Climate change adaptation in Peru: The local experiences Climate change adaptation in Peru: The local experiences. Lima: Soluciones Prácticas, 2010.

Editors: Rebecca Clements, Mario Cossío, Jonathan Ensor Coordination: Alejandra Visscher, Francis Salas Art Editor: Carmen Javier Graphic Designer: Víctor Herrera Printed by Forma e Imagen Press, Lima Printed in Peru, February 2010

Soluciones Prácticas is the name of the Regional Office of Practical Action in Latin America. Contents

Introduction 7 1. Adaptation to Climate Change: Resilience and Adaptive Capacity 11 1.1. Climate change and climate uncertainty 11 1.2. Adaptive capacity and resilience 13 1.3. Conclusion: Social networks, knowledge and adaptation 20 2. Climate Change Adaptation: The Cold and the Heat in the Andes 23 2.1. Problem Statement 23 2.2. Micro-climate Changes and Desert Encroachment 27 2.3. Objective 28 2.4. Methodology 28 2.5. Strategies 32 2.6. Results 35 2.7. Conclusions and Recommendations 41 3. Native Potatoes Defying Climate Change 45 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Methodology 46 3.3. Adaptation Strategies 50 3.4. Results 53 3.5. Conclusions and Recommendations 54 4. Water Management and Climate Change 57 4.1. Introduction 57 4.2. Methodology 59 4.3. Adaptation Strategies 64 4.4. Results 65 4.5. Conclusions and Recommendations 66 5. Agroforestry: A Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 69 5.1. Introduction 69 5.2. Methodology 71 5.3. Adaptation Strategies 73 5.4. Results 75 5.5. Conclusions and Recommendations 78

Adaptation to Climate Change 7 Practical Action was was implemented experience experience in is Peru undoubtedly an Peruoffice in on climate Practical Action’s Practical Action's Practical Action Latin America identified the need to establish strategies Climate Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Technologies Practical Action has been integrating climate change into its international Introduction For achieved For results the over documents book five This years Peru. in initiatives of number a including work, programme by one of the most important projects implemented by change adaptation. Commission. the European with funding from of Peru areas 2006 and 2007 in seven between Based on the premise that future Panel on Climate Change climate (IPCC), would create scenarios, both challenges as and opportunities published for the poorest by communities in Peru, the Intergovernmental and technologies geared towards reducing the negative and capitalising on the positive impacts climateofchange theseforpopulations. rural inareas,particularly Work Andeanhighland regions, was prioritised for two reasons.preliminary surveys Firstly, showed the that the Andespeople most createaffected who by live unique inclimate rural areaschange in climateconditions in Peru of extreme are conditions.poverty. thoseTypically, these people Second,have little toaccess information on climate change. answers practical propose to which from point starting key a are projects seven the of outcomes The to the global challenge of climate change. important milestone for the development of alternative climate change adaptation technologies using appropriate practices. Based on the learning and outcomes of the projects, and Poverty Change collection,published the Climate books: which includes eight 8 Adaptation to Climate Change Agroforestry: aClimate ChangeAdaptationAgroforestry: Strategy. Change Climate and Management Water Change; Climate Defying Potatoes Native Andes; the of Heat the publications: eight the of four of summaries contains book This Conflict, WatershedManagement andClimate Watershed Adapting Management: to Climate Watershed andClimate Management Change Agroforestry: AClimate ChangeAdaptation Alpaca-raising Families Facing Climate Change Climate ChangeAdaptation: The Cold and Information and Early Information andEarly Warning Systems to Native Potatoes Climate Defying Change Change and the El Niño Phenomenon Change andtheElNiño deal withClimate Change Heat of theAndes Strategy Change Title areas ofCusco and Yungay Adaptation of native potatoes in two highland in Cusco, highlands thesouthern farming alpaca for strategies Adaptation central highlands the Yungay, in measure adaptation change climate a as managementWatershed and coffee rainforestcocoa plantations Martín from intheSan experiences Adaptation Peruin Piura, northern Adaptation experiences in drought conditions Synthesis ofallseven experiences systems inApurímac, Cajamarca andPiura information geographical of Implementation regions ofCajamarca, Lambayeque andPiura adaptation highland and coastal northern the strategyin an as management Watershed Climate Change Adaptation: The Cold and Cold The Adaptation: Change Climate Content and

Adaptation to Climate Change 11 1 Adaptation to Climate to Adaptation and Resilience Change: Capacity Adaptive

Practical Action Practical Change Adaptation. R. (2009) Understanding Climate J. and Berger, of: is based on the first chapter chapter This Ensor, Rugby. Publishing, 1

