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Arachnida, Araneae) © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Fauna Austriaca: Webspinnen - zur Einführung (Arachnida, Araneae) K. THALER & B. KNOFLACH Abstract: The spiders of Austria: An introduction (Arachnida, Araneae). Comprehensive informa- tion about faunistics and distribution of spiders exists for the provinces Styria, Carinthia, Upper Aus- tria and Tyrol; for Dysderidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Thomisidae and for some minor families respectively. Neither the coverage of databases nor state of knowledge allow a full catalogue of the spiders of Austria at present. Main changes in the spider systems followed in the faunistic literature are briefly outlined, i.e. the difference in views about the taxonom- ic significance of Uphistius and of the cribellates between SlMON (1892/1903) and CODDINGTON & LEVI (1991). An overview about the main spiders groups in Austria is given: Mygalomorphae (1 fam. [= fam- ily, -ies], Atypidae), Haplogynae (6 fam.), basal entelegynes (Eresidae, Zodariidae), Dionycha (10 fam.), Lycosoidea (4 fam.), Amaurobioidea/Dictynoidea (6 fam.), Orbiculariae (10 fam.). Alps-endemic species and boreo-alpine species contribute less than 5% to the total spider fauna. Many zoogeographi- cal and ecological questions, about glacial refugia, routes and mode of postglacial immigration, about factors governing recent distribution patterns and about the influence of man still are left without an- Key words: Araneae, Austria, fauna, spider families. Einleitung gie" von THALER & GRUBER (2003). Die grundlegenden Werke behandeln Tirol Webspinnen sind wie die Milben eine (AUSSERER 1867; KOCH 1876), Niederöster- „megadiverse" Gruppe der Gliedertiere und reich (KULCZYNSKI 1898) und die Nordost- in allen terrestrischen Lebensräumen abun- Alpen (WiEHLE & FRANZ 1954). Auch die dant und artenreich vertreten. Die ersten übrigen Erwähnungen in faunistisch-ökolo- Mitteilungen über Vertreter aus Osterreich gischen und taxonomischen Schriften sind sind schon früh erfolgt. PODA (1761) nennt zunächst spärlich, siehe die Literatur-Über- in den „Insecta Musei Graecensis" neun Ar- sicht von KRITSCHER (1955). So boten die ten, darunter zwei Neubeschreibungen. Die Spinnen noch für HOLDHAUS (1954: 311) exquisite Springspinne Phiheus chrysops, „ein trauriges Bild mangelhaftester faunisti- allerdings „ex Carniolia" stammend, ist scher Erforschung". Zwei Katalogwerke, Do- noch heute valide, während „Aranea wdna- LESCHALL (1852) und KRITSCHER (1955), in- wria" ein erstes unzweifelhaftes Synonym formieren über den jeweiligen Wissens- der durch ihre Lebensweise distinkten Was- stand. Erst seither hat, erleichtert durch den serspinne Argjwneta aquatica darstellt. Gebrauch von Bodenfallen bei faunistisch- SCHRANK (1781) erwähnt 22 Arten aus ökologischen Untersuchungen (STAMMER Niederösterreich, valide geblieben ist die 1949), eine intensive Nachbearbeitung ein- Zitterspinne Pholcus opiüonoides (Interpreta- gesetzt. Dabei ergab sich, dass für das Stu- tion nach KULCZYNSKI 1898: 13). Die wis- dium der Spinnen Österreichs, besonders senschaftliche Bearbeitung dieses For- des Alpenraumes, weiterhin elementare