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Thomas Fartmann, Max Freienstein, Steffen Kämpfer, Franz Löffler & Merle Streitberger

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Thomas Fartmann, Max Freienstein, Steffen Kämpfer, Franz Löffler & Merle Streitberger Biodiversität von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen in Mitteleuropa: Analyse des aktuellen Zustandes und Handlungs- empfehlungen für den nachhaltigen Anbau März 2018 Thomas Fartmann, Max Freienstein, Steffen Kämpfer, Franz Löffler & Merle Streitberger Biodiversität von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen in Mitteleuropa: Analyse des aktuellen Zustandes und Handlungs- empfehlungen für den nachhaltigen Anbau (DBU-AZ 33141/01-33/0) — Endbericht — März 2018 Konventionelle Weihnachtsbaumkultur im Offenland und Indikator-Vogelarten für Weihnachtsbaumkulturen im Hochsauerland: Heidelerche (Lullula arborea), Baumpieper (Anthus trivialis), Bluthänfling (Carduelis cannabina) und Goldammer (Emberiza citrinella). (Foto: Weihnachtsbaumkultur: C. Höppner; Vogelbilder: Beaman & Madge (1998) Endbericht | DBU-Projekt: Biodiversität von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen | Universität Osnabrück Fördermittelgeber Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) An der Bornau 2 49090 Osnabrück Fachbetreuung Dr. Reinhard Stock (Leiter Projektgruppe Gewässer/Naturschutz) Bewilligungsempfänger Abteilung für Biodiversität und Landschaftsökologie Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie Universität Osnabrück Barbarastr. 11 49076 Osnabrück Projektleitung apl. Prof. Dr. Thomas Fartmann Tel. 0541-969-3494 URL: http://fartmann.net E-Mail: [email protected] Bearbeitung Thomas Fartmann, Max Freienstein, Steffen Kämpfer, Franz Löffler & Merle Streitberger unter Mitarbeit von Jonas Brüggeshemke, Sascha Buchholz, Felix Helbing, Christian Höppner, Marvin Juchem, Marcel Kettermann, Franziska Klauer, Thorsten Münsch, Gwydion Scherer & Sarah Weking Osnabrück, den 31. März 2018 Endbericht | DBU-Projekt: Biodiversität von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen | Universität Osnabrück Inhalt Vorwort ........................................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 2 1 Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 4 2 Rechtliche Grundlagen ................................................................................................... 6 3 Bewirtschaftung von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen ............................................................. 7 4 Untersuchungsgebiet ..................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Lage und Physiogeographie ............................................................................................................................ 8 4.2 Probeflächen .................................................................................................................................................. 10 5 Indikatororganismen .................................................................................................... 10 5.1 Höhere Pflanzen ............................................................................................................................................ 12 5.1.1 Phytozönosen von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen und konkurrierenden Landnutzungen ...................... 12 5.1.2 Phytozönosen verschiedener Typen von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen .................................................. 21 5.2 Epigäische Arthropoden (Laufkäfer und Spinnen) ...................................................................................... 31 5.2.1 Arthropodenzönosen von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen und konkurrierenden Landnutzungen ......... 31 5.2.2 Arthropodenzönosen verschiedener Typen von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen ..................................... 41 5.3 Vögel .............................................................................................................................................................. 51 5.3.1 Avizönosen von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen und konkurrierenden Landnutzungen .......................... 51 5.3.2 Habitatpräferenzen gefährdeter Brutvogelarten in Weihnachtsbaumkulturen.................................. 63 6 Gesamtdiskussion ........................................................................................................ 71 6.1 Biodiversität von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen und konkurrierenden Landnutzungen ......................... 71 6.2 Biodiversität verschiedener Typen von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen ..................................................... 73 7 Handlungsempfehlungen .............................................................................................. 76 8 Literatur ...................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix 1: Ergänzende Tabellen ........................................................................................................................................ 