DOCSLIB.ORG

Pulling Abundance out of Thin Air: the Role of Camelid Pastoralism at 3000 B.P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pulling Abundance out of Thin Air: the Role of Camelid Pastoralism at 3000 B.P Pulling Abundance Out of Thin Air: The Role of Camelid Pastoralism at 3000 B.P. The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Weber, Sadie Louise. 2019. Pulling Abundance Out of Thin Air: The Role of Camelid Pastoralism at 3000 B.P.. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013079 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Pulling Abundance out of Thin Air: The Role of Camelid Pastoralism at 3000 B.P. A Dissertation Presented by Sadie Louise Weber in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Anthropology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2019 Sadie Louise Weber All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Richard H. Meadow Sadie Louise Weber Pulling Abundance out of Thin Air: The Role of Camelid Pastoralism at 3000 B.P. Abstract The goal of this dissertation is to investigate the effects of intensified and specialized camelid pastoralism on Andean societies, with specific focus on the Chavín culture, ca. 3,000 B.P. This research explores the hypothesis that the intensification of camelid pastoralism changed the lifeways of people living in the vicinity of monumental centers by increasing their access to a broader range of resources than were previously available, thus changing the nature of their economic base and increasing interregional interaction. I specifically look for the presence of intensified pastoral and agropastoral systems that may have initially been organized at the household level. Such intensification would have changed regional economies and led to the increasing spread of ideas and culture in the Central Andes. The Chavín culture is a well-known phenomenon in the Andes that resulted from a coalescence of previously established subsistence economies, innovations, architectural styles, iconographies, and ideologies. In essence, it was actually nothing new; what was “new” was its pervasiveness across ecologically diverse regions. The mechanism for this Andean cultural florescence, however, remains unclear. The pastoral economy in the Andes is multifaceted; llamas are used for meat, bone, sinews, and traction while alpacas are used for meat, bone, sinews, and fleece. Llama caravan trade once was the primary mode of transporting goods across the varying horizontal and vertical environmental zones of the Andes. This broad network allowed for increased interregional communication and interaction as networks grew in complexity and depth. I argue that intensive camelid pastoral economies produced the conditions necessary for the rapid and far-reaching spread of Chavín and that the broad, multi-faceted and multi-site study presented here will add to our understanding of the causes and processes of changes that took place during this time period. iii I explore zooarchaeological, archaeobotanical, and stable isotope data from Chavín de Huántar, and a contemporaneous albeit smaller site, Atalla, to measure intensification and integration of domesticated camelid pastoralism into early Andean societies. I use data from previously excavated 3,000 B.P. sites to 1) identify plant food resources and thus the regions involved in interregional trade; 2) determine regional interconnectedness; 3) reconstruct pastoral mobility patterns; and 4) determine the role camelid pastoralism played in the exchange of culture across the region while Chavín de Huántar was an active civic-ceremonial center. iv Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Structure of the Dissertation ..................................................................................................................... 4 2. Exchange and Interregional Interaction in the Central Andean Region.................................................... 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Contexts for Exchange and Interaction: Ecozones and Environmental Variability .................................. 9 Ancient and Current Ecozones ................................................................................................................ 14 Archaeology of Exchange ....................................................................................................................... 16 Exchange and Interregional Interaction in the Andes ............................................................................. 16 Exchange and Interaction at 3,000 B.P. .................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 3: South American Camelid Pastoralism 24 Broad Views of Pastoralism .................................................................................................................... 24 Camelid Ecology and Behavior .............................................................................................................. 25 Defining and Describing Domestication ................................................................................................. 27 Camelid Domestication ........................................................................................................................... 31 Further Developments ............................................................................................................................. 33 Pastoralism and Social Complexity ........................................................................................................ 34 Camelids from El Yaral: A Cautionary Note .......................................................................................... 38 Ethnoarchaeology of Pastoralism............................................................................................................ 41 Agropastoralism .................................................................................................................................. 42 Fleece Production ................................................................................................................................ 43 Caravans .............................................................................................................................................. 