ta- schungsfeldes wurde dessenungeachtet nur xonomische Arbeit erforderlich ist: Kenn- zögerlich und in großen zeitlichen Abstän- zeichnung und Benennung der Arten und den fortgesetzt, siehe die historische Dar- deren Eingruppierung (THALER 1983; Mus- Denisia 12, zugleich Kataloge TER 2001: 10). Die Zeit dürfte somit noch der OÖ. Landesmuseen stellung der „österreichischen Arachnolo- Neue Serie 14 (2004), 357-380 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Abb. 1: System der DEUXlfiME PARTIE Spinnen nach SIMON (1892:61). Uphistiidae Classification et histoire des families Atypidae -1 Andere -j Mygalomorphae CLASSIFICATION DES AKAIGNEES Basale L'ontre des Araignees se dirtsc nature&emsnl en deux sousordred renienmot Araneomorphae 41 families. 3 1. Soos-ordre. ArtBeae Ihenpfcoue Haplogynae 1. Uphjsliida". 1. Avicnlariida;. 3. Alypidx. 1 Soo*<inlre. AnuicR «w Basale Entelegynae 1- Section. Cribellate 4. HypochUida;. 7> p 10. Eresidz. 5. Uloborida;. & Dictynidx. II. I Oionycha 6. Piectoidaj. 9. OEcobiito. f Section. EcribellaUB I Lycosoidea 13. Sicariidae. ii. Zodariida;. 31. Clubionida?. 13. LeptonelidiB. 23. Henuliidx. 33. Uroeteidx. Amaurobioidea 14. Oonopidx. 24. PhoIcidK. 34. Agelcnidm. 15. Hidroursiito. 25. Theridiida*. 33. Pisaurids. Dictynoidea 16. Caponüte. 36. Archeldx. 36. Trecnaleidx. 17. Dysderida;. 27. Mimeüdx. 37. Lycosids. Uloboridae 18. Prodidomida;. 28. Argtopida;. 38. Senocslida:. 19. Drassidx. 29. Bradyuichida'. 39. Pertssoblemmaljda. 20. SlenocbilidtC. .10. Tbomisidx. U). Oijopite. S l~=3 Araneoidea 21. Pal|>imanida\ 31. Pialorida;. 41. Attldx. Abb. 2: System der Spinnen nach CODDINGTON & LEVI (1991), stark vereinfacht. nicht reif für eine „Fauna Austriaca" sein, risierung der Lebensräume der häufigsten die sowohl die „alten Schriften" sorgfältig Spinnenarten Mitteleuropas und der mit die- wertend berücksichtigt wie die Besiedlung sen vergesellschafteten Arten. — Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4, SZKF/CSCF, Neuchatel: der Großlandschaften von Osterreich durch 1-459. Spinnen und deren Besonderheiten ausge- HEIMER S. & W. NENTWIG (1991): Spinnen Mitteleu- wogen darstellt, als „result of the history of ropas. Ein Bestimmungsbuch. — Parey, Berlin, the area and its present ecological condi- Hamburg: 1- 543. tions" (MAYR 1965: 484). Umgekehrt hat KULLMANN E. & H. STERN (1981): Leben am seidenen die Zahl der einschlägigen ökofaunistischen, Faden: die rätselhafte Welt der Spinnen. — taxonomischen und biologischen Arbeiten Kindler, München: 1-300. auch über die Spinnen von Österreich Abkürzungen: CFA Catalogus Faunae längst ein Ausmaß erreicht, das zu Über- Austriae (KRITSCHER 1955). S = Artenzahl. sichten über einzelne Regionen oder Spin- Fotos (außer Abb. 56) und Bildbearbei- nen-Gruppen wenigstens als Arbeitsgrund- tung: B. KNOFLACH. lage bzw. Zwischenbericht herausfordert. Die folgende Darstellung ist somit nicht als eine Dokumentation des Wissensstandes ge- Faunistische Grundlagen dacht, sondern als Anregung und zur Ein- Ökofaunistische Übersichten liegen erst führung. für vier Bundesländer und, auf Basis des Schriftums nach dem CFA, für die folgen- Auswahl weiterführender Literatur: den Familien vor. Die Artenzahlen sind vor- BARTH F.G. (2001): Sinne und Verhalten: aus dem läufige Richtwerte. Leben einer Spinne. — Springer, Berlin ... To- kio: 1-424. Nordtirol (S = 683, THALER 1999b): THALER BELLMANN H. (2001): Kosmos-Atlas Spinnentiere Eu- (1991, 1993, 1995, 1997a, b, 1998, 1999a). ropas. 