Advances Advances in climate science have enabled climate modelling to provide future of an the earth unprecedented system. The view impact of of greenhouse gas the emissions is now beyond doubt, as is warming of the global climate throughout the weather in coming changes regional century. and events, However, the weather extreme precise of frequency likely implications the remain rates, rainfall unclear:of predictions cannot be made with certainty. patterns This uncertainty is of central importance to While adaptation. mitigation activities are rightly driven by the understanding first without proceed cannot planning adaptation change, climate dangerous avoid to need what climate change means in a particular location. Indeed, it is can and all should too follow climate easy change to predictions. This assume can be that the adaptation case where the message from current observations and predictive models is clear and unambiguous, such as for glacial melting or sea level rise (and even here, the rate of change is a subject of debate). But clear cut cases are in the minority. In or reduce. increase is likely to rainfall example, for many whether, agreement is no there contexts addressed question the is This circumstances? these in mean change climate to adaptation should then, What, in this chapter. First, it is necessary to consider the limitations of climate predictions so that the aspects of uncertainty thinking. adaptation can be absorbed into different The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides the most well known and authoritative assessments of the current scientific understanding of climate change.The bodywas established in 1988 with a mandate «to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the latest scientific, technical and socio-economic literature» relevant to climate change (IPCC, 1988). A creation of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), it conducts no new research of its own, but instead employs the services of around 400 scientists to compile on reports the ‘policy relevant’ aspects of climate science, reports) reviewed peer non selected impacts (and literature reviewed peer published and previously from data examines adaptation, and mitigation. Each report 1.1. Climate change and climate uncertainty and climate change 1.1. Climate 1 12 Adaptation to Climate Change rainfall and wind. Weather is hard to predict as its dynamics are chaotic: small changes in the current weather conditions. Weather, weather average on year) 30 the to other 20 hand, (conventionally term refers long to to short refers climate term that (hourly in and weather fundamentally daily) from different changes is such Climate as in forecasting. temperature, weather cousin, are established more predictions their Climate from uncertainty. different significantly introduce also predictions producing in involved mechanisms The et al., 2007:749). highest the whilst scenario), B1 foreseeable increases in greenhouse gases wouldthe yield a 4.0 ºC temperature (the rise A1F1 scenario) (Meehl as IPCC the by to (referred emissions of rate low a assuming ºC 1.8 is IPCC’sexample,the century this averageof global temperatureend increasein the estimateforbythe best For emissions. future foreseeable reasonably of range a for made are projections problem, this Toaddress oxide). nitrous and methane dioxide, carbon (predominantly future the in atmosphere the of composition gas greenhouse the on dependent mainly are predictions change Climate predictions. climate generate to order in emissions future of pattern the about made be must assumptions that means change climate and manytoin so arise,does it and forms. uncertainty Fundamentally, relationshipthe activity human between For adaptation, the issue of interest is our ability to use science to predict the future. This is an obvious area for (Hare, 2008:5-6): observations IPCCprocess the these of constraints the literatureillustratesscience climate the of review 2008 A knowledge. process,of the of importance the statementsauthoritative most the even to exist inevitably that limits the or understand to need the highlight conclusions IPCC the undermining than Rather scientific thinking. recentmost thatthe mean IPCC reports of current behind assessmentlags toyear 5 6 the periodicity whilst to restricted is that evidencewellthe published relied advancein reports the in on IPCCthe of release date, that means process review IPCC the by taken time the limitation: important an also is reports assessment probability,events are high-impact drawnnot forout consideration.public releaseThe IPCCperiodic the of and data speculative reporting low that mean also they -but report one in from made be to certainty statementsof plausible scientifically allow IPCC the prevent decisions These excluded. is evidence some that constraintstime conservative.mean potentialand Consensustobe the building has sharing and gathering knowledge to approach the that note to important is it IPCC’sconclusions the on relying However,when of degree high a establishes and confidence data inthe content oftheIPCC’s publications. spurious or controversial removes approach This publication. to governmentof approvalreviewone and and challenge prior roundstoexpert two of subjected itself is and consequence events at theattentionhighestlevel.» merit ofpolicymakers low-probability,which of terms perspective,in high- risk froma climatechange of science the cases some in differs IPCC assessment. from, the and aware, reader to, should The be also,presentspaper this that adds that view a presenting justify to robust and credible important, than that assessed in the IPCC’s AR4 [Fourth Assessment … Report] this literature is sufficiently «Literatureidentifiedyearshastwopastpublishedthe several in specific higher risk cases of Adaptation to Climate Change 13 , 2007: 749). Currently, the impact of uncertainty can be seen most clearly in the failure failure the in clearly impactmost uncertaintyseen the of be can Currently, 749). 2007: , al. et 1.2. Adaptive capacity and resilience 1.2. Adaptive 2009a). Berger, and (Ensor change climate to adaptation of component important an is reduction Vulnerability An assessment of vulnerability to a particular climate change hazard, that and address the the causes introduction of vulnerability of are measures legitimate strategies. Importantly, vulnerability reduction can account for uncertainty in climate predictions as long as the measures employed are their not success on dependant a for particular climate future emerging. However, investment in these strategies inevitably requires a degree of confidence in climate change predictions. A point arises when uncertainty about the conditions conditions can create large changes in the weather at a later time. Despite this, well established scientific ahead. days about 15 predictions up to allows infrastructure and measurement understanding Seasonal forecasting has emerged more recently than weather forecasting, and is based on an improved understanding of slowly changing phenomena that have a significant impact on the suchweather, as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Measuring this important but slowly changing phenomenon allows seasonal trends to be predicted up more to are but forecasts, weather around not are forecasts Seasonal two months. three around to up of years timescales shorter in advance, although confidence is greater for shorter over but time scales. statistics, weather of a view they offer models in that climate similar to A typical seasonal forecast may predict daily rainfall for a particular three month period. An expression of confidence is normally included:forexample, a forecast may predict with 90 percentconfidence that daily rainfall will be between 150 mm The and confidence captures and200 communicates the mm. uncertainty in the forecast, and varies significantly with geographical location: the moreweather is Niño, dominated for example, by the more El accurate the seasonal forecast. Generally speaking, predictability reduces the further a location is the from and is equator the from usually ocean, and easier temperature to predict than , 2007: 10). (Harrison et al. precipitation Whilst trends. term long on information providing for relied are models climate timescales, seasonal Beyond they are able to establish with high confidence that globalaverage temperatures willcontinue to increase (not least due to the levels of gases greenhouse currently in the more atmosphere), detailed changes, such as the impact and dry unclear. of warming on wet remain seasons, The IPCC’s calibrated expressions of confidencedraw models, attention which by definition are to only approximationsinherentthe ofreality, offering uncertainty an incomplete representationthe of full climate in complexity of the earth system. Uncertainty -meaning that more than one plausible future can be uncertaintyexact is the to impact there emissions as future of rate fixed a for Even asserted-unavoidable. is Whilst the highest emission scenario on a produces temperature. most increase likely temperature average 4 ºC by the end of the 21st century, it is also possible that the increase might be as high as 6.4 ºC or as low (MeehlºC 2.4 as of climate models to provide good agreement at the regional scale, and in et al., 2007: 854). (Christensen precipitation particular on future levels of 14 Adaptation to Climate Change change. Diversity is an attribute that offers more than simple accumulation of assets: it recognises that it recognises of assets: accumulation addressingfuture an requiresuncertain access simple to a range of alternative strategies, some of which will prove than more offers that attribute an is Diversity change. external or stress of times at options with communities providing by capacity adaptive supports Diversity and economic vested interests that determine the nature oftheadaptation context’ (Brooks, 2003:12). for a particular local crop. It may not be sufficient to consider only micro-scale relationships if it is ‘powerful political vulnerabilities, such as where international free trade agreements remove supportive subsidies or price guarantees sometimesandglobalsocial, economicpoliticalsignificant broader most andforcesthe recognisehave that may influence local toon important also relationships), is family it of networks as (such local arecapacity Smit and Wandel (2006, 289) note that this context operates at different scales: whilst some elements of adaptive place: networks, institutions, entitlements andpolitical influence. takes distribution which through context political and social prevailing the to also but assets of the availability to just not attention draw Wandel and Smit and Chapin both Thus 286). (2006: networks kinship and influence, political environment, institutional infrastructure, including held, are assets these which within adaptive of context the and resources, information and determinants technological financial, including assets, both include the capacity that suggests literature adaptation of review Wandel’s and Smit Similarly, is capital this how governdistributed andused.» that entitlements and institutions, networks, social the on and capital natural al Chapin For important. are capacity adaptive of components these of distribution and diversity the Both decisions andimplement changesto livelihoods orlifestyle. make to opportunities and skills the as such elements tangible less and resources, natural and financial as such assets, tangible both include therefore capacity adaptive up make that tools The 16641). 2006: al., et (Chapin system that in them create and shape changes, to respond to system environmental and human ability to be actively involved in processes of change. encompassesIt the ability of actors within a particular Adaptive capacity refers to the potential to adapt to the challenges posed by climate change, describing the and recover. cope to ability the support to way one is capacity adaptive building resilience,as relatedto also is capacity below,adaptive discussed As hazards. possible of range possible broadest the to vulnerability reduce help should adapt to ability or resilience community’s or household a increasing vulnerability: of independent as seen be not should resilience and capacity However,adaptive unexpected. the with cope or absorb to understood as the ability to change in response to climate changes, and resilience, understood as the ability The remainder of this chapter focuses on how this challenge can be met through building adaptive capacity, future climate? proceed? are being experienced in adaptation the immediate term, how should should adaptation deal with the then problem of an uncertain how drought, increased as Moreover, emerge while vulnerability reduction may be to able to provide relief from likely the effects of climate change that as is rainfall increased If becoming meaningless asthereal ofunforeseen possibility hazards emerges. eventually value, lose to start assessments vulnerability that much so increases climate future (2006: 16641) adaptive capacity «depends on the amount and diversity of social,of economic,diversity amountand the physical,on «depends adaptive16641) capacity (2006: and et Adaptation to Climate Change 15 Practical work Action’s (see chapter 3). In the same resilience way, may a. Elements of adaptive capacity of adaptive a. Elements Adaptation requires the accumulation of skills as well as a diversity or accumulation of assets. Principally, utilising a diversity of assets abilityto the expand include also the capacity range adaptive of of attributes available Thus livelihood assets. or those coping employing of strategies requires ways the explore to ability has it Indeed, 16641). 2006: Chapin, 328; 2000: (Peterson, learn to capacity the and innovate, or experiment to experiment, to capacity the have who actors with those are societies adaptive most the that suggested been 2008a). support to and institutions in place them (Patt, For example, the involvement of NGOs and institutions in supporting provision The farmer fostered. be can experiment- capacity particularto in -and adaptive local confidence how the led research demonstrates of technical training is an important element in supporting experimentation. In viable. viable. However, diversity is also a key pillar of resilience. Where adaptive capacity refers to the influence andabilityrespond directlyto to processes of change,resilience is the abilityto absorb shocks or ride out a of prospects the improves assets natural and physical economic, social, of diversity resilience, For changes. socio-ecological persisting. system change climate or disease to resilience low have may crop single a on dependent system farm a example, For compared with one predicated on agricultural biodiversity. In the Peruvian context, a diversity of that ensuringplanting next, the to year one from varieties potato of conservation the underpins terrains and altitudes crops survive in some locations even if they fail in others also Whilst diversity take it underpinsthe is form of resilience, also multiple important(diverse) livelihoods. to recognise that the scale or degree must be appropriate and that a point can be reached at which assets be of benefit. thinly to too or skills spread are In some circumstances sufficientaccumulation of assetsmay also support resilience: reserves of financial capital, for example, can be enough to ensure a household can cope in many circumstances. such Safety as when insurance, available and canaffordable, also nets form an importantcomponent ofresilience and a lack of diversity. for or compensating specialisation in backstopping a role play may uncertainty. of impact the reduce both because least not related, closely are capacity adaptive and Resilience Fostering adaptive capacity is also a mechanism for options and building opportunities for coping with or resilience: avoiding the impacts of climate adaptive change and thus improves a capacity expands the prospects of survival. community or household’s in Bangladesh, for example, NGO support for training in raft construction technologies has allowed local farmers to implement their own designs of ‘floating growing crops an gardens’, in beds that float on approachtop of risingwater inregions that are proneto to securingregular flooding (Ensor food supply by 2009a). and Berger, Local extension services can similarly be a key experiment to and financiallearnreadiness by and human,and institutional is cultural, influenced complex element in background educational developing to linked be may adaptive use productive to capacity. resources of diversity However, a put the to ability The factors. 16 Adaptation to Climate Change climate change, andtargeted at thesegroups inaform andwith content that isappropriate to theirneeds. exist. they Moreover, where knowledge information in should gaps be of grounded filling in the the facilitate livelihood and context identify of tothose who and areinformation, most change vulnerable climate to and weather term long and communicateshort and assimilate governmentsto national of responsibility the is It dissemination, as climate change science informationand for predictions necessarywill be is beyond support the institutionalreach of of formmost poor Some communities.avoided. be at to are efforts reductionvulnerability futile or maladaptations if essential is uncertainty and complexity of appreciation an However, the for problem a posing attractive, underappreciated wheninformation isexchanged. is simplicity and certainty of communication of climate change information and raising being the overlookedprospect of uncertainty or illusion The modelling. climate in inherent is that complexity the disguise to messages change climate simple for potential the also is There of level some change, of processes about decisions household make isessential.understanding ofclimate andtheassociated changepredictions uncertainty a and with embodies engage capacity to adaptive ability As community’s extremes. or climate and patterns seasonal of expectations change is an emerging phenomenon with the potential to transform environmentsClimate information. climateand process challenge and traditional access to ability the requires also capacity adaptive Importantly, livelihoods to andunderstandingtheexperiences bereduced ofothers. by observing processes (Cross, be 2004: 9). In the same way, to they can help the real and perceived placed risk of adopting changes to well are such as and effective experiences in promoting learning, influencing changes to behaviour and stimulating collaborative sharing innovation for opportunity an provide networks Social 19). new a whether determining in important (2007: advice and information sharing for provideopportunities networks adopted,as is scheme insurance be to networks social of membership reveals (India) Pradesh Gine below). detail more in (defined The process of learning and adopting new strategies can be closely linked to the presence of social networks Berger, and (Ensor change environmental 2009b; Patt, 2008a). with deal to strategy a as experimentation and both exhibitedconservatism have communities marginalised experimentation: inhibit or support equally may culture However, experimentation. of way the in stand can held, deeply or defined narrowly if norms, social Some take insurance, dueto often theirlackofexperience withhandling financialproducts (Gine etal., 2007:2). to likely less be has fact in can experimentation-households averse Risk households.wealthy amongst facilitatinggreater be to found therebybeen and risk reducing of method -a insurance of up take the hand, wealthwillingnesstheir (Phillips,and tomanagement newpractices adopt Patt,2003; other the 2008b).On inhibit or assist to experimenting and assets risk taking. For financial example, evidence suggests to that there is no attitudes correlation between farmers’with overlap may attitudes Cultural experience. prior and study of insurance take up amongst rural households in Andhra in households rural amongst up take insurance of study al et Adaptation to Climate Change 17 Actors and their actions are interdependent rather than independent, autonomous units autonomous than independent, rather and their actions interdependent Actors are or material (either resources of flow or transfer for channels are actors (linkages) between ties Relational nonmaterial) on individual action opportunities or constraints provides for network structuralThe environment • • • of and as individuals the than rather central are that actors tie that relationships the is it view network the In themselves. Actors are interdependent, and it is through their relationships that they create opportunities for resource and information exchange, and form the social, economic and political structures that define act. may they as individuals or groups how (Hawe network the within actors between interconnections the of extent and nature the reveals analysis Network between ofrelationships the thenature define that and interests to the power attention et drawing , al. 2004), learning, and information. resources of the direct and indirect and identifying connectionsactors, channel flows that supporting by adaptation in role a plays network social household’s or community a above, discussed As in the best network case, a will experimenting community’s also However, and yield innovating. a productive, open and democratic relationship to the state, enabling policy to be and informed information by to community reach experiences communities (Adger, 2003: 394). For adaptation, such a relationship between from upwards of information, flow and community the two-way or civil societystate facilitate networks might the household and community to improve policy understanding of the local socio-economic and environmental science. and current in the delivery of relevant and downwards knowledgecontext, and needs, Local social networks also offer marginalisedgroups an opportunityto develop adaptivestrategies in the agents become local farmer groups where of networks use is evidenced This risks. climate of emerging face of change at the community level, such as where experiences farmer-farmer of networks on-farm variety have research, enabled spreading the experiences of sharing adaptation of from village an to example from Sri social Lanka,networks are knownsee 2009a). Ensor Moreover, to and be village Berger, relied (for on for coping during times of stress, most clearly through kinship ties but also in reciprocal arrangements 2003: 399). members of a networkbetween (Adger, An important aspect of the process to view a with of networks local with working through be may this building context, the on Depending networks. social adaptive capacity may therefore be extending existing supporting through be may it Alternatively, activities. adaptation based community sharing and enhancing civil society organisations to pressure different levels of government into participating in newSupporting (or existing) articulated. be can resources adaptation and information climate for need the that so institutions b. Social networks b. collective of degree a demand Both resilience. and capacity adaptive to significance of be can networks Social action and depend on the particular web of relationships that resource and determine information power, of nature the on is networks social of focus The stakeholders. multiple involving situation any in distribution these This relationships. distinctive perspective has given rise to key concepts that can be used to analyse 4): 1994: Faust, including that actors, and connectionsand understand the different between (Wasserman 18 Adaptation to Climate Change opportunities can be refocused through the control of information and the motivations of stakeholders. of motivations the and information of control the through refocused be can opportunities institutions. However,networked of function important an thus perceivedis of capabilities lens the making decision and base knowledge peoples’ poor expanding 173): 2008: (Balstad, opportunities» perceived of lens the through interpreted and mediated is «adaptation because part in significant are networks Social c. Power between climatologists andusersintheabsence ofaproblem to besolved» (2008:64). communicating abstract, long term was needsof climate Brazil change information: in the «[i]t forecastingis hard of to develop use effectiveto barrier the partnerships important forecast.Elsewhere, Understanding Pattan poor notes one of dissemination the through in undermined success making. how reports decision 12623) (2005: for Patt essential. data is fundamentally, communities of and, environment, communication policy effective favourable and a appropriate and climate data, support users of institutional other and sustained generating offarmers needs the understanding with remain problems Significant information isnotguaranteed by thedevelopment alone. ofnetworks climate and weather of communication effective that recognise to important is However,it communities. different of priorities and systems knowledge the between bridges build to 64) networks social in investment (2008: Patt whilst actors, between intermediary an of forming the describes featurethe essential is ‘partnerships’an case each In users. and scientists between as work that institutions is, this of organisations», problems the overcome «boundary to of use the recommends capital 4) (2006: Cash information. scientific networking of relevance and communication building to approach one is workshops Establishing was relevant to allstakeholders. attempted to make technical information accessible to farmers’ and ensured that the forecasting information in methods farming response to adapt forecast information. to By engaging farmers likely in the process more of developing significantly a attendedforecast, were this approach forecasts who seasonal Zimbabwe about learn in to farmers workshops that reports experience-based (2005) Patt effective, example, more For to approaches. communication provision information top-down from transfer knowledge climate waysome towardsgo also Theinstitutions,can forumsnetworks relationshipsconverting social and within effect, reducing thelikelihoodofunsustainablelandusechanges(Chapin etal.,2006:16642;Adger,stabilising 2003:398). a have can institutions enforcement and management resource natural into users land their as role this play to of knowledge their placedlocal environment will usually exceed that of wellan outsider. For example, often the input of local are Communities depend. they which on environment the or communities damage would that policies inappropriate of introduction the preventing by development: policy proposed down tone to communities for opportunity the in manifested is resilience context, this In resilience. improve also can making decision and governance with engage to communities of ability The provides communities between connectivity of for bothactivities. increased opportunities degree greater a Importantly, sharing. knowledge and learning local for significant being also while institutions, governance local in influence for foundation the one approach can also yield gains for the other: for example, local social networks can simultaneously provide Adaptation to Climate Change 19 Practical use Action’s of juries farmers’ in et al. (2005) describe et al. (1997) point out how «management agencies often suppress scientific dissent order in to to present a unified,certain frontto the outsideworld, thereby consolidating agency.» the politicalpower of the Such misrepresentation can easily gain traction due to the attractive simplicity of the gain the active support of actorsmessage who benefit from a particularThis scenario is viewand pertinent of the future. may to climate change, where the suppression of ‘drought uncertainty proprietary of may introduction the clear facilitate may the climate drying a of way diagnosis a for example, commercial, For solutions. technical fix resistant’ seed varieties, whereas an appreciation of the uncertainty associated instead with lead the to prediction efforts may to build the knowledge base of seed varieties is available. sustainable diversity of agricultural extension officers and ensure that a Access to knowledge and information sources is therefore a necessary component of but insufficient without adaptive critical engagement. Networkcapacity, analysisprovides an important tool for this process, enabling the chain of relationships between actors to be visualised and ensuring the social, political is assessed. of those relationships foundations and economic Different aspects of social networks that prove may greater attention be particularlypaid to important understanding the specifically and «social institutions, making decision dynamics in adaptation. for actions» and that strategies underpinadaptation on-the-ground constrain) (motivate, facilitate, Moser suggests to address the «value judgements and power dynamics embedded in adaptation decisions» 2008: (Moser, 188). Jennings similarly draws attention to «historically embedded ways bureaucratic penetrate to knowledge and environmental local or indigenous of failure the particular notes implicit power relations» and in of knowing 141). (2008: Ultimately, any local or NGO led action, however positive, can be undone by a policy environment that is outright hostile to or simply lacks a focus on marginalised or discussion poor of communities. decision Moser makingsummarises her as a call (Moser, it.» realise to to structures governance effective «stop more create or use to ability our hand and of, understanding waving about adaptive capacity and increase our 2008: 189). analysis to subject be then, must, structures governance and bodies making decision institutions, of Networks -who represents whom, with what knowledge, with what motives?- if the translation of adaptive capacity into adaptation is to be pro-poor. In reality the dynamics of knowledge creation and decision making are politicised and must be recognised as such. Techniques can be employed aspects to of social support network analysis. and Coupe embed these Peterson Peterson Zimbabwe to enable smallholder farmer learning on genetically modified crops through the production of between dialogue informed and open enabled process same The technology. the against and for witnesses shortcomings major revealing officials, (ZFU) Union Farmers’ Zimbabwe and government senior and farmers were interests their how dissatisfactionfarmerswith deep of the and policies farmersmallholder existing in being represented by the ZFU. Alternatively, the use of on farm their lands. varieties for decide on the best crop to than outsiders, rather enabling farmers, research circumvents power holders by 20 Adaptation to Climate Change the interests ormotives ofthedifferent actors. to the quality of relationships (including social, political, cultural and economic resonances and barriers) and the connections describe the access that different actors have to each other, whilst each link draws attention of revealssocial networks a complex that structure governs the flow of material and nonmaterial resources: analysis way, the this In network. the across influence and services goods,receive or send to ability its and indirectly to able is household options, adaptation household’sof the knowledge determine the will relationships these access.of thatnature The parties other with relationships has actors these of each turn, In a politicalparty. For actors. other example,via a household or may be connected directly to other families either in a village, institutions, a producers’and individuals association, a school,diverse and link that connections of web a as visualised be can and actors, between relationships the to attention draw resilience.They and capacity focused on in this chapter. arenetworks Social the binding glue between many of the elements of adaptive Tableresilienceand threeadaptivethe which adaptation,have of elementscapacity of summarises 1 been 1.3. Conclusion: networks, Social andadaptation knowledge Strengthening Vulnerability Approach resilience reduction adaptive capacity Building decisions make and innovate experiment, learn, to opportunity and capacity the plus information Requires Amount, diversityanddistributionofassetsfacilitatesalternative strategies Strengthens resilienceandreducesvulnerabilitytoawide range ofhazards Defined astheabilitytoshape,createorrespondchange sr nu i dcso mkn spot rslec b rdcn te hne f aaig policy damaging of chance the reducing by developments resilience supports making decision in input User Supported bydiversityofassetsorlivelihoodstrategies Reduces vulnerabilitytoawiderangeofhazards Defined astheabilitytoabsorbshocksorrideoutchanges term needswhilstaddressingpotentialclimatechange example (for hazard particular Vulnerability reduction targets a particular hazard, and should aim to be ‘no regrets’: meeting short a to reference in assessed vulnerability toflooding,considersunderlyinghumanandenvironmentalfactors) is change climate to Vulnerability Table 1.Approachestoadaptation Comments Adaptation to Climate Change 21 Policy measures can limit or extend the reach of networks through, for example, setting the rules and norms and rules the setting example, for through, networks of reach the extend or limit can measures Policy that govern institutions, and controlling the freedom to form new relationships. individuals However, are also important and the skills held by community members play a role in definingto access and activities in a network. Education in particular can underpin decision making, interpreting information, and leadership Literacy in particularpotential. be important. can experiences ideas, knowledge, bringing network, community’s or household a part of crucial a be can NGOs and from resources the NGOsoutside. Significantly, arealso ableto stimulate thegrowth of local networks by building contacts and relationships between previously unconnected actors, and by building the local actors and networks. different capacity and access with interact to indirect via often networks, social through accessed are adaptation for resources and lessons Opportunities, relationships (for example, through policy influence). Whilst thechange information ability is influenced access to by levels interpretand educationof climate through The social inproportion networks. particular,of the currently available climate change knowledge that reaches the information itself mediated is a community will be definedby its social network, as will the complexity, received. information accuracy andrelevance of the Working through networks can therefore improve access extending to the networks climate so that knowledge connections are in built with holders two of climate ways: knowledge; influence through the networkto climate generate information that is more through closelytorelated theor lives and by exerting livelihood strategies of the community. Existing relevance or extent climate the increasing shock: knowledge (avoidable) an as that itself manifest is pass) to comes relevant it (if but will community unknown to the the possibility knowledge of these shocks. of climate thus reduces