43 Camelids and Ritual ................................................................................................................................ 45 Summary and Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 4. Chavín de Huántar, Atalla, and their Predecessors ................................................................... 49 Chavín de Huántar .................................................................................................................................. 50 Geographic Setting .............................................................................................................................. 50 Chavín Art ........................................................................................................................................... 54 Past and Current Research at Chavín de Huántar ............................................................................... 56 La Banda: A Domestic Area at Chavín de Huántar ............................................................................ 60 Chavín Period Pastoral Economy ....................................................................................................... 61 v Atalla ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 Geographic and Cultural Context ....................................................................................................... 62 Current Research ................................................................................................................................. 64 Huancavelica Cinnabar and Interregional Interaction at Atalla .......................................................... 66 Interregional Interaction – “Chavín” within and beyond Chavín de Huántar. ........................................ 67 Antecedents ............................................................................................................................................. 68 Peopling of South America and Initial Developments ........................................................................ 69 Beginnings of Monumentality ............................................................................................................ 70 Chavín Contemporaries: Ceramics, Monumentality, and Interregional Interaction ........................... 74 Chapter 5. Zooarchaeology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ANDEAN PREHISTORY – Online Course ANTH 396-003 (3 Credits
    ANTH 396-003 1 Andean Prehistory Summer 2017 Syllabus ANDEAN PREHISTORY – Online Course ANTH 396-003 (3 credits) – Summer 2017 Meeting Place and Time: Robinson Hall A, Room A410, Tuesdays, 4:30 – 7:10 PM Instructor: Dr. Haagen Klaus Office: Robinson Hall B Room 437A E-Mail: [email protected] Phone: (703) 993-6568 Office Hours: T,R: 1:15- 3PM, or by appointment Web: http://soan.gmu.edu/people/hklaus - Required Textbook: Quilter, Jeffrey (2014). The Ancient Central Andes. Routledge: New York. - Other readings available on Blackboard as PDFs. COURSE OBJECTIVES AND CONTENTS This seminar offers an updated synthesis of the development, achievements, and the material, organizational and ideological features of pre-Hispanic cultures of the Andean region of western South America. Together, they constituted one of the most remarkable series of civilizations of the pre-industrial world. Secondary objectives involve: appreciation of (a) the potential and limitations of the singular Andean environment and how human inhabitants creatively coped with them, (b) economic and political dynamism in the ancient Andes (namely, the coast of Peru, the Cuzco highlands, and the Titicaca Basin), (c) the short and long-term impacts of the Spanish conquest and how they relate to modern-day western South America, and (d) factors and conditions that have affected the nature, priorities, and accomplishments of scientific Andean archaeology. The temporal coverage of the course span some 14,000 years of pre-Hispanic cultural developments, from the earliest hunter-gatherers to the Spanish conquest. The primary spatial coverage of the course roughly coincides with the western half (coast and highlands) of the modern nation of Peru – with special coverage and focus on the north coast of Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Natural History and Conservation Status of Two
    Bird Conservation International (2008) 18:331–348. ª BirdLife International 2008 doi:10.1017/S0959270908007491 Printed in the United Kingdom Distribution, natural history and conservation status of two endemics of the Bolivian Yungas, Bolivian Recurvebill Simoxenops striatus and Yungas Antwren Myrmotherula grisea SEBASTIAN K. HERZOG, A. BENNETT HENNESSEY, MICHAEL KESSLER and VI´CTOR H. GARCI´A-SOLI´Z Summary Since their description in the first half of the 20th century by M. A. Carriker, Bolivian Recurvebill Simoxenops striatus and Yungas Antwren Myrmotherula grisea have been regarded as extremely poorly known endemics of the Bolivian Yungas and adjacent humid foothill forests. They are considered ‘Vulnerable’ under the IUCN criteria of small population, predicted population decline (criterion C2a) and, in the case of Bolivian Recurvebill, small extent of occurrence (criteria B1a+b). Here we summarise the information published to date and present extensive new data on the distribution (including the first records for extreme southeast Peru), natural history, population size and conservation status of both species based on field work in the Bolivian Andes over the past 12 years. Both species primarily inhabit the understorey of primary and mid-aged to older regenerating forest and regularly join mixed-species foraging flocks of insectivorous birds. Bolivian Recurvebill has a strong preference for Guadua bamboo, but it is not an obligate bamboo specialist and persists at often much lower densities in forests without Guadua. Yungas Antwren seems to have a preference for dense, structurally complex under- storey, often with Chusquea bamboo. Both species are distributed much more continuously at altitudes of mostly 600–1,500 m, occupy a greater variety of forest types (wet, humid, semi- deciduous forest) and have a much greater population size than previously thought.
