Mimetická Podobnosť U Pohyblivých Mimikov Bakalárska Práca Terézia Niková

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Mimetická Podobnosť U Pohyblivých Mimikov Bakalárska Práca Terézia Niková Mimetická podobnosť u pohyblivých mimikov Bakalárska práca Terézia Niková Vedúci práce: prof.Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Konzultant: Maria Guadalupe Corcobado Márquez, Ph.D. Brno 2015 Mimetická podobnost u pohyblivých mimiků Bakalářská práce Terézia Niková Vedoucí práce: prof.Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Konzultant: Maria Guadalupe Corcobado Márquez, Ph.D. Brno 2015 BIBLIOGRAFICKÝ ZÁZNAM Autor Terézia Niková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce Mimetická podobnost u pohyblivých mimiků Studijný program Evoluční a ekologická biologie Studijný obor Evoluční a ekologická biologie Vedoucí práce prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Konzultant Maria Guadalupe Corcobado Márquez, Ph.D. Akademický rok 2014/2015 Počet stran 53 Batesovské mimikry, mimikry, myrmekomorfní pavouci, nedokonalí Klíčové slova mimici, pohyb BIBLIOGRAFICKÝ ZÁZNAM Autor Terézia Niková Prírodovedecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoológie Názov práce Mimetická podobnosť u pohyblivých mimikov Študijný program Evolučná a ekologická biológia Študijný obor Evolučná a ekologická biológia Vedúci práce prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Konzultant Maria Guadalupe Corcobado Márquez, Ph.D. Akademický rok 2014/2015 Počet strán 53 Batesovské mimikry, mimikry, myrmekomorfné pavúky, nedokonalí Kľúčové slová mimici, pohyb BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY Author Terézia Niková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of thesis Mimetic accuracy of moving mimics Degree programme Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of study Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Consultant Maria Guadalupe Corcobado Márquez, Ph.D. Academic year 2014/2015 Number of pages 53 Batesian mimicry, inaccurate mimics, mimicry, movement, Key words myrmecomorphic spiders ABSTRAKT V teoretické části mé bakalářské práce sem se věnovala rešerši na téma batesovského mimikry, především problematice mimikry a jednotlivým teoriím vzniku nedokonalého mimikry, snejně tak problematice pohybu v souvislosti s mimikry, ochranným zbarvením a neposledné řadě vnímání předátora v souvislosi s pohybem kořisti. V praktické části mé bakalářské práce byli uskutečněné dva experimenty s evropskými a australskými pavouky napodobujícími mravense, s využitím lidí jakožto predátorů. Součástí experimentů byli videa i statické obrázky modelů a mimiků. Výsledek prvního experimentu potvrdil hypotézu, že se zvyšující se rychlostí mimika je obtížnější rozpozdnat ho od jeho modelu. Se zvyšující se rychlostí videí skutečně klesla pravděpodobnost správnych odpovědí u jednotlivých druhů pavouků, a zároveň stoupl čas, který lidé potřebovali k odpovědi. Kvalita mimikry se tedy s rychlostí pohybu zvyšuje. V druhém experimentu lidé hodnotili úroveň mimiků na zvěčšených fotografiích, přičem australští mimici dosáhli vyššího hodnocení, než europští mimici. ABSTRAKT V teoretickej části mojej bakalárskej práce som sa venovala rešerši na tému batesovského mimikry, predovšetkým problematike nedokonalého mimikry a jednotlivým teóriám vzniku nedokonalého mimikry, rovnako ako problematike pohybu v súvislosti s mimikry, ochranným sfarbením a v neposlednej rade vnímaniu predátora v súvislosti s pohybom koristi. V praktickej časti tejto bakalárskej práce boli uskutočnené dva experimenty s európskymi a austrálskymi pavúkmi napodobňujúcimi mravce, s využitím ľudí ako predátorov. Súčasťou experimentov boli videá i statické obrázky modelov a mimikov. Výsledok prvého experimentu potvrdil hypotézu, že so zvyšujúcou sa rýchlosťou mimika je ťažšie rozoznať ho od jeho modelu. So zvyšujúcou sa rýchlosťou videí skutočne klesala pravdepodobnosť správnych odpovedí u jednotlivých druhov pavúkov, a zároveň stúpal čas, ktorý ľudia potrebovali na odpoveď. Kvalita mimikry sa teda s rýchlosťou pohybu zvyšuje. V druhom experimente ľudia hodnotili úroveň mimikov na zväčšených fotografiách, pričom austrálsky mimici dosiahli vyššie hodnotenie ako európsky mimici. ABSTRACT The theoretical part of the thesis provides literature overview on the topic of batesian mimicry, especially the topic of inaccurate batesian mimics and separate theories and hypothesis why it occurs, as well as problematics of movement in association with protective coloration and the perception of predators. In the practical part I performed two experiments to find out, if movement and speed of movement somehow changes the perception of mimicry on the example of myrmekomorphic spiders; with help of people as predators. Part of experiments were videos and static