Adaptation to Climate Change 23 Climate Change Adaptation:Change Climate the Andes Heat in Cold and Global change: the combination of current environmental, social, economic and cultural transformations. transformations. cultural and economic social, environmental, current of combination the change: Global Environmental problems cannot be separated from these other (carbon, dimensions matter which of cycles constantly natural interact in changes incorporates also change Global another. one on impact and and energy etc.) water oxygen, Global warming: a phenomenon rises involving in of the temperatures the average Earth's atmosphere fuels burning of fossil from resulting and oceans on atmosphere the of composition the alter that activities human to directly attributed change: Climate relevant statistically to relates change climate other, the on cycles natural planet’s the and hand one the of years tens over conditions climate in average alterations • • • It is important to differentiate between the different types of problems related to climate at a global level: to climate related problems types of the different between It is important differentiate to 2.1. Problem Statement 2.1. Problem

Climate change is one of the biggest problems facing our planet today. The consequences of climate change climate of consequences The today. planet our facing problems biggest the of one is change Climate are already being felt across the globe and there is an urgent need for drastic reductions factor warming. global a major contributing to in gases emissions which are green house Climate change affects local ecosystems, live. Increased andfrequency and intensity predominantlyof extreme those weather events, prolonged drought and desertification, longer in periodsprocesses of heavyof rainfall and increased risk vulnerable which of floodingare just some of the impacts populations of climate change affecting theworld’s poorest populations. In additionto a change, globallocal response solutions to to climate micro-climate changes are now required. Mitigation and adaptation measures which help reduce the vulnerability of poor communities to the new climatic scenarios they face are vital change agenda. of the global climate components 2 24 Adaptation to Climate Change n hisoe– n o hmn ciiis sc a te or aaeet f aua rsucs n large and resources (including natural of management hazard poor the Natural over miningactivities contaminating recent industries, inparticular years (seefigure 1). as such natural. activities, human and of and man-made hailstones– and both are Peru in desertification) are the result hazards of changing weather conditions–droughts, heavy climactic rainfall, frosts and hailstorms principal The for Phenomenon. changesto oftheElNiño themagnitude orfrequency of climate change. However, research has at present failed to identify whether climate change is responsible impacts the magnifying decades, last the during intensity of variations high shown has Phenomenon Niño droughts. El and The rains heavy both to leading cycles atmospheric on impact which Ocean Pacific the of temperature water surface in fluctuations phenomenon, Niño El the ii) water,and of metres cubic million 7 around by regions highland and coastal in supply water restricting years 30 last the in 22% of total a by In Peru, climate change is characterized in terms of two key impacts: i) retreating glaciers, which have reduced fish stocks, causingmore frequent andintense extreme weather events land andlossoffarm to flooding. and altering the distribution of plant animal and human plagues and diseases, disturbing ocean currents and productivity of crops and biodiversity of plants and animals in forest and marine ecosystems areas, increasingthe alter, reducingto occurrence hydrologicalcycles agriculture,and retreat to glaciers causing are temperatures resources, Increasing issue. water on key a is management water impacting where areas urban and regions negatively coastal forests–, and biodiversity is –particularly change climate America, Latin In This targets. reductions agreement entered into force inFebruary 2005. emissions gas greenhouse binding legally contains which Protocol, Kyoto the as inevitable increases in temperature. 1997, In world leaders included an appendix to the Convention, known measurestotackle please in put and urgenttoreducewarming the need global out published,was setting Climate World first the Conferenceat 1992, the United held in Geneva in 1979. In Nations Framework Conventionpresented on Climate Change was mankind by caused alterations climate of evidence earliest The this debate. in evolutions important most the of one been has change climate to factor contributing key a are actions human that scientists top world’s the from However,confirmation discussion. of subject a be to continue of animal and plant life. Explanations regarding these cyclical climate alterations have evolved over climatic time and one between degrees six period and or another, these five changes have led varied to the everdisappearance of entire only ecosystems and mass has extinctions temperature global average the climate. its Although in changes significant of number huge a experienced has Earth the years billion four over For Adaptation to Climate Change 25 PUNO TACNA MADRE DE DIOS MADRE MOQUEGUA CUSCO AREQUIPA APURÍMAC UCAYALI AYACUCHO LORETO JUNÍN PASCO HUANCAVELICA ICA HUÁNUCO LIMA SAN MARTÍN ÁNCASH AMAZONAS LA LIBERTAD CAJAMARCA LAMBAYEQUE PIURA Total confluence Total Medium confluence Low confluence No confluence TUMBES ap of climatic hazards, biodiversity, desert encroachment and poverty in Peru and poverty desert encroachment biodiversity, hazards, 1. Map of climatic Figure 26 Adaptation to Climate Change disaster prevention andmitigation (seefigure 2). limited resistance to climate change, in and areasparticularly where local populations have low capacity for a with ecosystemsfragile in increaseabove described vulnerabilities and hazards the with associated Risks the resources to doso. and adaptive to capacity extreme lowphenomena is very because people neither have the information nor change by climate shortages water to prone thus are and affected areas arid in situated severely are towns of livelihoods majority the farmers), (especially their find and poverty of conditions in lives population the of proportion large A country. vulnerable socially a also is Peru hazards, environmental to addition In change (strongerimpact degradation andclimate Lower standardofliving Local population to environment Local context Increased due V of disasters) ulnerability Poverty Andean mountainecosystemsofPeru.T Figure 2.V 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 2. 1. 4. Poormanagement 3. Morefoodinsecurity 2. Wateruseconflicts 1. Appearanceofnew Inappropriate human

Mining (air,waterand Deforestation to expand Burning grassland Over-grazing Drainage ofwetlands Sub-division of Weak organisation soil pollution) the agriculturalfrontier fountains, streams) (marches, springs, property information due tolackof and diseases and worseplagues socio-economic Environmental Unfavourable degradation ariability andclimatechangeinthetropical conditions activities 2. Degradationof 1. Degradationof hailstones Intensive frostand periods Heavy rainfallforshort floods Recurrent andprolonged bioagrodiversity (water, soil,air) physical components climate changes Deforestation processes Micro e h

l a c o l

m e l b o r p • Deforestation gas • Greenhouse 3. Strongerandmore 2. Moreintensiveand 1. Retreatingglaciers emissions (mega-events) frequent ElNiño phenomena unpredictable natural Increase inglobal Industrial activity in the northern in thenorthern Global context temperature hemisphere Climate change Adaptation to Climate Change 27

Practical ow then, if if then, ow N ow there are a lot of rats and plenty of of plenty and rats of lot a are there ow Leoncio Támara Leando, age 76 (Áncash) N or example, snakes have disappeared, lizards are missing, water frogs frogs water missing, are lizards disappeared, have snakes example, or F Box 1. “The climate is changing…” his changing climate has also driven some animals away. away. animals some driven also has climate changing his T are missing, farm frogs are missing, ‘pichaco’ birds – things are not like they used to be. be. to used they like not are things – birds ‘pichaco’ missing, are frogs farm missing, are flies. It looks as though there may be no water at any time. We are ready and waiting, we are already experimenting. experimenting. already are we waiting, and ready are We time. any at water no be may there though as looks It flies. we wait until there is no water first before we start thinking of what to do, then we are not doing too well. we wait until there is no water first before One of the characteristic traits consequently, of large mountain ecosystems variety is of the processes. encroachment large soils number and of micro- lifestyles, climates forming and, very fragile landscapes prone to desert 2.2. Micro-climate and Desert Changes Encroachment In Peru, the process of raising public awareness regarding the dangers of climate change officially began in 1993, with the creation of the National Climate Change as Commission CNCC). (known The by key its purpose initials in of Spanish the CNCC on international agreements climate change. In 2001, the the prepared firstCNCC nationalcommunication is to coordinate of state the the considers which strategy, nationwide change climate national application the established and change and climate regarding regulation of initiatives. change adaptation actions climate and mitigation gas emissions and proposes greenhouse of levels vulnerability change to climate and investigating towards geared are strategies level, a At regional incorporating adaptation measures into regional policies and development plans. Regional governments are also encouraged to raise the awareness of their populations regarding the risks change. and climate global causes of Changes Changes in local weather conditions are considered a Peru, the climate working possesses unique circumstance characteristics defined rather by the than Andes mountain a range, a problem. large tropical Inmountainous ecosystem in which extreme meteorological events like droughts, snowstorms and freezing communities and persistently. regularly occur conditions weather years, 5,000 over For new. not is variability climate and cultures Andean between relationship The living in the Andes have demonstrated Nevertheless, these must communities face up now to a new challenge: man-made change. climate an ability to adapt of to thousands that over given to to adapt are placed well this people challenge Action that Andean believes the changing environment around them. years they have incorporated prevention and adaptation techniques into traditional social organisation and technology practices in response to observed climate phenomena. Despite the passage of 1 and 2). (see boxes indicators using traditional of changes in the climate note still take communities time, Andean 28 Adaptation to Climate Change distribution of the working areas. oftheworking distribution 2 Martín). (San slopes eastern valleys (Cajamarca, Áncash, Apurímac and Cusco); ii) inter-Andeanthe westernthe slopes i) (PiuraPeru: and in Lambayeque),ecosystems and; mountainous iii) three the within locations seven in place took work The 2.4. Methodology ecosystems, focussed onAndean highlandpopulations. particularly mountainous tropical in adaptation change climate for strategies management conflict and organisation Technologies Mitigation and Adaptation Peru,in change climate of dimensions local the recognition of In 2.3. Objective ecosystems local global in solving alterationsproblems, on localpopulations were suffering thelocaleffects(seebox 2). concentrating and was community change scientific the climate while Furthermore, global occurred. already when had late too detected were they studies, relevant and concernawareness, of lack a to due but predicted been have could climate in changes These in Quechua cold and hot temperatures has never been as great as at present. This has led to the coining of an expression difference between the that and seventies the since occurring been has micro-basins Andean in variability from Testimonies level. local a at climate the in and deforestation. Combined with global climate change, these agricultural practices are of the cause expansion of imminent changes the as grassland wetlands, over-grazing,burning farming,forof such drainageunsuitable areas in (farmlands) frontiers practices, farming of number a by caused is encroachment Desert Quechua is anative Quechua language spokenextensively American throughout South rural populations inPeru. never usedtogroweucalyptustrees,nowtheywell.Itismoreliketheclimateinvalley. Before this area was colder, the alpaca used to grow well here, but now that it is hotter, it is not so good, alpacas like the cold.trucks, thesmoketheyreleasesmellsbadandthatisaffectingus. We of this change. In large cities there are many factories that harm our sky and that is affecting us a lot, in addition to the cars and the mountain we could see, called Cceccera T heclimate that most affects us is the heat, and the community cannot protect itself from that. Before there was a snow-capped 2 chirimantaruphaymanta:thecold andheat oftheAndes. shows the project locations and locations project Figureshowsthe 3 L Box 2.“Theclimateischanging…”(II) oma; now it isn’t there, the temperature has made it disappear. was designed to propose and test technology, information, social information, technology, test and propose to designed was paat amr) usatae ht climate that substantiate farmers) (peasant campesinos Practical Action’sPractical project shows a cross-section of the of cross-section showsa 4 figure Eusebio LeónHuantura,age45(Cusco) L arge towns are the cause Climate Change Climate Adaptation to Climate Change 29 PUNO TACNA MADRE DE DIOS MADRE MOQUEGUA CUSCO AREQUIPA APURÍMAC UCAYALI LORETO AYACUCHO JUNÍN PASCO HUANCAVELICA ICA HUÁNUCO LIMA SAN MARTÍN ÁNCASH AMAZONAS LA LIBERTAD CAJAMARCA LAMBAYEQUE PIURA TUMBES ocation of the projects 3. Location Figure 1. Rural populations and Capacity-building. their Upper reaches climate of the change Piura sub-basin adaptation. river, Yapatera 2. Management of con icts over natural resources in a climate basin river Jequetepeque change scenario. 3. Agro-forestry. Climate change adaptation strategy. Sisa river basin, middle of the Huallaga watershed river 4. Rural communities and their Capacity-building to reduce vulnerability climate in the upper change reaches adaptation. sub-basin Toribio Santo river, of the Santa local a as systems earlywarning and information of Proposals 5. Apurímac strategy. change adaptation climate 6. Climate change adaptation technologies for native ecosystems in high mountain crops potato 7. Alpaca-raising families Capacity-building. Upper and reaches of the Vilcanota climate river, Salcca change micro-basin adaptation. 30 Adaptation to Climate Change

