah Native Plant Society, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organi- Editor: Walter Fertig ([email protected]), zation dedicated to conserving and promoting steward- Editorial Committee: Walter Fertig, Mindy Wheeler, ship of our native plants. Leila Shultz, and Susan Meyer CONTENTS, continued Biogeography of rare plants of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Updated Checklist of the Libyan Flora
    Towards an updated checklist of the Libyan flora Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 (CC-BY) Open access Gawhari, A. M. H., Jury, S. L. and Culham, A. (2018) Towards an updated checklist of the Libyan flora. Phytotaxa, 338 (1). pp. 1-16. ISSN 1179-3155 doi: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76559/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 Identification Number/DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 <https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1> Publisher: Magnolia Press All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Phytotaxa 338 (1): 001–016 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 Towards an updated checklist of the Libyan flora AHMED M. H. GAWHARI1, 2, STEPHEN L. JURY 2 & ALASTAIR CULHAM 2 1 Botany Department, Cyrenaica Herbarium, Faculty of Sciences, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya E-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Reading Herbarium, The Harborne Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Read- ing, RG6 6AS, U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF-Document
    Supplementary Table 1. Botanical sources of kaempferol/glycosides. Species Family Kaempferol/glycosides References kaempferol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, Abutilon theophrasti Malvaceae [1] kaempferol 7-O-β-diglucoside Acaenasplendens Rosaceae 7-O-acetyl-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol [2] kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- Aceriphyllumrossii Saxifragaceae [3] (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Kaempferol [4] kaempferol 3-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β- glucopyranosyl-(12)-β-glucopyranoside- 7-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 7- Aconitum spp Ranunculaceae O-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β- [5] glucopyranosyl-(13)-α- rhamnopyranoside-3-O-β- glucopyranoside Kaempferol 3-O-β-(2' '- Aconitum paniculatum Ranunculaceae [6] acetyl)galactopyranoside Kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-β-D- galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-α-L- Actinidia valvata Actinidiaceae rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-(4-O-acetyl-α-L- [7] rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→6)-β-D- galactopyranoside. kaempferol 7-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β- glucopyranosyl-(13)-α- Aconitum napellus Ranunculaceae [8] rhamnopyranoside-3-O-β- glucopyranoside Kaempferol 3-O-α-L –rhamnopyranosyl- (1→6)-[(4-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-α-L - Adina racemosa Rubiaceae [9] rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]-(4-O-trans-p- coumaroyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside Allium cepa Alliaceae Kaempferol [10] Kaempferol 3-O-[2-O-(trans-3-methoxy- 4-hydroxycinnamoyl)-β-D- Allium porrum Alliaceae [11] galactopyranosyl]-(1→4)-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, kaempferol glycosides Aloe vera Asphodelaceae Kaempferol [12] Althaea rosea Malvaceae Kaempferol [13] Argyreiaspeciosa
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Uses, Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Properties Of
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2019; 7(2): 214-220 ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 Traditional uses, phytochemicals and NAAS Rating: 3.53 JMPS 2019; 7(2): 214-220 pharmacological properties of Allium tuberosum © 2019 JMPS Received: 23-01-2019 Rottler ex spreng Accepted: 28-02-2019 Khoshnur Jannat Department of Biotechnology Khoshnur Jannat, Taufiq Rahman and Mohammed Rahmatullah and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Abstract Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka, Allium tuberosum is a lesser known plant of the Allium genus compared to the more known Allium cepa Bangladesh (onion) or Allium sativum (garlic). However, Allium tuberosum is now being increasingly recognized to be an important plant in its own right with diverse important pharmacological activities. This review will Taufiq Rahman attempt to describe the reported phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of the plant with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis objective to determine the plant’s potential to be a source of lead compounds and effective new drugs. Court Road, CB2 1PD, UK, Bangladesh Keywords: Allium tuberosum, garlic chive, amaryllidaceae Mohammed Rahmatullah 1. Introduction Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, From ancient periods people have been using a diverse range of medicinal plants for curing University of Development diseases. In the last 200 years, traditional systems of plant based medicines have been largely Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka, replaced with allopathic system of medicine, the latter being based on the principle of one Bangladesh drug-one therapy. Allopathic medicines are largely synthetic. Now the traditional way of healing is making a comeback as a large number of synthetic drugs are costly and shows adverse side-effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Acrolepiopsis Assectella