pictures of mimics and their models. Results from the first experiment confirmed the initial hypothesis that with growing speed there is harder to correctly recognize the mimic. There was realy a tendency showing that with growing speed of videos, the probability of right answers was decreasing and the time people needed to answer was increasing. This means, that the quality of mimicry may be improved by movement. In second experiment people ranked enlarged photographies of mimics. Australian mimicks were ranked better than european mimics. POĎAKOVANIE Na tomto mieste by som chcela poďakovať najmä prof. Mgr. Stanislavovi Pekárovi, Ph.D. za jeho odborné vedenie a rady pri písaní tejto bakalárskej práce, rovnako aj Guadalupe Corcobado, Ph.D. za odborné konzultácie a pomoc. Ďalej by som chcela poďakovať všetkým sto ľuďom, ktorí mali čas a trpezlivosť zúčastniť sa na mojich experimentoch. A v neposlednom rade ďakujem svojim rodičom a priateľom za neoceniteľnú pomoc a podporu počas celého môjho štúdia. PREHLÁSENIE Prehlasujem, že som svoju bakalársku prácu vypracovala samostatne a s využitím informačných zdrojov, ktoré sú v práci citované. Brno 27. apríla 2015 ..................................... Podpis OBSAH 1. TEORETICKÁ ČASŤ ..................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Mimikry ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.2. Batesovské mimikry ...................................................................................................... 11 1.3. Batesovské mimikry myrmekomorfných pavúkov ....................................................... 12 1.4. Nedokonalé mimikry a hypotézy s ním súvisiace ......................................................... 13 1.4.1. Nedokonalé mimikry nie je mimikry...................................................................... 14 1.4.2. Vplyv požívateľnosti .............................................................................................. 14 1.4.3. Oko pozorovateľa ................................................................................................... 15 1.4.4. Abundancia ............................................................................................................. 15 1.4.5. Multimodelová hypotéza ........................................................................................ 16 1.4.6. Nedokonalí mimici sa stale vyvíjajú ...................................................................... 17 1.4.7. Zníženie úrovne mimikry vplyvom ľudí ................................................................ 17 1.4.8. Evolúcia modelu ..................................................................................................... 18 1.4.9. Hypotéza viacerých predátorov .............................................................................. 19 1.4.10. Hypotéza obmedzení .............................................................................................. 19 1.4.11. Satirické mimikry ................................................................................................... 20 1.4.12. Príbuzenský výber .................................................................................................. 20 1.4.13. Hypotéza uvoľneného výberu ................................................................................. 21 1.4.14. Kompenzácia správaním ......................................................................................... 21 1.4.15. Rýchlosť, agilita ..................................................................................................... 22 1.5. Vplyv pohybu na vnímanie predátora ........................................................................... 23 2. PRAKTICKÁ ČASŤ ........................................................................................................ 26 2.1.Ciele práce...................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.Materiál a metodika ....................................................................................................... 26 2.3.Výsledky ........................................................................................................................ 32 2.3.1. Experiment číslo 1 .................................................................................................. 32 2.3.2. Experiment číslo 2 .................................................................................................. 41 2.4.Diskusia .......................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.Záver .............................................................................................................................. 44 2.6.Literatúra ........................................................................................................................ 45 10
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