Figure 4. Climate change and adaptation in Peru. Location of working areas

A N D E A I A N N S U V Y S E R T P E M

Apurímac San Ignacio, Cajamarca

Micro watershed of Salcca, high basin of the Vilcanota river in Cusco

Yungay, Áncash

Andeans Andean

valleys plateau

Western coast Eastern slope

Rainfall above

1000 mm/year

Piura, Cajamarca, Lambayeque

Sisa, San Martín

WATER 98% of ground water in Peru

WATER Yapatera sub-basin: Piura is concentrated here

SOIL

SOIL

ENERGY

Tropical rain forest FOOTHILLS FOOD THERMAL ENERGY INVERSION ZONE FOOTHILLS FOOD MINERALS

MINERALS ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE COAST or CHALA MOUNTAIN RANGE FOREST or OMAGUA Yunga Humboldt current Quechua Rupa-rupa or evergreen seasonal forest Suni Omagua or lower montane wet forest Puna Janca Adaptation to Climate Change 31 mestizos observations Meteorological Meteorological Desert Scientific Scientific information encroachment Climate change Local know-how Traditional technologies Traditional Appropriate technologies Appropriate igure 5. Methodological approach Figure

Signs The projects proposed the development of appropriate technologies for climate change adaptation in seven seven in adaptation change climate for technologies appropriate of development the proposed projects The characteristics share they unique, are these Although ecosystems. mountain Andes tropical the within areas with other mountainous ecosystems Andean neighbouringaround in interventions the for globe. reference a Consequently, as the consideration into results taken be and can projects these recommendations from in (specifically countries mountainous other as well as Bolivia) and Venezuela Colombia, (Ecuador, countries Meso-America, and Asia). Africa The majority of rural in communities involved the project are members of Andean the cultures, exceptions technological and cultural great possessing with project management MartínSan in water settlers the with projectand agroforestry the being Despite Piura. in descent) Peruvian native and European of (people traditions, these populations have undergone cultural erosion processes over the centuries. Given circumstances, these the methodological approach to the project incorporated both scientific information and local knowledge 5). (see figure 32 Adaptation to Climate Change 3 CONAM) Spanish, in initials its by (known Council Environment National the by proposed strategy adaptation change climate national The to develop adequate adaptation strategies. have activities These countries that are 10%. already suffering from the than impacts of climate change and less have fewer resources with contributed which have received hemisphere much greater priority in global southern climate change negotiations to the date, to the detriment of in developing countries whereas 90%), than (more gases greenhouse most the produced historically have that hemisphere northern the in the reduce communities that are vulnerable to climate change. to areMitigation activities carried out mainly by countries strategies adaptation of and sustenance of means and livelihoods mitigation the modify and phenomena related and of change climate of causes consists change climate to response global The 2.5. Strategies • • • • stages: important in shown methodology the to according out carried was work The the severity of potential impacts (seebox ofpotentialthe severity impacts 3). on based prioritized, risks and identified be can change climateto vulnerablepopulation. most people The is that knowledge and technologies can be transferred and adapted to the actual requirements of a particular of the poorest populations. One of the key benefits of community-based climate change adaptation actions prioritised locally based approaches and developed specific measures targeted at reducing the vulnerability of support miss out. For the need in most people the that means productivity). often like This factors region(including each in budgets In Peru, Government programmes are implemented in sustainable accordance with political divisions its and income-based compromising without gases greenhouse development innovation, progress. and improve resources and to of is development practices management these technological country’s of goal forthe end The agenda scenarios. change research climate and national estimates of a development of drafting the observation climate systems, of improvement the as such strategies management risk of application the includes environment.regardinglawsthe strategynew national establishing Thefor and change climate of impacts development plans. According to this strategy, the state is responsible for protecting its citizens against the

mate ChangeStrategy willberevised inthenearfuture. However, itistoo soonto speculate what thenewpolicieswillbe. theanalysis anddocumentationDuring was oftheprojects, created. theEnvironment isanticipated that It theNational Ministry Cli- Production ofqualitative andgraphic models Analysis anddocumentation ofresults,discussions includingexpert withlocalandregional andinstitutions networks inpartnership ofprojects Implementation Identification oftheproblem andpreparation of proposalswork Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Technologies 3 proposes incorporating adaptation into regional and state policies and policies state and regional into adaptation incorporating proposes The following were the most the were following The 5. figure project, Practical Action Adaptation to Climate Change 33 adaptation Climate change chapter chapter 1, three basic concepts were incorporated into the design Box 3. Some conclusions regarding adaptation regarding conclusions Box 3. Some Strengthening resilience Strengthening Vulnerability reduction Building adaptive capacity igure 6. Proposed local climate change adaptation strategy local climate change adaptation Proposed 6. Figure he corner stones of the adaptation process are the strategies that combine risk management, livelihood diversification and a and processes diversification he through participatory of and must policies objectives be approaches adaptation appropriately distributed livelihood management, risk combine that strategies the are process adaptation the of stones corner he culture culture are some of the most important diversity characteristics is a of fundamental trait Peruvian of development ecosystems. and planning Embracing efforts in this Peru and entails approaches of alternative range a broach Reducing vulnerability: In view of the uncertainty created by climate change in Peru, reducing the potential risks of droughts, floods, desertfood encroachment, insecurity andconflicts over the use is processes comprehensive participatoryand concerted, planned, of means by resources, natural of 4) vulnerability (see box reduce to tool an essential Building adaptive capacity: Developing organisation social and technologies indicators, change the climatic traditional and scientific to respect capacities of Andean highland initiatives change adaptation climate successful to is fundamental communities with Strengthening Strengthening resilience through diversity The management: variety of climates, soils, biology and he objective of climate change adaptation in developing countries should be to reduce the vulnerabilities of the poor to reduce the vulnerabilities countries should be in developing of climate change adaptation The objective and improve resilience up adaptation skills strategy must build The adaptation T at all levels involving stakeholders enhance to assets of diversity and supply larger a diversification, T livelihood resistance, more create to assets of supply larger capacity adaptive local of development the and resilience, communities as well as the actions carried out by the part of development, both in terms of policies Adaptation must form 2. 3. 1. • • • • • Following Following the framework described in strategy: change adaptation climate of Practical Action’s and implementation 34 Adaptation to Climate Change reaches ofthe Y the V the V Santo T basin, upper basin, upper basin, upper (San Martin) apatera sub- Salcca sub- Salcca sub- watershed Piura river reaches of reaches of sub-basin, the Santa middle of Sisa river potatoes (Ancash) Location Alpacas (Cusco) (Cusco) (Piura) Native basin ilcanota ilcanota oribio Information system strategic areas T able 2.Localclimaticvariabilityandclimatechangestrategies Conservation Technologies Organisation Organisation Organisation Organisation Agroforestry Prioritized Know-how Marketing Research Pastures Training Training Farming Alpacas Climate Water Water Community abiotic factors Research todeterminethetolerance Farming practices Water management Climatic variability Alpaca health Pasture management Organised useofwater Pest management potatoes Conservation ofthebiodiversitynative Ethno-climatic Climate Organic production Forestry enhancement Profitability Entry inlocalmarkets Entry inqualifiedexternalmarkets Training onproductivechaintechniques Soil conservationandefficientuseofwater Organisation Leaders User boards Integration inparticipatorybudgets Improvement Local governmentsandcivilsociety Efficient irrigation climatic changes Monitoring ofandinformationonmicro Components organisations organisations organisations T Traditional Traditional Traditional raditional Appropriate technologies - - organisations organisations organisations Modern Modern Modern Modern Adaptation to Climate Change 35 ovember, but again some some again but ovember, N Martín) Jacinto Ruiz Guevara, age 54 (San y neighbours who have their coffee farms in the the in farms coffee their have who neighbours y M he climate is changing….” (III) is changing….” he climate Box 4. “T y coffee farm is situated at 1600 m.a.s.l., surrounded by tall woodland which allows us to have fresh air during the day and and day the during air fresh have to us allows which woodland tall by surrounded m.a.s.l., 1600 at situated is farm coffee y he drought affected many low and middle parts; my house is in the lower part, where I have some citrus trees and cocoa crops crops cocoa and trees citrus some have I where part, lower the in is house my parts; middle and low many affected drought he heat on cool nights, it is a favourable climate for my plants. In 2007 we had less rain than in other years, my harvest dropped dropped harvest my years, other in than rain less had we 2007 In M plants. my for climate favourable a is it nights, cool on heat in more some price. year was the good beneficial for me this diminished. What was if my harvest had not have earned 20%; I would more planted I water. of shortage a to due died seedlings my of T majority the installed; recently shoots died due to the frequent rain during the last three months of the year. year. the of months three last the during rain frequent the to due died shoots lower parts did very badly. c) Local knowledge c) Local valuable extremely is people highland Andean historyof the and myths folklore, on based knowledge know- Local traditional However climate. local the in changes predicting and recording observing, of process the to erosion of process severe a through gone has centuries, for instrument adaptation an been had which how, during recent decades, resulting in a gradual loss of traditions, a decrease in the use of native languages, social exclusion and discrimination. Nevertheless, local knowledge can still contribute significantlyto the risk management efforts.The added benefit of this approach is and maintained. is promoted involved that the cultural heritage of the people b) Scenarios b) information, this on Based temperature. average global the in increase an predict scenarios change Climate extreme with deal adequately and for prepare population the help to developed were strategies adaptation weather phenomena in the following mitigation of its impacts once the stages: event has concluded. Social organisation is a key factor to the success of disaster preparation, actions and response. during prevention planning, disaster the event and the In the areas of work, populations are highly vulnerable due to social (poverty, exclusion etc.) and environmental environmental and etc.) Vulnerability a) exclusion (poverty, social to due vulnerable highly are populations work, of areas the In factors and (desertification, andextremeweatherconstant frequent More events etc.). retreat glacial frosts, climate variability leaves people and their livelihoods highly exposed to climate risks This and has hazards. of percentage large a affected severely Niñothat El phenomenon the as such events by evident made been Peru. in population the rural 2.6. Results project sites: different the across significant be to found were criteriathat six to according analyzed were results The areas. rural for agenda policies and a national measures, adaptation local knowledge, scenarios, vulnerability, 36 Adaptation to Climate Change management, disaster management andfood security. naturalresourcesustainable relevanceareas,watershedmanagement,as rural to such particular of themes on emphasis an place should agenda required. This urgently is areas rural on focus specific a with agenda Through working specifically with rural communities over thetwo years of this project, it is clear that Anational agendafor rural areas af) national and regarding policies associated therisks withclimate change. into measures population adaptation the amongst awareness incorporate promote should governments of and regional Likewise plans. level region developments their the in understand change should climate governments to regional vulnerability that dictate strategies change climate Regional a Law specifyingtheenvironmental obligations anddutiesof localandregional governments (seetable4). There are two legal frameworks relating to climate change in Peru: i)e) Policies the National Climate Change Strategy and ii) world, the of ecosystems mountainous other in as Ethiopia, Nepal,Chinaand India, including Meso-America, Tibet, amongstothers. well as Bolivia) and Ecuador Venezuela, (Colombia, region the in ecosystems Andean mountainous in applicable be could that measures adaptation model identifies The Andes. Peruvian the in ecosystem mountainous tropical the of areas seven in years’work two model adaptation change climate The Table 3shows theadaptation measures appliedinallseven areas. project adaptation proposals: withmore diversity, there islessrisk. change climate the of part as reduction risk and diversity relationshipbetween the clarify to important is It slight adaptations to maximisetheireffectiveness. and affordable adapting of question a principally replicable technologies to local uses. these Often technologies is are already available locally and require ecosystemsonly Andean tropical in adaptation change techniques.Climate expensivemodern include necessarily not that Appropriatesolutions aretechnologies d) Adaptation measures manner; when you try to hailstones. defendfrom ourselves protect to stubble gather to yourself on your own it is notthe very land, effective; preparing whenbiol, we controlling all inprotectPalccoyo. plagues; ourselves that isit how is webetter. learntT and we liked those subjects. hePractical Action technicians have taught uslota during the field days held inChapichumo, here inthe community and also T herewas participation in workshops on risks of hailstones and frost and my other mates participated in preparing Box 5.“Theclimateischanging….”(IV) (see figure 7) figure (see he best protection against hailstones and frost is to do it in an organised organised an in it do to is frost and hailstones against protection best The is the result of the analysis of seven projects and over and projects seven of analysis the of result the is Eusebio LeónUmpiri,age50(Cusco) N ow we are organising ourselves Adaptation to Climate Change 37 Adaptation measures Adaptation Production: forest enhancement, pruning, live and dead barriers, recycling, organicProduction: forest enhancement, pruning, live and dead production Post-harvest: gathering points Water: irrigation and optimization facilities Water storage and conveyance Soil: management and conservation Alternative crops of harvest waste Pastures: efficient development forestry production Forests: management and Cocoa: insertion in the domestic and international markets Coffee: insertion in the international market Development of an ethno-dynamic information system based on bio-indicators Development of an ethno-dynamic Adequate management of water-related conflicts Adequate management of Organisation of cocoa and coffee farmers registration in public registries, formingIncorporation of individual farmers in associations and committees acknowledged by local governments with local governments was achievedCoordination between committees and associations local management andTraining was provided on participatory budgets, accountability, economic development Through management committees and local governments, the local climate change adaptation and local governments, the local climate change Through management committees and was validated with the approval of municipal authorities strategy was established, which in the participatory budget anddevelopment boards. Measures were prioritized and included development plan finally, the strategy was incorporated into the concerted of ecological producers, theOrganisational structures already exist, such as the association association of livestock-raisers and the irrigation commission the population through workshops;Awareness-raising and involvement of authorities and local governments, grassrootssubsequently, institutional links were established between and Cepeser. At a regional level,organisations, local development boards, peasant patrols government and Senamhi (peruvianan agreement was signed between the Piura regional stations in the Piura river earlymeteorological system)for the integration of bio-meteorological warning system Development of technical and organisational skills of poor rural people Community, formation of peasant promoters Capacity-building for poor rural populations systems Conflict building building Capacity- Capacity- Marketing Information technologies Organisation Organisation Technologies Agro-forestry management - - - - - gies technolo- Appropriate age- age- shed shed man- ment man- ment Water- Water- able 3. Adaptation measures implemented in the areas of involvement the areas in implemented measures able 3. Adaptation T Location basin (Piura) Sisa river reaches ofreaches apatera sub- basin, upper (San Martín) Y the Piura river 38 Adaptation to Climate Change basin (Lamba- eche river La echeriver middle of the middle ofthe the V Santo T Santa water- basin, upper basin, upper Salcca sub- reaches of reaches of sub-basin, sub-basin, (Áncash) (Cusco) yeque) shed shed ilcanota ilcanota oribio oribio Location Water- Water- Water- Water- ment man- ment man- ment man- ment man- shed shed shed shed shed shed shed shed age- age- age- age- Appropriate Appropriate technolo- gies ------management Technologies: Technologies Organisation Organisation Information Technology water and water and Capacity- Capacity- Capacity- Capacity- Research building building building building Conflict Conflict farming management purposes Capacity-building forpoorruralproducersandtheirorganisations,adequate conflict- Adequate managementofwater-relatedconflicts Postgraduate climatechangeproposal Training onclimaticvariability,watermanagementandfarmingpractices Capacity-building forruralcommunities Capacity-building foralpaca-raisingfamiliestoreducetheirvulnerabilityclimatic hazards and incorporatedintothedevelopmentplans After the process and the project’s experiences a climate change adaptation plan was proposed Weak organisationintheCordilleraBlancaduetoinadequatewatersupply Organisation establishedintheCordilleraNegradespitelackofwater Through theclimatechangeadaptationstrategy,overallplaguemanagement Creation ofcommunityriskmanagementcommittees communal Participatory ruralsurveyswereconducted communities, peasant shepherds, enterprises andcommunalherds organisations, producers’ of Strengthening Training onthesubjectforlocalauthorities Alpacas: healthmanagement,reproductivemanagement Pastures: Improvement,conservationandrecovery Water: resourceoptimization,moreavailability,irrigationsystems Crop rotation Plague management Efficient irrigation Determine thetolerancetoabioticfactorsofnativepotatocrops Local knowledgeoftheclimateandearlywarningsystems Climate: monitoringclimaticvariabilityandclimatechange Conservation ofthebiodiversitynativepotatoes Adaptation measures Adaptation to Climate Change 39 Adaptation measures Adaptation Information and early warning systems as a climate change adaptation strategy as a climate change adaptation early warning systems Information and Adequate management of water-related conflicts Adequate management of Awareness-raising and involvement of authorities and the between local governments and Practical Action local institutional coordination population through workshops, At certificatea commitment watershed a of level, means by the basin river information Jequetepeque and the of early coordinator development warning system was coordinated with the monitoring and utilization of the system guaranteeing the sustainability, Capacity-building for poor rural producers and their organisations, for adequate conflict- rural producers and their organisations, for adequate Capacity-building for poor management purposes systems as a climate change adaptation strategy Information and early warning Awareness-raising and involvement of authorities and the population through workshops Awareness-raising and involvement of authorities and of a geographical information systemSince the beginning of the project, the implementation developed by the regional naturalwas included in the economic-ecological zoning project resource and environment management geared towards including theThe main institutional coordination mechanisms were Apurimac regional government in the process. on desert encroachment andThe project participated actively in the technical groups commission economic-ecological zoning of the regional environment with the regional civil defenceAn inter-institutional cooperation agreement was signed and desert encroachment into thecommittee in order to strengthen it and include droughts regional disaster prevention and management plan systems systems Conflict building Capacity- Information Information Organisation Organización management ------gies technolo- Appropriate age- age- shed shed man- ment man- ment Water- Water- Location region Apurímac (Cajamarca) of the Jeque- tepeque river Upper reaches 40 Adaptation to Climate Change