    Acrolepiopsis assectella Scientific Name Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller, 1893) Synonym: Lita vigeliella Duponchel, 1842 Common Name Leek moth, onion leafminer Type of Pest Moth Taxonomic Position Class: Insecta, Order: Lepidoptera, Family: Acrolepiidae Figures 1 & 2. Adult male (top) and female (bottom) Reason for Inclusion of A. assectella. Scale bar is 1 mm (© Jean-François CAPS Community Suggestion Landry, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 2007). Pest Description Eggs: “Roughly oval in shape with raised reticulated sculpturing; iridescent white” (Carter, 1984). Eggs are 0.5 by 1 0.2 mm (< /16 in) (USDA, 1960). Larvae: “Head yellowish brown, sometimes with reddish brown maculation; body yellowish green; spiracles surrounded by sclerotised rings, on abdominal segments coalescent with SD pinacula, these grayish brown; prothoracic and anal plates yellow with brown maculation; thoracic legs yellowish brown’ crochets of abdominal prologs arranged in uniserial circles, each enclosing a short, longitudinal row of 3–5 crochets” 1 (Carter, 1984). Larvae are about 13 to 14 mm (approx. /2 in) long (McKinlay, 1992). Pupae: “Reddish brown; abdominal spiracles on raised tubercles; cremaster abruptly terminated, dorsal lobe with a Figure 3. A. assectella larvae rugose plate bearing eight hooked setae, two rounded ventral on stem of elephant garlic lobes each bearing four hooked setae” (Carter, 1984). The (eastern Ontario, June 2000) (© 1 cocoon is 7 mm (approx. /4 in) long (USDA, 1960). “The Jean-François Landry, cocoon is white in colour and is composed of a loose net-like Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 2007). structure” (CFIA, 2012). Last updated: August 23, 2016 9 Adults: “15 mm [approx. /16 in wingspan]. Forewing pale brown, variably suffused with blackish brown; terminal quarter sprinkled with white scales; a distinct triangular white spot on the dorsum near the middle.
    [Show full text]
  • ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 7Th Edition
    ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names th 7 Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The Internation Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted Zürichstr. 50, CH-8303 Bassersdorf, Switzerland in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2020 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 2 7th Edition ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names Content Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Symbols and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Allium Paradoxum (M.Bieb.) G. Don (Amaryllidaceae) – a New Invasive Plant Species for the Flora of Baltic States
    Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp. 20 (1) 2020 ISSN 1407 - 8953 ALLIUM PARADOXUM (M.BIEB.) G. DON (AMARYLLIDACEAE) – A NEW INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FOR THE FLORA OF BALTIC STATES Pēteris Evarts-Bunders, Aiva Bojāre Evarts-Bunders P., Bojāre A. 2020. Allium paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don – a new invasive plant species for the flora of Baltic States.Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp., 20 (1): 55 – 60. Allium paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don was recorded as a new species for the flora of Latvia and the Baltic States on the basis of plant material first collected by A. Bojāre and P. Evarts-Bunders in 2020. Relatively large population of this species was found in Rīga, in the Rumbula district (Eastern border of the city), on the slope of the river Daugava covered by natural vegetation, but near the private gardens zone and ruderal places. This species can be easily distinguished from other Allium species by one flat, 5-25 mm wide, keeled leaf per bulb, inflorescence with several bulbils and mostly with only one flower. The species is considered as invasive and spreading by means of bulbils. In Latvia the species has been identified in their typical habitat – disturbed forest and shrubland along the riverbank on damp soil. Key words: Allium paradoxum, Latvia, Baltic States, invasive plant, flora. Pēteris Evarts-Bunders. Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes str., 1A, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia; [email protected] Aiva Bojāre. National Botanical garden, Dendroflora Department, Miera Str., 1, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia; [email protected] INTRODUCTION There are seven species of sedge occurring in the wild in Latvia – Allium angulosum Allium L.
    [Show full text]