    [Show full text]
  • Bolivia Biodiversity Conservation Projzct (Bcp)
    GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY IOU3-3o Public Disclosure Authorized Bolivia BiodiversityConservation Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ProjectDocument March 1992 Public Disclosure Authorized THEWORLD BANK CURRENCYAND EOUIVALENTS Currency Unit - Boliviano (Bs) ExchangeRate Effective June 1992 US$1.00 = Bs 3.8992 US$0.2665 = Bs 1.00 WEIGHTSAND MEASURES Metric System GOVERNMENTOF BOLIVIA FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 GLOSSARYOF ABBREVIATIONS BII - Bolivian Indigenous Institute CDC - Centro de Datos para la Conservacion CIDOB - Indigenous Indian Federation SDC - Swiss Development Cooperation DNAPVS - NationalDirectorate for Protected Areas EAP - Environmental Action Plan FAN - Friends of Nature Foundation FONAMA - Fondo NacionalPara El Medio Ambiente (NationalEnvironmental Fund) GEF - Global Environment Facility GET - Global Environment Trust Fund GOB - Government of Bolivia SEDEMAS - DepartmentalEnvironmental Offices SENMA - Secretaria Nacionaldel Medio Ambiente (NationalEnvironmental Secretariat) SNAP - National Systemof Protected Areas UNDP - United NationsDevelopment Program BOLIVIA BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PROJZCT (BCP) Grant and Progect Summary Grantor: Global Environment Trust Fund (GET) Grant Recipient: Government of Bolivia Beneficiaries: National Environmental Secretariat (SENMA) National Environmental Fund (FONAMA) Amount: SDR 3.1 million (US$4.5 million equivalent) Terma: Grant Financing Plan: GET US$ 4.5 million Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) USS 3.9 million TOTAL USS 8.4 million Economic Rate of Return: N.A. Map: IBRD 23957R BOLIVIA BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Background 1. Bolivia is one of the most important countries in Latin America for the conservation of biodiversity, not only because the ecosystems in many areas are still pristine, but because it contains about 18,000 species of plants and 1,274 species of birds (very high for a landlocked country). It has a high index of endemism.
    [Show full text]
  • Resumen De Los Centros Poblados
    1. RESUMEN DE LOS CENTROS POBLADOS 2. 1.1 CENTROS POBLADOS POR DEPARTAMENTO Según los resultados de los Censos Nacionales 2017: XII Censo de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas, fueron identificados 94 mil 922 centros poblados, en el territorio nacional. Son 5 departamentos los que agrupan el mayor número de centros poblados: Puno (9,9 %), Cusco (9,4 %), Áncash (7,8 %), Ayacucho (7,8 %) y Huancavelica (7,1 %). En cambio, los departamentos que registran menor número de centros poblados son: La Provincia Constitucional del Callao (0,01 %), Provincia de Lima (0,1 %), Tumbes (0,2 %), Madre de Dios (0,3 %), Tacna (1,0 %) y Ucayali (1,1 %). CUADRO Nº 1 PERÚ: CENTROS POBLADOS, SEGÚN DEPARTAMENTO Centros poblados Departamento Absoluto % Total 94 922 100,0 Amazonas 3 174 3,3 Áncash 7 411 7,8 Apurímac 4 138 4,4 Arequipa 4 727 5,0 Ayacucho 7 419 7,8 Cajamarca 6 513 6,9 Prov. Const. del Callao 7 0,0 Cusco 8 968 9,4 Huancavelica 6 702 7,1 Huánuco 6 365 6,7 Ica 1 297 1,4 Junín 4 530 4,8 La Libertad 3 506 3,7 Lambayeque 1 469 1,5 Lima 5 229 5,5 Loreto 2 375 2,5 Madre de Dios 307 0,3 Moquegua 1 241 1,3 Pasco 2 700 2,8 Piura 2 803 3,0 Puno 9 372 9,9 San Martín 2 510 2,6 Tacna 944 1,0 Tumbes 190 0,2 Ucayali 1 025 1,1 Provincia de Lima 1/ 111 0,1 Región Lima 2/ 5 118 5,4 1/ Comprende los 43 distritos de la Provincia de Lima 2/ Comprende las provincias de: Barranca, Cajatambo, Canta, Cañete, Huaral, Huarochirí, Huaura, Oyón y Yauyos Fuente: INEI - Censos Nacionales 2017: XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidencia Del Complejo Arqueológico Kuélap
    El efecto de la inversion´ en infraestructura sobre la demanda tur´ıstica: evidencia del complejo arqueologico´ kuelap.´ Erick Lahura, Lucely Puscan y Rosario Sabrera* Resumen ¿Cu´ales el efecto de la inversi´onen infraestructura sobre la demanda tur´ıstica? Para responder a esta pregunta, se analiza el caso del Complejo Arqueol´ogico Ku´elap,el cual se ha beneficiado de la construcci´onde un sistema de telecabinas que ha hecho m´asaccesible y atractiva su visita desde su inauguraci´onen marzo del a~no2017. La hip´otesisque se plantea es que dicha inversi´onen infraestructura tur´ıstica ha tenido un efecto importante sobre la demanda tur´ıstica de Ku´elap.Para evaluar la validez de esta hip´otesis,se aplica un estudio de caso comparativo en el cual se utiliza un \control sint´etico" construido a partir de la informaci´onde