Conflict Information Capacity- Stronger Appropriate management building organisations technologies traditional ones:climate,conservationofnaturalresources ecology, territorialsystem forestry, pressurisedandtraditionalrisks Traditional andmodernknow-howtechnologies Strengthening modern organisations and institutions with respect to Information forlocaldevelopmentmanagement Geographical informationsystems ehoois dvriiain f rp ad ietc, agro- livestock, and crops of diversification Technologies: Management ofwater-relatedconflicts Approaches: Watershedmanagement,foodsecurity,agro- Figure 7.Qualitativeclimatechangeadaptationmodel tropical Andean Climate change adaptation in ecosystems mountain Adaptation to Climate Change 41 egal framework on climate change on climate egal framework able 4. L T Article 2; The enforcement of the “National Climate Change Strategy” is obligatory and must be included in the policies, plans and programmes of sectors and regions, and Act Governments Regional the 27867, in No. Law of c) item 53, article in established provisions accordance with the established therein” commitments the institutional 2nd Strategic Line: “Promote policies, measures and projects to develop the capacity to adapt to change and reduce vulnerability” the effects of climate Article 53, item c): “Draw up, coordinate, strategies conduct regarding and the biological supervise diversity the and application climate of change, respective national strategies” regional within the framework of the In the mountainous ecosystem, desert is the main cause of micro- changes In climatic ecosystem, the mountainous encroachment Local Andean cultures have a 5,000 year-old tradition of adaptation to the climatic ability variability. Therefore, of these populations to adapt cultural and poverty to as such factors the social of terms in challenges vulnerable highly of are communities rural climate that given change is promising. However, serious their survival risks to present change scenarios the new climate erosion, Existing traditional and modern technologies for coping with climate variability can be ecosystems mountain Andean practices in tropical change adaptation climate employed as Diversity management (increasing resilience), risk management (reducing vulnerability) and building strategy change adaptation of a climate the development factors fundamental capacity for are adaptive The management of conflictsrelated to the use of naturalresources, especiallywater, via shortages water the likely future in Peru key factor and institutions is a given social organisations creation of territorial management, watershed approaches, adaptation change climate technological to regards With zoning, ecological farming, social organisation, training, information and early warning been most effective conflict have management systems and increased as they successful have can be considered promoted adaptation measures technological The production, do not contribute to desert local populations by accepted and are generation encroachment, have promoted food security and income signs and bio-indicators of identification the stations, meteorological systems, information Participatory process change adaptation in the climate elements fundamental are and early warning systems ational climate National climate change strategy. Decree Supreme M No. 086.2003-PC Regional Governments Act Law No. 27867 • • technologies Adaptation • • • • • • Micro-climatic changes 2.7. Conclusions and Recommendations and 2.7. Conclusions a) Conclusions changes in micro-climates technologies. adaptation and regarding reached were conclusions following The 42 Adaptation to Climate Change • • • • Technologies • • • • • • • Approaches oninter-cultural education. dissemination, placingpriority agenda In order to synthesize the conclusions, Information and early warningsystemsInformation andearly Sustainable useofnatural resources (water, soilandbiological diversity) Breeding ofdiversified native species Cultivation ofdiversified native species Agroforestry Training Organisation managementConflict Food security Territorial zoning andecological farming Watershed management aig no osdrto rsac apcs s el s lmt cag plce and policies change climate as well as aspects research consideration into taking 6), box (see Practical Action has drawn up a national climate change adaptation Adaptation to Climate Change 43 Proposed topics Proposed ational climate change agenda for Andean rural areas in Peru. rural areas agenda for Andean climate change ational Box 6. N rganisation and participation: strengthening traditional and contemporary organisations to deal with climate change, with the the with change, climate with deal to organisations contemporary and traditional strengthening participation: and rganisation issemination: issemination: a. Overall watershed management conservation) (vegetal and animal: on site b. Management of the agro-biodiversity c. Food security d. Risk management on climate change implementation of existing regional provisions a. At a regional level, long term budgets and in local agendas in the of the climate change problem in participatory b. At a local level, inclusion change problems c. Strengthen the institutions involved in climate cosmovisions a. Knowledge about climate change from different between nature and society b. Paradigmatic changes, a new relationship establishments c. Climate change in schools and higher education a. Local climate and adaptation know-how climatic variability and climate change, glaciers)b. Climatic research (differentiation between c. Climatic scenarios d. Simulations e. Information and early warning systems biological diversity and climate change f. Relationship between desert encroachment, a. Andean peasant farmers b. School and higher education students c. Teachers d. Technicians and scientists peasant communities e. Leaders of local and regional governments and f. Rural and urban populations D O 1. Capacity-building: 1. climate Capacity-building: change adaptation based on appropriate and traditional technologies in lines: along the following low standards of living, of populations with vulnerability order to reduce the 2. participation of local populations 3. Policies and institutionalism: 4. Inter-cultural education: 5. Research: 6.

Adaptation to Climate Change 45 documents documents one of the seven projects implemented Climate Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Technologies initiative. The project Native Potatoes Defying Potatoes Native Change Climate Native Native Potatoes Defying Climate Change Practical Action used the publication to promote the conservation of and appreciation for native Practical Action’s was was implemented in two areas of the Peruvian highlands province in –- Yungay Áncash the and Canchis in Cusco– with an approach that places priority on adapting agricultural farming systems the challenges and climate between relations the of analysis an provides book The change. climate by opportunitiespresented change, native potato cropping and peasant farmer poverty, and illustrates how change vulnerability can to be reduced climate in particular contexts. In recognition and celebration of International Year Potato in 2008, farming in Peru. potato 3.1. Introduction The Andean region is traditionally a farming area, where over the centuries local people have ways developed of adapting to the changing weather conditions inherent to the multiple climate systems that exist. Nevertheless, during the last century, greater changes in weather conditions have to the societies pose threats that dependThese occurred significant on the use of cycles natural and change. climate due to both particularly farmers. resources, natural under

Native potatoes are one of Peru’s most important crops. Not only in terms of the significant volume produced produced volume significant the of terms in only Not crops. important most Peru’s of one are potatoes Native annually, but also due to ancient high by domesticated potatoes of varieties national Indigenous practices. traditional of preservation the consumption to makes rates and the native contribution as to referred native nowadays are purposes, consumption local potato for volumes small produced farming who Peruvians, potatoes. There are at least three thousand varieties of these ancestral potatoes still being grown in Peru. Native potatoes are grown on almost three hundred thousand hectares of land and around three million tons are produced per year, providing sustenance to upwards of 600 thousand families. Potatoes are the primary crop grown by highland peasant farmers, and as such constitute a key element of their staple incorporating diet practices, harvesting and sowing traditional use farmers Peasant income. of source main a and of years. thousands and perhaps even back hundreds date that rituals and techniques The book 3 46 Adaptation to Climate Change where potato systems irrigation were installed:Shupluy, Yanama and Cascapara (seetables5and6). districts in Yungaythreeinvolvedwork Sicuani. The and Checaupe Pablo,Combapata, San districts: four in publications were the sources.secondary The work in Canchis involved eleven potato farming communities and gathered information of sources primary the were Interviews 9). and 8 Peru southern Cusco, of Department the in Canchis and Peru central Áncash, of Department in 2007; YungayNovemberthe and in September provincesbetween two in implemented was project The 3.2. Methodology andAndean highlandecosystems.farms potato native in change climate with deal to strategies adaptation modern and traditional of analysis and book the of findings the summarizes chapter This and astronomical observations. Farmers also base weather predictions on plant growth, the appearance of crop diseases, animal behaviour, etc. seasons, cropping of potential the times, harvesting and sowing calculate to used indicators) forecast practices, and which in symbols some cases providerituals, valuable informationcrop-related such as of ethno-meteorological indicators (natural sharing weather the through reinforced being are structures social and encouraging the use of ancestral know-how amongst rural populations. In potato farming communities, The diversity of potato varieties in the high Andean mountains, particularly in Cusco, is providing food security higher of mountainconditions areas andcannow becropped upto 3,800mabove sealevel. the to naturally adapted have potatoes these response, In zones. Andean lower the in quality, soil and rains as such conditions, agricultural and climactic other in changes and temperatures in increases to due heights these at survive longer no can level sea above 3,600m to up climatesmoderate with agroecosystems in grown previously potatoes that shows now Evidence potatoes. native of is case the Such adapt. to species animal and plant certain of ability occurring the now threaten changes also frequently.These are more drought of periods extended and frosts Intense conditions. climate extreme and Increases in temperature are evident in events such as the rapid reduction of glaciers in high mountain areas Native Potatoes Defying Climate Change Climate Defying Potatoes Native reports and reports Action Practical which provides which (see figures (see SICUANI ESPINAR PAUCARTAMBO URCOS ACOMAYO YANAOCA CALCA CALCA CUSCO PARURO SANTO TOMÁS SANTO ANTA District capitals Communities URUBAMBA SANTA ANA SANTA Condorsencca Pataccalasaya Chapichumo MARANGANÍ Acco Acco Phalla Acco Santa Bárbara SICUANI Pata Anza Pata Paru Pata Tiruma SAN PABLO Palccoyo Cusco TINTA PITUMARCA SAN PEDRO COMBAPATA 47

CHECACUPE Adaptation to Climate Change LLAMELLÍN Moyush CHIQUIAN HUARI SAN LUIS PISCOBAMBA CHACAS YANAMA OCROS RECUAY POMABAMBA HUARAZ AIJA SIHUAS District capitals Communities CARHUAZ ungay YUNGAY CARAZ Machco CORONGO CABANA HUARMEY CASMA CHIMBOTE Tishtec Shupluy Mancos Panash Sillop Yungay Lomas Poncos Utcush CASCAPARA Pata Pata Uchco RANRAHIRCA MATACOTO Santa Teresa Santa Punap Huambo Puebo Viejo Áncash Cruzpampa Julcamarca Pampacancha Y area. of the working 8. Location Figure QUILLO QUILLO Pampacancha Julcamarca Cruzpampa Áncash Puebo Viejo Huambo Punap Santa Teresa MATACOTO RANRAHIRCA Uchco Pata CASCAPARA Utcush Poncos Lomas Yungay Sillop Panash Mancos Shupluy Tishtec CHIMBOTE CASMA HUARMEY CABANA CORONGO 48 Machco