2. Aufl. — Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart: Osttirol (S > 360): KORER (2002). 1-304. Oberösterreich (S = 485): FREUDENTHALER FOEUX R. (1992): Biologie der Spinnen. 2. Aufl. — (2002, und dieser Band). Thieme, Stuttgart: 1-331. Kärnten (S = 536): KOMPOSCH & STEINBERGER HÄNGGI A„ STÖCKU E. & W. NENTWIG (1995): Lebens- (1999). räume mitteleuropäischer Spinnen. Charakte- Steiermark (S = 564): KROPF & HORAK (1996). 358 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Abb. 4: Liphistius bicoloripes ONO, er, ventral. Deutlich sichtbar die beiden Fächertracheen- Paare, die Spinnwarzen stehen weit vor dem Körperende. Herkunft wie Abbildung 3. Abb. 3: „Gliederspinne ", Liphistius bicolonpes ONO (Liphistndae) 9 . Deutlich zu erkennen die vorderen Tergite des Opisthosoma. Thailand, leg. SCHWENDINGER. Abb. 6: Liphistius sp., o, „Imponieren" bei Beunruhigung. Herkunft wie Abbildung 3. Abb. 5: Liphistius sp., 9, ventral, Spinnwarzen. Vordere mittlere Spinnwarzen vorhanden, Segmentierung des Opisthosoma auch nach den Spinnwarzen deutlich. Herkunft wie Abbildung 3. BUCHAR & THALER (1995,1997), THALER & Bu- wakei 927 (GAJDOS et al. 1999), Ungarn CHAR (1994, 1996): S = 75; Lycosidae. 725 (SAMU & SZINETAR 1999). KNOFLACH & THALER (1998): S = 71; Theridi- idae, Nesticidae, Anapidae, Mysmenidae. THALER & KNOFLACH (2002): S = 32; Atypidae, Wechsel der Ansichten über die Dysderidae, Leptonetidae, Oonopidae, Pholci- Systematisierung dae, Scytodidae, Segestriidae, Eresidae, Zodarii- Die zweite Auflage der „Histoire naturel- dae, Mimetidae. le des Araignees" (SIMON 1892/1895, THALER & KNOFLACH (2003): S = 68; Araneidae, 1897/1903) bedeutete einen Meilenstein bei Tetragnathidae, Theridiosomatidae, Uloboridae. den Bemühungen um das „natürliche Sys- THALER & KNOFLACH (2004): S = 123; Gnapho- tem" der Webspinnen und ist noch immer sidae, Thomisidae. das einzige Werk, das Schlüssel für die Gat- Für die Nachbarländer werden folgende tungen der Spinnen Orbis terrarum enthält. Artenzahlen genannt (ohne Berücksichti- Die 41 Familien verteilen sich auf zwei gung von Nachträgen): Schweiz 922 (MAU- Unterordnungen, die „Araneae verae" glie- RER & HÄNGGI 1990), Tschechische Repu- dern sich weiter in zwei Sektionen, Cribella- blik 830 (BUCHAR & RUZICKA 2002), Slo- tae und Ecribellatae (Abb. 1). Die Ecribella- 359 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at tae enthalten die Subsektionen Haplogynae Ihnen stehen die „modernen" Araneomor- und Entelegynae, letztere gliedern sich nach phae (Querkieferspinnen) mit labidogna- der Zahl der Tarsalklauen (SIMON 1914:116) then Cheliceren gegenüber (Abb. 18, 23). in Dionycha und Trionycha. Natürlich wur- Auf sie entfallen 94 Familien. den in der Folge weitere Familien unter- Auch die Untergliederung der Araneo- schieden; 62 bei GERHARDT & KÄSTNER morphae hat eine Neugruppierung erfahren. (1937/38), heute sind es 110 (PLATNICK
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