los diferentes sitios arqueol´ogicos del Per´uentre los a~nos2008 y 2018. Este control sint´etico permite estimar cu´alhubiera sido la evoluci´onde las visitas a Ku´elapsi no se hubiera construido el sistema de telecabinas. Los resultados muestran que la inversi´onen infraestructura tur´ıstica en Ku´elapgener´oun aumento de aproximadamente 100 por ciento en el n´umero de visitas. En los ´ultimosa~nos,el turismo ha incrementado su importancia dentro de la econom´ıa,especialmente en pa´ısesen desarrollo Faber y Gaubert (2019). Seg´unla Organizaci´onMundial del Turismo (2019), dicha actividad genera cerca del 10 % del PBI mundial y crea 1 de cada 10 empleos en el mundo. En el Per´u,el turismo ha logrado una contribuci´onde cerca del 4 % al PBI nacional, seg´unreporta el Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo (2016).
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca's Triumph Over Geography
    ___________________ Date ____ Class _____ Latin America Geography and History Activity The Inca's Triumph Over Geography In 1438 the Inca ruler Pachacuti began the scorching coastal deserts, over moun­ building a powerful empire in what is tains more than 20,000 feet high, through today Peru. By the end of the 1400s, the tangled masses of tropical rain forest, and Incas controlled the largest empire ever across raging torrents of rivers hundreds established in the Americas. It encom­ of feet wide. Totaling nearly 15,525 miles passed nearly 12 million people in Peru, (25,000 km), the roads were used to tie southern Colombia, Ecuador, northern the vast empire's people together, and to Chile, western Bolivia, and part of north­ allow quicker movement of soldiers and ern Argentina. goods. Llamas carried loads of agricul­ tural products or textiles along its length. Three Distinct Regions Storehouses and barracks were placed at Three physical regions-deserts, moun­ regular intervals. The Inca living nearby tains, and rain forests-made up the Inca maintained each length of road. Empire. Deserts run along the Pacific The highway system also served as a coast. The Atacama Desert in northern communication network for the govern­ Chile is one of the driest places on Earth. ment and military. Relay runners con­ Fertile areas can be found, however, where stantly carried messages long distances­ small rivers and streams run from the often up to 250 miles (403 km) per day. Andes highlands to the sea. That same distance took the Spanish East of the coastal deserts, the Andes colonial post nearly two weeks to cover.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Regiones Geográficas Del Perú
    LAS REGIONES GEOGRÁFICAS DEL PERÚ Evolución de criterios para su clasificación Luis Sifuentes de la Cruz* Hablar de regiones naturales en los tiempos actuales representa un problema; lo ideal es denominarlas regiones geográficas. Esto porque en nuestro medio ya no existen las llamadas regiones naturales. A nivel mundial la única región que podría encajar bajo esa denominación es la Antártida, donde aún no existe presencia humana en forma plena y sobre todo modificadora del paisaje. El medio geográfico tan variado que posee nuestro país ha motivado que a través del tiempo se realicen diversos ensayos y estudios de clasificación regional, con diversos criterios y puntos de vista no siempre concordantes. Señalaremos a continuación algunas de esas clasificaciones. CLASIFICACIÓN TRADICIONAL Considerada por algunos como una clasificación de criterio simplista, proviene de versión de algunos conquistadores españoles, que en sus crónicas y relaciones insertaron datos y descripciones geográficas, siendo quizá la visión más relevante la que nos dejó Pedro de Cieza de León, en su valiosísima Crónica del Perú (1553), estableciendo para nuestro territorio tres zonas bien definidas: la costa, la sierra o las serranías y la selva. El término sierra es quizá el de más importancia en su relato pues se refiere a la característica de un relieve accidentado por la presencia abundante de montañas (forma de sierra o serrucho al observar el horizonte). Este criterio occidental para describir nuestra realidad geográfica ha prevalecido por varios siglos y en la práctica para muchos sigue teniendo vigencia -revísense para el caso algunas de las publicaciones de nivel escolar y universitario-; y la óptica occidental, simplista y con vicios de enfoque,casi se ha generalizado en los medios de comunicación y en otros diversos ámbitos de nuestra sociedad, ya que el común de las gentes sigue hablando de tres regiones y hasta las publicaciones oficiales basan sus datos y planes en dicho criterio.