Adaptation to Climate Change CARAZ YUNGAY CARHUAZ Communities District capitals SIHUAS AIJA HUARAZ POMABAMBA RECUAY OCROS YANAMA CHACAS PISCOBAMBA SAN LUIS HUARI CHIQUIAN Moyush LLAMELLÍN Figure 9.Locationoftheworkingarea. Canchis CHECACUPE COMBAPATA SAN PEDRO PITUMARCA TINTA Cusco Palccoyo SAN PABLO Tiruma Paru Pata Pata Anza SICUANI Santa Bárbara Acco Acco Phalla MARANGANÍ Chapichumo Pataccalasaya Condorsencca SANTA ANA URUBAMBA Communities District capitals ANTA SANTO TOMÁS PARURO CUSCO CALCA YANAOCA ACOMAYO URCOS PAUCARTAMBO ESPINAR SICUANI Adaptation to Climate Change 49 ungay Activity Activity Native potatoes Native potatoes Native potatoes Native potatoes Potato irrigation systems Potato irrigation systems Potato irrigation systems Native potatoes and alpacas Native potatoes and alpacas Native potatoes and alpacas Native potatoes and alpacas Native potatoes and alpacas Native potatoes and alpacas Native potatoes and alpacas Supluy Yanama Tiruma Cascapara Palccoyo Paru Pata Pata Tinta Pata Anza Community Patacalasaya Community Chapichumo Condorsenca Santa Bárbara Accoacco Phalla Asociación Los Andes District Shupluy Yanama Sicuani District Cascapara San Pablo Checacupe Combapata able 5. Peasant communities involved in native potato actions. Canchis in native potato involved communities able 5. Peasant T able 6. Communities involved in irrigation systems and potatoes. Y able 6. Communities involved ungay T Y Province Canchis Province The effects of changing weather conditions attributed to climate change to climate attributed conditions weather effects of changing The disasters to of local response Evaluation solutions adaptation of technological nature and replicable Relevance of local knowledge efforts adaptation contribution to The technologies production and management Potato • • • • • Surveys were conducted in rural areas The interviewees. informants were selected duringbased on their high ranking which and leadership status in the area. mainly qualitative were questionnaires The information required. were Spanish to Quechua from translations interviews, majorityof Inthe was sought from main topics: based on the following 50 Adaptation to Climate Change Canchis istheleastvulnerable dueto agreater geneticbaseordiversity ofspecies(seefigure 10). in Canchis, where farmers grow between 20 and 50 varieties per family. the Of provinces covered by the study, combinationofimproveda is,(through thatselective plots,breeding) their andcommercial in varietiesnative mixedpotatoes. four Theandopposite occursone betweengrow typicallyFarmers exist. varieties fewer potatoof The vulnerability crops, i.e. to adversesusceptibility their weather events, greateris in Yungaywhere believe that therecovery ofnative ofwildvarietiesisafundamental taskto theconservation potatoes inPeru. the and survival economic the both potato-farmingconsideredidentityoffarmersormanyin lost,communities. riskvarieties at ofnumber factor aWith crucial a become has and culture highland Andean of aspect important an varieties. diversityfifty is This as manyhighlandcommunities. asAndeanfamiliesgrow Some has Peruvianaregrowncropsin2,500 least (IPC) at which Centrepotato, thousandoffourspecies Potatocataloguedof International thanmore the region, Andean the In them. grow who farmers the to potatoes native of biodiversity the of importance the describe to farmer local a by used were words wonderful These a. Biodiversity 3.3. Adaptation Strategies Figure 10.Relationshipbetweenvulnerabilityandbiodiversityinpotatofarms Vulnerability their familiestreasure oneofthevarietiestheypossess.” eachandevery “Asand nativerecover yearsvarieties,topotatofarmers the take of will all it potato crops Vulnerability of Yungay, Áncash Canchis, Cuzco Biodiversity

Adaptation to Climate Change 51 potato farmer potato kamayoq Poma, López Viviana [ducks]; these birds are born in August and August in born are birds these [ducks]; chuya mayu [fox]; when it is a short howl it means it will it means shortit a is howl it when [fox]; huacca atocc [ccoto] in the sky on day St. (24th John’s June). We have to look at 4 mayo mayo lacco [river weeds], that usually grow in When the these river. are burnt them at about three o’clock in the morning; if the stars look dull or small it will not be a good good a be not will it small or dull look stars the if morning; the in o’clock three about at them the is at look we else Something year. a When single pair September out by they with but are their they mothers, must be in pairs. when season; sowing the delay to have we so sow, to time good a not is it means it out goes we thing Another problems. no with year good a be will it however, out, go pairs three or two look at is the they if however, delayed; be must season sowing the so sow, to time good a not is it frost by August In year. good a be will it frost, the by affected not are and normally growing continue the of howling the to listen also we good year.» it will be a sounds like laughter, that but when it is a long howl be a bad year «…we «…we look at the stars The stars observed star cluster. the Pleiades The are

4 b. Traditional knowledge Traditional b. droughts, frost, like factors withstand can that potatoes native of varieties identify to used is knowledge Local hailstones, etc. Furthermore, traditional know-how is also useful for predicting future weather conditions –whether or not there will be regular or irregular rain, whether yield will be high The indicators or etc. low, some are Below or wallata. mayu chuya and wacca atocc ccotto, mayu lacco, called farmers are by most used interviewed farmers: from testimonies 52 Adaptation to Climate Change testimony, in ancient times Peruvian ancestors 6 5 Huantura, León Eusebio Andean and The use of these indicators has started to decline in some regions a result of cross-culturalism, that is a mixing of few usefulonesremainingvery today (seetable7). are there so unreliable, become have or disappeared have indicators Theseconditions. weather changing Eusebio Leon Umpiri and his fellowhis and Umpiri LeonEusebio of improved soil and organic fertilizer preparation practices. preparation fertilizer organic and soil improved of development the with assist to tool adaptation an as used also were potatoes. native reports affecting The plagues main the record and study to instrument an as served attendees school by made reports Monthly based onnative potatoes, development ofsmallnative potato businesses. dishes new of preparation and processing potatoes, native of storage seeds, of treatment potatoes, native of categorisation practices, conservation and preparation soil moths), potato and weevils (Andean control pest fertilizers,organic of diseases,preparationuse techniques,and and managementpotato cropplagues or experts, Potato innovations. technological disseminating and creating at aimed model farming extension hundred two 2005, and 1996 Between strategy. training alternative an developed has School Kamayoq the ToribioCanchis, Quispe in Sicuani of city the In sign season,theydon’t ofagood orbadfarming hesitate to addthat “nevertheless, thefox sometimesfails”. wallata (birds) Atocc waccac or lacco (river or lacco(river Mayu chuya Ccotto (star The term ancient isalsoused to referthe to theancestors ofAndean communities. for importance powers. magical extreme and nature over of dominion mankind, world, events the of creation whom the as such to attributed, are people times Andean of cosmogony ancient of people knowledgeable extremely be to considered are Ancestors in specialized techniques; nowadays theyshare technical know-how withrural populations origin. ofaQuechua wereexperts they Empire Inca the resources.natural During of management sustainable the and farming in experts are Kamayoq The singing fox) Kamayoq Mayo lacco (crying fox, Indicator weeds) cluster) criollo, or potato farmers, received training at workshops covering various subjects, including farm farm including subjects, various covering workshops at training received farmers, potato some, 24th for June 13th for June 13thfor September September September August to August to August to others Date mestizo (people from the coast with mixed European/Peruvian blood) cultures. Although potato farmer potato kamayoq large, particularly the first one, large, particularlythefirstone, When they are a bright green and a normal sowing season September, it will be a good be a good year with normal colour it will be a good year When it is a long howl that When itisalonghowlthat it will be a good year and a sounds like laughter, it will When the star clusters are Favourable production to four or more chicks in When a bird gives birth normal sowing season kamayoq or averageyear T able 7.Mostusefulindicators rainfall Domingo Nina Avanasocco assert that the fox howl is the surest the foxis howlthe that Avanasocco assert Nina Domingo 6 used many indicators to understand the climate and forecast 5 , compares ethno-meteorological signs. According to his to According signs. ethno-meteorological compares , xeso fres ee rie, ae o an on based trained, were farmers extension Kamayoq When a bird gives birth to only two chicks, of September and turn yellow as though of Septemberandturnyellowasthough means it will be a bad year with irregular burnt by frost, the sowing season will be burnt byfrost,thesowingseasonwillbe bad year and the sowing season will be bad yearandthesowingseasonwillbe When they do not appear until the end it will be a bad year with a low potato particularly the first group, it will be a particularly thefirstgroup,itwillbea When it is a short unfinished howl it When the star clusters are small, Unfavourable production rainfall andlowproduction used the reports to identify to reports the used Action Practical production delayed. delayed Used frequently, although it Reliable, usedfrequently Reliable, usedfrequently Reliable, usedfrequently sometimes fails Reliability

Adaptation to Climate Change 53

Adaptation strategy Adaptation Principal effects Principal change Climate Strategy 3 techniques Effect 3 Training on sustainable More frequent plagues and appearance of new plagues Strategy 2 biodiversity Effect 2 Conservation of the potato Practical Action proposed three adaptation strategies: a) research into More frequent frost and droughts Crops Effect 1 resilience Strategy 1 igure 11. Climate change adaptation strategies for native potatoes 11. Figure Native Potato potato crops, fewer varieties Reduction of the biodiversity of Research to determine the crop As a result of the evaluation process, the most serious impacts of climate change on potato farming communities communities farming potato on change climate of impacts serious most the process, evaluation the of result a As identifiedwere as: a) areduction in biodiversity;b) an increase in crop losses dueto more frequent andextreme climate phenomena; and c) an increase in number and severity of crop plagues. With respect to these impacts, the other unfavourable. and favourable one scenarios, possible future Practical Action identified two In the unfavourable scenario, the biodiversity of native potatoes is potatoes of severely higher amount reduced the temperatures, in due more reduction to frequent A crops. frosts, increasingly damaged hailstones of number and greater droughts, a increased in resulting incidence diseases, and and plagues severity of Peru. in families rural of thousands of security food the affects directly consumption household for available certain to in a loss of local knowledge species. relating results biodiversity A reduction in crop In the favourable scenario, native As a surplus management harvested, result, techniques. are crops the use of andtraditional know-how is improved potato biodiversity is maintained via change.to climate communities reducing the vulnerability of rural significantly markets new is gained, to access the successful application of plague Based on these possible scenarios, 3.4. Results Results 3.4. the resilience of potato crops; b) efforts to preserve the biodiversity of potato crops; and c) technical training training technical c) and crops; potato of biodiversity the preserve to efforts b) crops; potato of resilience the 11). (see figure peasants for which traditional indicators were most valid for predicting climactic conditions and extreme weather events events weather extreme and conditions climactic predicting for valid most were indicators traditional which impacts crops. on potato the negative reducing and thereby 54 Adaptation to Climate Change • • • • Specifically, are linesofaction various recommended: this knowledge. over of part fundamental a nativepotatoesis about animals. Information and many plants of domestication practiced the been have indicators, ethno-meteorological as thousands of years and such explain the relationship between knowledge, farmers this of communities. highland Manifestations Andean in intervention any of basis the as considered be must knowledge Local b. Recommendations the U.S. This hasincreased incomes andreducedlevels among Andean highlandfamilies. poverty and Canada Europe, to selling and markets organic global accessing now are cooperatives into organised increases in yields. Since native potatoes are grown organically, higher production levels means that farmers how of local farmers with scientific data is also worthwhile.In Cusco, improved farming practices havethe leadof to use The can becaptured andmodifiedinorder adaptagriculturalto helpfarmers practices to climate change. communities. The use of weather and climate forecast indicators derived from local know-how is a system that most effective and important strategy for reducing the impact of extreme the climateis generation. Thisto generation fromconditions down passed is onbeen biodiversityhas that potato-farming greatknowledge local to thanks theirmaintained that is crops potato native of management the regarding conclusion main The a. Conclusions 3.5. Conclusions andRecommendations areas, focusing onachievingfood for security rural communities highland Andean other in strategies adaptation technological the replicate to made be should Efforts Research into ofpotato theability crops to withstand changing weather conditions validating localknow-how regarding weather forecasts traditional researchatthe aimed workof formpart indicatorssystemsshould Investigationand warning intoearly on based varieties potatoes native and change knowledge climate on networks of Establishment model regarding the dissemination of technologies that complement the know- the complement that technologies of dissemination the regarding model Kamayoq and the ecosystem around them, including