88 Appendix 2: Beitrag aus der Zeitschrift Falke ................................................................................................................... 103 Appendix 3: Eingereichtes Manuskript ............................................................................................................................... 107 Appendix 4: Fotoanhang ..................................................................................................................................................... 131 |i Endbericht | DBU-Projekt: Biodiversität von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen | Universität Osnabrück Vorwort Der Auslöser für dieses Projekt liegt nun schon zehn Jahre zurück. Im Jahr 2008 konnte Harald Legge (Verein für Natur- und Vogelschutz im Hochsauerland, VNV) erstmals und noch dazu regelmäßig Vorkommen der Heidelerche (Lullula arborea) in Weihnachtsbaumkulturen des Hoch- sauerlandkreises (NRW) nachweisen (Legge 2009). Dies war eine kleine Sensation, denn bis dahin galten Weihnachtsbaumkulturen eher als lebensfeindliche Biotope mit geringer Artenvielfalt. Die Arbeit inspirierte weitere Mitarbeiter des VNV – hierunter insbesondere Wolfgang Schulte – zur intensiven Suche nach der Art in Weihnachtsbaumkulturen des Hochsauerlandes (Schulte 2017). Infolgedessen konnte er die rasante Ausbreitung der Heidelerche in den Kulturen dokumentier- ten; inzwischen geht er von einem Bestand von 530 bis 600 Brutpaaren aus (Fartmann et al. 2017, Schulte 2017, Kap. 5.3.1). Diese interessanten Beobachtungen veranlassten den Erstautor dieses Berichts eine Masterarbeit zu den Habitaten von Heidelerche und Baumpieper (Anthus trivialis) in Weihnachtsbaumkulturen und Bergheiden zu vergeben (Höppner 2014). Aufgrund der weiterhin großen Kenntnisdefizite zur Biodiversität und zum nachhaltigen Ma- nagement von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen einerseits und andererseits der Großflächigkeit und ho- hen wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung im Sauerland, entstand schließlich die Idee ein größeres Projekt bei der Deutschen Bundestiftung Umwelt (DBU, Osnabrück) zu beantragen. Als Kooperations- partner konnten die Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen (Beratung Weihnachtsbaum- anbau, Meschede; Herr Kristof Köhler) und die Biologische Station des Hochsauerlandkreises (Brilon; Herr Werner Schubert) gewonnen werden. Herr Köhler vermittelte die Kontakte zu Weihnachtsbaumproduzenten vor Ort. Von diesen warben insbesondere die Herren Wilhelm Becker-Gödde, Eberhard Hennecke, Georg Feldmann- Schütte und Meinolf Mütherich intensiv für die Akzeptanz des Projektes und die Bereitstellung der Flächen für die Studien durch die Eigentümer bzw. Nutzer. Das Aufstellen von Bodenfallen zum Fang von Laufkäfern und Spinnen wurde durch die Untere Naturschutzbehörde im Hoch- sauerlandkreis genehmigt. Bestimmungskritische Laufkäfer wurden von Herrn Peter Schäfer (Telgte) determiniert. Die Analyse der Bodenproben übernahm teilweise Frau Antje Möhlmeyer (Universität Osnabrück). Die Herren Werner Schubert und Dr. Axel Schulte von der Biologi- schen Station stellten regionale Literatur zur Verfügung. Informationen zu den rechtlichen Grundlagen und zur Bewirtschaftungsweise verdanken wir den Herren Dr. Georg Kaiser (Len- nestadt) und Kristof Köhler. Allen genannten Personen und allen, die uns Zugang zu ihren Kul- turen gewährt haben gilt unser herzlicher Dank. Ein solch umfassendes Projekt wäre ohne die Förderung durch die Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU-AZ 33141/01-33/0) sowie die engagierte und unkomplizierte Fachbetreuung durch Herrn Dr. Reinhard Stock nicht möglich gewesen. Hierfür möchten wir uns besonders bedanken. |1 Endbericht | DBU-Projekt: Biodiversität von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen | Universität Osnabrück Zusammenfassung Der systematische Anbau von Weihnachtsbäumen begann in den 1980er-Jahren und ist damit ein relativ junges Phänomen. Seit dieser Zeit hat europaweit eine rasante Zunahme der Anbaufläche stattgefunden. Mit aktuell 18.000 ha stellt das Sauerland das bedeutendste Produktionsgebiet von Weihnachtsbäumen in Europa dar. Weihnachtsbaumkulturen (WBK) sind im Vergleich zu Wald Intensivkulturen und zeichnen sich durch den regelmäßigen Einsatz von Dünger und Herbiziden aus. Wie aufgrund der Neuartigkeit des Ökosystems WBK zu erwarten ist, sind die Kenntnisse zur Biodiversität rudimentär. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Habitattypen des Offenlandes feh- len folglich auch wirksame Konzepte für WBK, um die rezente Erosion der Artenvielfalt zu stoppen. Das Projekt verfolgte daher zwei Hauptziele: 1. eine umfassende Biodiversitätsanalyse und 2. die Erarbeitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für den nachhaltigen Anbau von Weih- nachtsbäumen. Basierend auf unseren Studien sind konventionell bewirtschaftete WBK im Hochsauerland durch einen gewissen Anteil
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