    [Show full text]
  • “Kuelap Fortress”
    NORTHERN PERU 22nd AUGUST – 3RD SEPTEMBER 2020 12 NIGHTS/13 DAYS ~ US $ 3300 /ZAR 49530 SACRED VALLEY & MACCHU PICHU 2ND SEPTEMBER – 7TH SEPTEMBER 2020 5 NIGHTS/6 DAYS ~ US $ 1300 /ZAR 19500 “KUELAP FORTRESS” DAY 00: 21 AUG - FLIGHT FROM S.A. TO LIMA – PERU DAY 01: 22 AUG– ARRIVE LIMA LA 2380 10.50H TRANSFER TO HOTEL OVERNIGHT LIMA ON A B&B SHARED BASIS DAY 02: 23 AUG – HOTEL LIMA - TRANSFER TO BUS STATION 22:00H TO HUAREZ DAY 03: 24 AUG - ARRIVE IN HUARAZ EARLY MORNING - PICK UP AND TRANSFER TO THE HOTEL BREAKFAST – REST DAY TO ACCLIMATISE 3000 M.A.S.L. DAY 04: 25 AUG - 09:00H: PRIVATE PICK UP AND VISIT THE LAKE LLANGANUCO AND HUAYLAS ALLEY – FULL DAY TRIP OVERNIGHT IN HUARAZ ON A B&B SHARED BASIS. DAY 05: 26 AUG- 09:00H: VISIT CHAVIN DE HUANTAR AND LAKE OF QUEROCOCHA (9 hours) FULL DAY. LOCAL SHAMAN CEREMONY OVERNIGHT IN HUARAZ ON A B&B SHARED BASIS DAY 06: 27 AUG - PUBLIC BUS FROM HUAREZ TO LIMA ARRIVES 6.30AM - TRANSFER TO HOTEL FOR THE DAY TO REST & FRESHEN UP TRANSFER TOTHE AIRPORT 15.58 FLY TO CHICLAYO [ARRIVE 17:32H] TRANSFER TO HOTEL OVERNIGHT CHICLAYO ON A B&B SHARED BASIS DAY 07: 28 AUG – PRIVATE PICK UP - FULL DAY LORD SIPAN /HUACA RAJADA) + TUCUME RUINS + TUMBES REAL OVERNIGH IN CHICLAYO ON A B&B SHARED BASIS DAY 08: 29 AUG - CHICLAYO – HEALING/TEACHING DAY WITH THE TWINS – OR SIMILAR OVERNIGHT CHICLAYO ON A B&B SHARED BASIS DAY 09: 30 AUG – PRIVATE BUS FROM CHICLAYO TO CHACHAPOYAS.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan Vial Rural
    Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones PROVIAS RURAL Municipalidad Provincial de Chachapoyas REGIÓN AMAZONAS INFORME FINAL Contrato Servicios de Consultoría N° 625-2003-TC/21 PLAN VIAL RURAL RED VECINAL PROVINCIA CHACHAPOYAS 2003 – 2007 PASCUAL RAUL ACO CATALDO Consultor Coordinador Equipo Plan Vial Chachapoyas, Octubre 2003 2 Dr. Pascual R. Aco Cataldo - PROVIAS RURAL Coordinador Equipo Plan Vial Eco. Juver Collazos Grández e Ing. José Revilla Vuelot - MPCH Bach. John Saavedra, PROVIAS RURAL Ing. Edmer Chávez Serrano - PROVIAS RURAL Coordinador Inventario Vial Bachs. Trudi Chávez y Nancy Florez - PROVIAS RURAL 2 3 CONTENIDO PRESENTACIÓN 06 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO 07 1. Caracterización Problemática 07 2. Visión, Objetivos y Estrategias 08 3. Programas de Inversión 10 4. Priorización de Inversiones 12 Capitulo I. DIAGNOSTICO PROVINCIAL 13 1. ASPECTOS GENERALES 13 1.1 Ubicación, Altitud, Extensión y Límites 13 1.2 Rol Actual Provincia en Contexto Departamental y Regional 14 2. ANALISIS DEL MEDIO: RECURSOS NATURALES Y CULTURALES 15 2.1 Relieve 15 2.2 Características ecológicas 16 2.3 Recurso Suelos 18 2.4 Recursos Hídricos e Hidrobiológicos 22 2.5 Recursos Forestales, Flora y Fauna 24 2.6 Recursos Minerales 25 2.7 Recursos Turísticos 26 2.7.1 Atractivos Naturales 26 2.7.2 Atractivos Arqueológicos, Históricos y Culturales 27 2.7.3 Circuitos Turísticos 28 3. ANALISIS DE LOS ASPECTOS DEMOGRAFICOS Y SOCIALES 29 3.1 Tamaño y Distribución de la Población 29 3.2 Composición Urbana y Rural 30 3.3 PEA por Sectores 31 3.4 PEA por Centros Poblados 32 3.5 Dinámica de la Población: Movimientos Migratorios 33 3.6 Cobertura y Distribución de Servicios Básicos 34 3.6.1.