Adaptation to Climate Change 57 Practical . Data retrieved retrieved Data . e www.pnud.org.p initiative. The The project initiative. was implemented in . Farming is the main economic activity. Farming and 7 Water Management Water Change and Climate Climate Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Technologies The Human Development Index is published annually by the United Nations Development Programme and is based on life expectancy, expectancy, life on based is and Programme Development Nations United the by annually published is Index Development Human The Programme. Development Nations United Source: capita. per GDP and attainment education literacy, from the 2002 National Census. the 2002 National from 7 Action’s analysis an provides book The highlands. central Peru’s in Áncash Departmentof the of province Yungay the illustrates and province the in conflicts management water and change climate between relationship the of supplies. declining water to the vulnerability of the local population reduce to possible strategies 4.1. Introduction Yungay is highly vulnerable province due has a Human low IndexDevelopment (0.453) Yungay a Statistically, combination of social, economic and environmental factors. With a population of more than 60 thousand people, 40% of them living in rural areas, Yungay is one of the most the of one is Yungay areas, rural in living them of 40% people, thousand 60 than more of population a With century. last the earthquakesover major three from heavily suffered having Peru earthquake-pronein areas is Yungay extremely vulnerable to the impacts of The climate change. province is situated in the Cordillera is and Mountains, snow-cappedAndes tropical the of components main the of one range, mountain Blanca glacial behaviour. monitoring are of important initiatives a number where the site research Management Water and Climate Change describes one of the seven projects implemented under

the principal crops are corn, potatoes, wheat, barley, vegetables and grasses. The cultivation of The fruit such cultivation as and grasses. vegetables barley, wheat, the crops are corn, principal potatoes, indiscriminate and inappropriate avocados quality, and soil peaches poor has to also leading use begun land increasing excessive recently. Local erosion, agricultural soil practices irrigation, are inefficient characterized by use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides; expansion of the agrarian frontier (farm land) without traditional conservationFurthermore, and out-of-date methods, environmental processes. management crop knowledge is gradually disappearing from farming activities, due to the cross-culturalism amongst younger techniques. who also possess little knowledge management of modern crop generations, 4 58 Adaptation to Climate Change the sameperiod. during dramatically risen has province the in conflicts social for potential coast.The Peruvian the on lands arid in River, projects Santa forthe irrigation also of reaches but upper the in only forfarming,not essential years glacier mass in the region has reduced by around 30% resulting in the loss of water thatreservoirs are Andes central the of slopes eastern the on supply water has affecting retreat been glacier seventies, the Since effect. harmful particularly a having is change climate addition, infrastructure. steepIn damaged and slopes, soils, contaminated high and factors: weak water, of vulnerability depletion most gradual a the pollution, with cliffs, province the is Yungay it, within landslides, and overflows, vulnerable flows, ice most the is Áncash detached Peru, in Departments 24 mountains, the in Of Yungay. frequently occur all snow-capped flooding and mudflows of number large a by Surrounded Table 8shows that thesocialandeconomic increase factors ratio. thevulnerability Technological Socio-cultural infrastructural Component Institutional- Economic- Physical- financial political Lack ofknowledgesoilqualityforhousingconstructionpurposes Rustic cropswithnostandardsowingplan;theygrowthesameormostprofitableones Weak cropssusceptibletoplaguesanddiseases Inadequate treatmentofplagues Water lossduringirrigation Animals arebadlyfedandnotvaccinated Family fertilizationtechniquesarenotverytechnical crops and work don’t don’t yield) fertilizers deceived, been have they say (farmers fertilizers of quality Low Low levelofandcostlyaccesstocropproductiontechniques(fertilizationirrigation) Authorities arenotfamiliarwithclimatechangeanditsimpacts onthepopulation Little supportfromauthorities Lack offoodsecurityandhealth caught were Limited accesstoinformationandlackofrisk-awareness we change, climate about nothing do unawares”) could we felt (“we risk-awareness Limited Weak organisation(“inthepast,peopleweremoreorganizedandaccomplished”) Limited technicalknowledgeofsafehousingconstructionmethods Dangerous locationofinfrastructure Limited serviceinfrastructure(reservoirs,canals) Precarious anddeterioratedconstructions:canals,highways,housing,medicalposts Low pricespaidforproducts High costoffertilizers Lack ofcoordinationandparticipationmechanisms Low incomerateandpoverty Table 8.Socio-economicvulnerabilityfactors Vulnerability Over the last thirty thirty last the Over 9). table (see Adaptation to Climate Change 59 Practical Action’s 4.2. Methodology The study area covered the Santo Toribio basin in the upper reaches of the Santa River, including Yungay 12). (see figure Province Other impacts of climate change include the appearance of opportunistic transmitting species insects) which has been (rodents one of the principal and causes of the recurrence of disease- tropical diseases that decades. several for eradicated considered had been The most vulnerable populations are hit hardest by the negative impacts of climate change. In the case of it Yungay, is the rural communities who, in addition to their habitual struggle against poverty, are forced to adapt their livelihoods to cope with the effects of climate change.The Watershed objectiveManagement of and Climate Change project was to identify ways can their improve Yungay capacity to in respond to the challenges presented by which climate change with a focus rural communities in on improving watershed management practices in the project. findings of that Santa River basin. This chapter summarizes the 60 Adaptation to Climate Change QUILLO Pampacancha Figure 12.Locationoftheproject area. Y Julcamarca Cruzpampa Áncash Puebo Viejo Huambo Punap Santa Teresa MATACOTO RANRAHIRCA Uchco Pata CASCAPARA Utcush Poncos Lomas Yungay Sillop Panash Mancos Shupluy Tishtec CHIMBOTE CASMA HUARMEY CABANA CORONGO Machco CARAZ YUNGAY CARHUAZ Communities District capitals SIHUAS AIJA ungay HUARAZ POMABAMBA RECUAY OCROS YANAMA CHACAS PISCOBAMBA SAN LUIS HUARI CHIQUIAN Moyush LLAMELLÍN Adaptation to Climate Change 61 212 152 759 951 450 1993 3 863 1 339 Population 60 55 90 288 438 376 1999 1 307 Houses 61 45 90 170 253 415 1993 1 034 Town Settlement Peasant community Settlements near the Settlements near the Ulta Huascarán canal Matcaj-Yanama canal Territorial classification of water from a branch of the Neighbourhood on the outskirts Settlements near the Acrarano canal Settlements near the of Yanama, organized based on the use of Yanama, organized based on the use Total (1) Area Anta Yungay San Damián Arhuay, Encayoc, Ocshajirca, Llanlla Yanamito, Huashcao Table 9. Areas and population within the scope of the project the scope of within and population 9. Areas Table Independencia, Cajapampa District Yungay Mancos Shupluy Yanama Ranrahirca The information on Anta and Ocshajirca is estimated. The information on Cascapara- (1) Twelve Twelve project sites were identified in Negra Cordillera the Yungay, the Blanca, Cordillera Mancos, the areas: geographical Ranrahirca,different three into Shupluydivided are districts These andCascapara districts. 9). basin (see table and the Marañón river 62 Adaptation to Climate Change An overview oftheproblemAn overview isillustrated infigure 13. Excessive useoffertilizersand Trans-cultural knowledgeand Inadequate managementand Expansion oftheagricultural increasing numberofusers Unawareness ofeconomic lack ofmodernknow-how planning andmonitoring Burning offossilfuels Loss ofsoilnutrients Inefficient irrigation Organisation Deforestation Knowledge instruments pesticides Farming frontier Water

Figure 13.Descriptionoftheproblem Cultural erosion local populations Inadequate crop More vulnerable Water erosion Water conflicts PROCESSS management Soil erosion Greenhouse Canopy loss gases encroachment warming Global Desert Retreating Changes climates in micro Climate change glaciers meteorological Crops affected water sources agro-biodiver Opportunistic Reduction of diversity and geodynamic Loss ofbio- Human dis Increase of Increase of by more plagues species events events eases sity - - living (poverty) rity andlower families more Food insecu vulnerable to and climate standard of threats of disasters Peasant change - Adaptation to Climate Change 63 climates Rural communities vulnerability and adapting to vulnerability and adapting river capable of reducing their river capable of reducing the changing climate and micro in the upper reaches of the Santa in the upper reaches Water Leaders Irrigation Farming efficiency Knowledge User boards Crop rotation Organisation Climate change Water management Water Plague management Prioritized components Andean highland ecosystem Figure 14. Capacity-building in rural communities of the Santo Toribio sub-basin Toribio of the Santo rural communities in 14. Capacity-building Figure figure 14: in figure shown project of the are prioritized during the implementation Components 64 Adaptation to Climate Change held workshops to train inecological farmers pestmanagement techniques. Ancash, of University National the and (CEDEP) Studies Participation and Development purely by motivated farmers for byCentre the (SENASA), Health Agrarian of pesticides Service National the with collaboration In reasons.commercial and insecticides fertilizers, chemical of use indiscriminate in resultedhave plagues and diseases crop of incidences frequent more to leading temperatures in Increases b) Farming and management oflocaldemandfor water. irrigation in efficiency improved encompasses and efforts adaptation change climate to is critical management therefore water Improved techniques. irrigation inefficient from resulting water of misuse the and masses glacier of disappearance gradual the to due decline constant in is province the to water of supply Water isakeyelement for agricultural development andtheresource mostaffected by climate change. The a) Water farming, water, components: four into divided andsocialorganisation.knowledge are strategies adaptation change climate proposed The 4.3. Adaptation Strategies • • • • • • • • • The research consisted ofthefollowing stagesofwork: climate extreme of intensity and specieslikerats,the localpopulation andthedisplacement mosquitoes ofopportunistic andcockroaches. occurrence duration, the were site plagues,droughts,phenomena, retreating ultraviolet raysof glaciers, vector-transmittedon project impact diseases,the each in studied variables The Lobbying localgovernment to incorporate adaptation strategies into localdevelopment plans and Defining validating adaptation measures Studies ofclimate into changeoncrop theimpacts diversity andwater resources to withfarmers evaluate potatoInterviews processes production Water andcrop transfer management knowledge courses oftestImplementation plotsfor pressure anddiseasemonitoring irrigation ofappropriateIntroduction technologies for improved agricultural andwater practices use Working to withfarmers formulate adaptation Plans Action in elements social organisations vulnerable identify and change, climate of perceptions community of understanding an gain actors, key and intervention for areas potential identify to representatives)government local and Workshops with the target communities (including community leaders, Community-Based Organisations Action Practical Adaptation to Climate Change 65 Areas affected Poncos, Ocshpachán Bellavista, Primorpampa Casacapara, Shupluy The entire sub-basin The entire sub-basin The entire Cordillera Negra The entire Cordillera Negra Steep slopes Spring-fed farmland Perception of event Ruined the sowing season Burnt the crops Destroyed roads, schools and farmland Destroyed the crops Poor harvest and no sowing Transport was impossible Springs and streams disappeared Affected the sowing season Shortage of water Year 1965 1997 1997 2004 1989 1995 2004 2004-2005 Antes de 1970 people remember events that had a significant impact on impact significant a had that events remember people 10, table Table 10. Significant climatic events Event Torrential rain and hailstones Freezing weather conditions Heavy rain between January and March Shortage of rain Plagues of rats and mosquitoes Prolonged drought Drought between November and March Heavy rain and hailstones Strong drought Men Women Gender Gender The The testimonies provided an insight into whether people were really aware of the and seasonal aware characteristicsdetermined nature of that people of were season rain, that the rainy climate change. A survey in this province is between December and April (as it occurs throughout the Peruvian highlands), and that freezing weather conditions and average temperatures change according to the seasons. The two sectors most vulnerable to climate change impacts were identified as also recognised. housing and health were change on infrastructure, climate agriculture and livestock. The impacts of 4.4. Results Information regarding how people perceive the risks they are exposed to was compiled from workshops, in shown As interviews. and testimonies their lives, to the extent that there is a testimonial register of events that have occurred since the 1960s. the 1960s. since occurred have that of events register is a testimonial there the extent that to their lives, d) Social organisation Organisation of communities into committees is a key strategy to water management as it enables water users make unified decisions andexercise greater influence on localgovernment with regards to demand supplies. and use of water for c) Knowledge Although over the years farmers have adapted their practices to changing weather conditions, there clear is need to a improve and update knowledge of basic farming techniques. In order to obtain quantitative data on changes in rainfall and temperature, farmers were equipped with small meteorological stations in order to record this information on a daily basis. Combined with scientific data, the informationcollected variability. of local climate understanding comprehensive a more to contributes 66 Adaptation to Climate Change In general,In it isrecommended that system aterritorialfarming be establishedfor theentire Santa river basin. • • • populations: The installation of irrigation systems should meet the following conditions to maximise benefits to the local management oftheseinstitutionssothat practices theycanadequately dealwithfuture water shortages. Irrigationcompanies are still undergoing water distribution problems. Thereis apressing need to update water from bechannelledthrough thereservoirs pipesrather thancanals. water conservation by minimising leakage and evaporation of water resources. To this end, it is recommended that water the prioritise in Yungayshould supply water projects province, futurein decline inevitable the Given b) Recommendations diversification willbeessentialare iffarmers to adapt to reduced water suppliesinthefuture. Crop demand. water manage to required are actions urgent retreating.Consequently rapidly are glaciers the and decreasing is rainfall needs, their for water sufficient is there present at that indicated farmers Although systems which can save between one fifth and one tenth of the local volume of waterThe usedcanals. with traditional methods. irrigation and dams populationdecreasingawareofis water suppliesunderstands reservoirs, and requirements the improvedof for irrigation construction the with improved been has supply Water ofinformation inthecollection onwater andparticipated practices resources andchanging temperatures. use water efficient of knowledge basic acquiredhave members community workshops, training the Through inandinfluence processesoverparticipation decisionmaking concerned with water supplyanddemand. of evaluation and existing monitoring techniques, implies as This well impacts. as future introduction and of current new to technologies vulnerability and their social reduce organisations to to order strengthen in community Climate change adaptation implies building the capacity of thea) Conclusions rural population in improved agricultural practices 4.5. Conclusions andRecommendations Although conservation. environmental ofclimatic eventsobservations andchanging weather patterns arelocal keyto adaptation processes. change, of climate to vulnerability principles community to contributed have in programme practices farming training traditional grounded some community practices a of agricultural part improved as implemented on were actions These irrigation. overhead as such alternatives technology sustainable of development and systems irrigation existing of improvement practices farming canals, reorganise irrigation of construction the to included and seasons need sowing new the and the climate new the on from based resulting actions were secondary calendar of farming group the a to by Alterations accompanied change. climate to vulnerability their reduce people highland surveys, the of result a As Technological innovations are still required and will only be achieved through concerted efforts to efforts concerted through achieved be research action conduct only will and required still are innovations Technological systems shouldbeaffordableIrrigations to thefarmers shouldbeplacedPriority systems oninstallingirrigations oncommunal land proposed a number of adaptation measures to help Andean help to measures adaptation of number a proposed Action Practical

Adaptation to Climate Change 69 La El Niño and initiative. The The initiative. project was El Niño Phenomenon combined). The impacts of these cycles include extended Climate Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Technologies Agroforestry: A Climate A Agroforestry: Strategy Adaptation Change Practical Action’s 5.1. Introduction Recent studies into changing weather conditions is conclude influenced by that both the the climate Atlantic in Pacific and surface the temperature Oceans. of around San 2-3ºC which The manifest Martíninto Pacific warm and cold Ocean region cycles, known undergoesas natural changes in implemented in the El Dorado province of the Department of San Martín in the northern Peruvian rainforest. rainforest. Peruvian northern the in Martín San of Department the of province Dorado El the in implemented poverty and cropping continuous change, climate between relationship the of analysis an provides book The in the region and proposes agroforesty as strategy to increase crop productivity, promote environmental local farmers. for conservation higher incomes and secure Niña respectively (and the heavy rainfall, droughts and extreme weather events. Studies show that during the El Niño Phenomenon, central in the lower whereas in Peru, of the upper rainforest shortages 90% in some areas water up to reach rainforest shortages have been recorded at around 60%. During the same periods, droughts occur on the northern coast of Peru. The San Martín region is particularly vulnerable to affecteddeclining by rainfall the Elduring Niño years Phenomenon which is further aggravatedby the effects of climate change. These availability of the and cycle water the of predictions behaviour the about make to difficult is factorsit mean resources. water