    [Show full text]
  • DT N° 2019-015: El Efecto De La Inversión En Infraestructura
    BANCO CENTRAL DE RESERVA DEL PERÚ The effect of the investment in infrastructure on the tourist demand: evidence of the archaeological complex of Kuelap Erick Lahura, Lucely Puscan y Rosario Sabrera* * Banco Central de Reserva del Perú DT. N°. 2019-015 Serie de Documentos de Trabajo Working Paper series Diciembre 2019 Los puntos de vista expresados en este documento de trabajo corresponden a los de los autores y no reflejan necesariamente la posición del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect necessarily the position of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru El efecto de la inversion´ en infraestructura sobre la demanda tur´ıstica: evidencia del complejo arqueologico´ Kuelap.´ Erick Lahura, Lucely Puscan y Rosario Sabrera* Resumen ¿Cu´ales el efecto de la inversi´onen infraestructura sobre la demanda tur´ıstica? Para responder a esta pregunta, se analiza el caso del Complejo Arqueol´ogico Ku´elap,el cual se ha hecho m´asatractivo y accesible luego de la construcci´ondel primer sistema de telecabinas del Per´uy de la reconstrucci´ondel aeropuerto de Ja´en.La hip´otesisque se plantea es que dicha inversi´onen infraestructura ha tenido un efecto positivo e importante sobre la demanda tur´ıstica de Ku´elap.Para evaluar la validez de esta hip´otesis,se aplica un estudio de caso comparativo en el cual se utiliza un \control sint´etico" construido a partir de la informaci´onde los diferentes sitios arqueol´ogicos del Per´usimilares a Ku´elap.Este control sint´etico permite estimar cu´alhubiera sido la evoluci´onde las visitas a Ku´elapsi no se hubiera realizado la inversi´onen infraestructura tur´ıstica.
    [Show full text]
  • Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
    Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca Another Civilization That Grew Powerful About the Same Time As the Aztec Is the Inca
    CK_5_TH_HG_P104_230.QXD 2/14/06 2:21 PM Page 131 The Inca Another civilization that grew powerful about the same time as the Aztec is the Inca. By 1525, the Inca had created a vast empire that stretched from what is today northern Ecuador through Peru and into parts of Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina. Their capital was Cuzco, Peru, the original homeland of the Inca in the Andes Mountains. The Inca began their conquests around 1438. They had a labor tribute sys- tem to rule their conquered people. People had to work for the empire under the supervision of imperial bureaucrats and administrators. The Inca also used a complex resettlement policy to govern conquered people. Whole villages were split up and relocated to various villages closer to Cuzco; the conquered were set- tled among loyal subjects to ensure obedience. Loyal Inca took their place in the conquered villages. This strategy helped ensure that rebellions could not be easi- ly organized and executed. The leader of the empire was called the “Sapa Inca” and was considered the son of the sun god. Below the royal family came the noble class, which was made up of priests, military leaders, and the men who ran the government. When mem- bers of the noble class died, their wives and servants were buried with them. Kings were mummified, sometimes entombed in a seated position, and their bod- ies were preserved and worshipped in temples. For some ceremonies, common- Teaching Idea ers were mummified in bundles, their bodies set in the fetal position. A number Ask students to compare the impor- of ice mummies of children have been found in the Andes.
    [Show full text]