Over recent decades deforestation has become one of biggest threats to the Peruvian rainforest. National been have rainforest mountain of hectares million 125 around that estimate organisations international and cut down contributing to a gradual the are purposes process livestock-raising and farming of for forest the desertification.in practices burn Theand slash and felling expansion excessive of the agricultural frontier, most destructive human activities in the eastern rainforest. San Martín, located on the eastern side thin annum, of mm/per 1,000 than more the of rainfall heavy by characterised is ecosystem, Andean mountainous soil and a large forest canopy that covers craggy slopes containing the greatest concentration diversity biological in the The country. local peasant population is highly vulnerable because their primary source of income is small-scale cocoa and coffee farming which is being threatened desert encroachment processes cycles. and changes in water Agroforestry: A Climate Change Adaptation Strategy under describes one of the seven projects implemented 5 70 Adaptation to Climate Change of land(seefigure 15). resources,its naturalexploitedregenerationof plot repeatednew impossible,operationis a the making on fully been has land the Once renewal. soil for allowance any without production constant involvessystem cropping continuous the water), and crops forest(nutrients, the byproduced elements natural recoverthe than Rather grasslands. of burning and livestock-raising farming, excessive and corn, of farming cropping continuous whose include highlands, practices the from farmers new of migration the by aggravated is varied its to due Peru in regions biodiverse most climate and rugged the topography. of It is also one of one the most deforested is regions, in which Dorado indiscriminate felling El C. 34º and 22 between varying temperatures with round, year all humidity and rain by characterized is region Martín San the climate The and conversation techniques. management forestry sustainable in basin river Sisa the in farmers cocoa coffee and trained Strategywhich This chapter summarizes the findings of addition,globalclimateIn changeiscausingbothheavier rainfall andprolonged droughts intheregion. Andes.the of slopes eastern the valleysrainforestof the higher in watershedsthe and of in rupa) area (rupa in soil quality and ultimately crop failure. These processes are generating changes in local climate conditions trees to capture the water, heavy rainfall washes minerals important out of the soils leading to deterioration the without and plantations cotton and corn commercial for way make to cleared been have 30%) and 20 these crops are However,not area. indigenous growing cottonto and tropical corn mountain a ecosystems.fundamentally is Large province swathes Dorado of El precipitousthe in land basin (between river Sisa The information) matter (energy technology water and Solar energy Inputs Figure 15.Howacontinuouscropping systemworks , , , Practical Action’s project Continuous cr opping of capital High re Economic feedback investment Agroforestry: Agroforestry: A Climate Change Adaptation Outputs Harvests and water) (heat, nutrients Losses Adaptation to Climate Change 71 and 2 San Cristóbal de Sisa blo Pa San Santa Rosa Santa gua Blanca Shatoja A tín SAN JOSÉ DE SISA San Mar San Roque ocation of the Sisa river basin 16. Location of the Sisa Figure Province capital District capital Rivers Basin parts High basin Medium basin Low basin comprising the middle and upper courses of the Sisa river basin which ranges in altitude from 550 to 2,000m 2,000m to 550 from altitude in ranges which basin river Sisa the of courses upper and middle the comprising 16). (see figure sea level above 5.2. Methodology The El Dorado province is located in the north of the San Martín region, covering an area of 1,298 km 72 Adaptation to Climate Change (see figure 17). 17). figure climate changeadaptation strategy (see implementing of objectives the with aas incomes increased generating and skills markets to accesssystems,increasing agroforestry sustainable organisational and technical their improve to farmers cocoa province.Dorado El the thein particularly in rainforestarea, upper farmers coffee and cocoa of vulnerability the reduce to was project the of objective main The deAlao (seetable11). Martín San and Shatoja Rosa, Santa Blanca, Agua Sisa, de José San districts: 5 of comprised is basin river Sisa The Livestock-raising • andwhitetimber) Logging(mahoga - • Farming(migratory • • • • (over-grazing) ny, cedar cocoa for sowingcorn, slash andburn farming: felling, CO ties Industrial activi- Deforestation hemisphere in thenorthern activities Human 2 emissions (km DistrictArea Shatoja Santa Rosa San MartíndeAlao Agua Blanca San JosédeSisa encroachment Green- Lossofbiodiver - • Pressureonthe • Soilerosion • Water:lossof • Lossofforests • gasses house sity land tity quality and quan- Desert Global warming Figure 17.Descriptionoftheproblem T able 11.Districtsintervened (freezing weather) 243.41 562.57 168.19 299.90 Micro-climate 24.07 changes 2 ) (m.a.s.l.) Climate change Temperature:in- • Unclearseasons: • Altitude sensation crease inthermal rain, droughts 400 280 420 300 340 worked with coffee and and coffee with worked Action Practical Numberofhomes peasant families vulnerability of 2 307 Increasing 327 317 836 525 Lower income, poverty Adaptation to Climate Change 73 √ √ √ Modern technologies - √ √ Local know-how Components able 12. Prioritized Strategies T Forest enhancement - Improvement - Inclusion in participatory budgets - Insertion in qualified external markets - Insertion in local markets - Profitability - ­ - Organic production - Climate Marketing Organization Agro-forestry Prioritized areas Assessment of agricultural management techniques and soil productivity and techniques management of agricultural Assessment plans farm of sustainable management Formulation techniques producing and cropping improved farmers in fertilizing, Capacity building for issues fair trade around raising Awareness nurseriesConstruction of plant and training committees in Establishment of qualitystocktaking, producer basic administration control and finance and local authorities groups producer different for sharing events Setting up information of cooperatives Promotion 5.3. Adaptation Strategies 5.3. Adaptation The proposed climate change adaptation strategies marketing and organisation. All three traditional integrate and modern knowledge in are an effortto maintain divided into three components: (see table 12). of the local population the livelihoods agroforestry, • • • • • • • • Specific activitiesSpecific included: 74 Adaptation to Climate Change species (seetable15)inthecocoa andcoffee farms. Farmers were able to benefit from the diversity of forestry therebyfarmers reducing migration trends. local for income important generate which crops of range diverse a Furthermore,of cultivation area. the entailsthe agroforestry of characteristic are that conditions fragile highly the given basin river Sisa the in of use the involve not restore the does original natural balance of the forest. it As such, agroforestry is an appropriate as approach to farming strategy, adaptation technologies. change It is an climate alternative approach non-invasivebased on the inherent a adaptability of living is species and its Agroforestry goal is to shadeforprovide smallercrops important to (seefigure flourish 18 ). also soil.land is trees the The of integrity structural and contentmineral the the maintain to helping fertilizers natural of as productivity used and recycled The are that materials benefits. organic other and firewood severalforage, provide trees the providesas enhanced and trees) fruit palms, shrubs, (trees, species Agroforestry involves planting highly productive crops like cocoa and coffee alongside indigenous perennial a) Agroforestry Cocoa farmers Coffee farm Group ers Capirona T able 13.Numberoftimberforestry speciesincoffee andcocoafarms 28 49

information) matter (energy technology water and Solar energy Inputs Mahog- , Sown species , any 20 3 Figure 18.Howanagro-forestry systemworks , Cedar 7 8 Molaina 61 15 Agr systems o-for Pashaco 38 8 estry water nutrients and r feedback Envir ecycling of onmental (see table 13), medicinal Shaina 7 1 Pumaquiro of capital high r Economic feedback 12 63 Native species Outputs and water) (heat, nutrients Minor losses Harvests, hunting einvestment Paliperro 6 5 (see table 14) and fruit

Pinsha caspi 15 6 Other spe- cies 42 50 Adaptation to Climate Change 75 10 45 Cordoncillo 0 1 Pomarosa 1 1 Chuchuhuasi 2 10 Avocado 6 5 Piñón 1 9 Zapote 1 7 Ojé 4 5 Species Mango 1 2 Species Jagua 69 115 Guava 3 7 0 4 Ajo sacha Caimito able 15. Number of fruit species T 0 3 claw Cat’s Cat’s 11 18 Citrus able 14. Average number of medicinal species medicinal of number 14. Average able T 8 6 ers Sangre de grado ers Group Coffee farm Coffee Cocoa farmers Group Cocoa farmers Coffee farm Coffee An An evaluation of the vulnerability of the Sisa river basin showed and that soil the erosion region due is to at large-scale risk clearing from of flooding forest for agriculture, requires principally huge rice amounts cropping of which water. Poverty also affects large sections of the population with farming is upheld and livestock by local economy The generation. of income few rates and low employment for opportunities raising activities which receive little support from the government in terms of disaster planning and social organisation. A considerable percentage of the population lacks access medical care. and electricity, sewage, to basic services such as water, Patterns in climate change in recent years were analysed and seasons have show been longer and hotter that, since 2000. there Consequently, has been in an increase in the general number terms, the summer of plagues and diseases affecting both crops and humans. Changes intemperature imply changes in the winds. seasons and causing stronger the rainy altering and air cycles, water natural 5.4. Results b) Marketing and Organisation Marketing b) international and local to access gaining for strategy key a was cooperatives into farmers of organisation The markets. By selling to these markets through cooperatives crops. cocoa and coffee their for higher prices with fixed farmers receive organic and fair trade certification, the 76 Adaptation to Climate Change take place more the year. during often soil droughts prolonged of quality is retained periods and erosion minimized. during Shade provided tothat primary crops by ensure trees means that to pruning can helps agriculture to approach agroforestry An will deforestation data, affect 68%ofthe watershed. this to According Dorado. El in deforestation showing figures contains 16 Table hydrological the to andadangerous ofbiodiversity,cycle reduction asshown infigure 19. changes erosion, soil productivity, soil lower include deforestation of impacts Direct 350 m.a.s.l. - Diversity + Risk + Diversity Totalarea129814.00 2010(estimated) 2005 2000 199972021.85 Y Continuous cropping T able 16.Deforestation inElDorado Figure 19.Diversityandriskratio

R ear Area

(coff I

Agro-forestry S K 80955.49 73510.79 ee-cocoa) (ha) 88400.19

Controlled

D forest I V E - Risk R S IT Y Primary forest - Risk 2 000m.a.s.l. Adaptation to Climate Change 77 Policies able 17. Local policy proposals T erritorial system Weather records Broaden the weather records system in the participation of region, key agents like based local universities on and research the centres. Include importance climate bio-indicators of regularly disseminating climate scenarios for farming in the watersheds weather records and system, micro-basins, encouraging the Prevention and micro basins for environmental risk management purposes Establish information and early warning systems in watersheds Regulation and control Carry out economic and ecological zoning studies, including inventories of natural resources regulation and control systems for the use and protection of flora and fauna. Validate and implement participatory systems Production Validate and promote the use of native species in agro-forestry systems. Develop new production models in agro-forestry systems so commercial values that native products with a market potential achieve Biodiveristy and native crops Learn more about the habitat and native species. Identify, study control guidelines for their development and domesticate promising native crops. Establish regulation and T Facilitate the creation and implementation of environmental management units in 77 district municipalities in order to guarantee the systems as adaptation strategies adequate use of land and the application of agro-forestry Overall watershed management Promote the creation of inter-district organisations to regulate the use of water and develop natural resources for farming purposes. Scheduling and zoning of farming activities Risk management prevention actions focused on watersheds committees to carry out risk Improve the capacity of district and provincial civil defence systems Management of the biodiversity in forestry Training of professionals and mass dissemination of information on the biological diversity and fragile nature of the ecosystems, and development and exploitation strategies Agro-forestry Disseminate appropriate agro-forestry designs for the ecosystems. Include of protection capture, (carbon services environmental for and purposes commercial for plantations forestry Promote agro-forestry discipline. training in schools and institutes as a professional water sources, catchment areas) Participatory Budgets Build up the social network to draw up agro-forestry projects to be included in participatory budgets awareness and promote a responsible attitude to climate change. In the Implement advertising strategies to raise the population’s regional education project, include climate change adaptation causes, consequences and strategies Research participation Education on Strategic line climate change Organisation and Capacity-building The implementation of the agroforesty farming approach was accompanied by the integration of cocoa and cocoa of integration the by accompanied was approach farming agroforesty the of implementation The coffee farmers intocooperatives. Byworking incooperatives, farmerswere ableto gave negotiatecooperatives better Joining prices intermediaries. to profits their of percentage a paying avoided and goods their for farmers the status of organised producers, facilitating access to larger markets, and organic and fair trade rose significantly. income result farmers’ certification. a As Farmers received training on management participatory such as projects, administration municipal level. planning at budget and development issues, decision-making and participation in the of viability the ensure to basin river Sisa the in actions continued for proposals local main the shows 17 Table citizen action of the project. during plans established the implementation 78 Adaptation to Climate Change • • • • • recommended include: linesofaction Other recommended that thecooperative modelfor beretained asaworking future inthearea. interventions control to mechanisms established with local population orderparticipation. As far as organisation is concerned, in it is required is basin river Sisa the identify soil use of capacity and potential study conflicts. Based on zoning this evaluation,types A of land could systems. be defined and agroforestry into farms cropping In order to reduce vulnerability to climate change in the Sisa river basin, there is a need to convert continuous b. Recommendations regulate andstabiliseprices paidto farmers. for need the eliminating and prices higher therebybuyers,and with deals betternegotiate to cooperativesable fetchinggenerallyaddition, are In middlemen. markets international and national on sold be can forproducers.small-scale Workingtogetherproduce farmers volumes which exporz value high of products option secure a more is certification trade and organic with cooperative a though cocoa and coffee Selling oftheircrops. andquality quantity the increase to able are farmers techniques, agroforestry using cocoa and coffee producing By coffee. and Raising awareness of environmental issues has led to farmers replacing corn with perennial crops like cocoa a. Conclusions 5.5. Conclusions andRecommendations continuing thedissemination oftheagroforesty methodsintheregion Increase the number of training agents and build up the capacity of the farmers who will be in charge of Investigate technology transferimproved options to support crop productivity Centralise volumes production to reduce costs marketing of native wood grown inagroforesty systems Lobbying of local government and forestry authorities to simplify the legal processes for markets commercialisation international and national on sale for products potential identify to species forestnative into Research