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Aantastingen Van Insekten En Mijten in Bossen En Natuurgebieden in 1987

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Aantastingen Van Insekten En Mijten in Bossen En Natuurgebieden in 1987 '-"ri"'M#dt'PU"b' ...M".' ., .... "'1' ",HIl""'... ' .. H" t, .",.,., ,. J 'Itl ',_I! Aantastingen van insekten en mijten in bossen en natuurgebieden in 1987 Inlestations by insects and mites in lorests and nature-reserves in 1987 L. G. Moraal, Rijksinstituut voor onderzoek in de bos- en landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp", Wageningen Voor 1987 is er een overzicht samengesteld van de meest voorkomende schadelijke insekten en mijten in Summary bos en landschap aan de hand van de gegevens zoals deze door de waarnemers in het land zijn ingestuurd. In the annual survey ol insect pests in lorests and Gegevens over aantastingen in het stedelijk groen nature-reserves the lol/owing outbreaks were recor­ werden gepubliceerd in Tuin en Landschap 10 (14): 20- ded. For the first time in the Netherlands, a mass­ 21. outbreak ol the Noctuid, Cerapteryx graminis L. oc­ cured in lorest stands. tt concerned at least 60 years Rupsenplaag van de grasuil aId Pinus sy/vestris L. with vegetation ol Deschamp­ sia flexuosa L. The larvae destroyed about 1300 ha Begin juni 1987 deed zich in de grovedennebossen van ol the Deschampsia vegetation in the Veluwe dis­ het Deelerwoud, de Hoge Veluwe en de boswachterij trict. In the course ol the summer they migrated lrom Kootwijk een rupsenplaag voor die over een oppervlakte the lorest to adjacent open areas. More than 55% van ca. 1300 ha schade aan de grasvegetatie toebracht. ol the final instar larvae and pupae were parasitized Het betrof hier de rupsen van de grasuil, Cerapteryx by the tachinid Gonia picea R.-D. Caterpil/ars ol the graminis L. (P. Grijpma red., 1988). In het Deelerwoud winter moths (Operophtera brumata L., Erannis de­ werd naar schatting 500 ha en in de aangrenzende loliaria Cl.) and the green aak /ealroller (Tartrix viri­ bossen nog eens 400 ha gras (voornamelijk bochtige dana L.) deloliated aaks, especial/y Quercus robur smele, Deschampsia flexuosa L.) verwoest, terwijl in L. tt was the fifth successive year that these insects Kootwijk en het Nationale Park de Hoge Veluwe de infficted heavy damage al/ over the country. A cherry haarden.een omvang van respectievelijk 320 en 60 ha seed weevil, Furcipus rectirostris L., caused impor­ hadden. In de drie gebieden bleek de massa-ontwikke­ tant economic losses in a seed-orchard ol Prunus ling te zijn ontstaan in holstaande den ne-opstanden van avium L. Larvae ol this beet/e, which leed on the 60 jaar of ouder, waaronder zich een zware mat van kemel, had destroyed 98 % ol the harvested seeds. bochtige smele had ontwikkeld. Tijdens het hoogtepunt Many stands ol beech were attacked by Rhynchae­ van de plaag bevonden zich tientallen rupsen op een nus lagi L. and the leal-Iungus Apiognomonia erra­ vierkante meter. In de loop van de zomer werd uitbrei­ bunda. Other important insects in 1987 were Pristi­ ding van de vraat naar open terreinen, vooral vergraste phora abietina Christ. and Yponomeuta spp. heidevelden, geconstateerd. Meer dan 55% van het Rupsen van de grasuil vlak voor de ver­ popping. 352 laatste stadium larven en poppen bleek echter gepara­ Kersepltkever siteerd door de sluipvlieg Gonia picea R.-D. Men heeft Schotse Hooglanders ingezet om bochtige Een onverwacht schadelijk insekt bleek in 1987 de ker­ smele terug te dringen en zo een veelzijdiger bosontwik­ sepitkever, Furcipus rectirostris L. te zijn (Moraal, 1988). keling op gang te brengen, maar de grasuilrupsen ble­ Deze kever ontwikkelt zich in de pitten van verschillende ken vele malen effectiever. Op de extensief beheerde kersesoorten zoals Prunus padus, P. serotina en P. graslanden in de Schotse Hooglanden is het massaal avium. De kersepitkever vernietigde vrijwel de gehele optreden van de grasuil vrij gewoon. De plaag op de oogst van pitten van P. avium uit de zaad gaard van het Veluwe verraste ons en was voor Nederland een nieuwe Staatsbosbeheer in Born. Deze jonge zaadgaard, die is ervaring omdat zij in bossen ontstond. Eerdere plagen ingericht met op groeivorm geselecteerde klonen, zou werden in 1865 in Drenthe en in 1894 in Groningen, zijn eerste grote oogst moeten leveren, maar van de ca. Friesland en Drenthe geregistreerd. 96.000 pitten bleek 98% door de keverlarven te zijn Ook in 1987 werd in het gehele land weer kaalvreterij aangevreten. Tot dusverre werden P. avium pitten steeds van eiken door de groene eikebladroller, Tortrix viridana betrokken van de jamfabrieken uit Duitsland en Zuid­ L., de kleine wintervlinder, Operophtera brumata L. en de Europa, maar hierdoor wordt vaak plantsoen opge­ grote wintervlinder, Erannis defoliaria Cl., geconstateerd. kweekt met minderwaardige eigenschappen zoals Landelijk bezien was dit het vijfde achtereenvolgende , kromme stammen, een lage zware vertakking en een jaar waarin de rupsen een plaag waren. Over een mo­ . geringe groeisnelheid. Behalve een aanzienlijke directe gelijk verband tussen herhaalde insektenaantastingen economische schade (plukkosten en verdere bewerking en een afnemende vitaliteit met toenemende sterfte bij van de pitten) wordt hier door het weer aanplanten van eik kan worden verwezen naar het vorige artikel in deze niet geselecteerd materiaal dus ook indirect schade ge­ reeks (Moraal, 1987). leden. Beukespringkever Veel beuken stonden in 1987 slecht in het blad; de oorzaak hiervan was onder meer aantasting door de bladschimmel, Apiognomonia errabunda en verschil- De grasuil. De larve van de kersepitkever vreet van het zaad. 353 lende soorten insekten (Van Dam, Grijpma en Ooster­ juni de jonge kevers massaal kunnen verschijnen. Ook baan, 1987). Met name werden veel aantastingen door deze kevers van de nieuwe generatie vreten ronde gaat­ de beukespringkever, Rhynchaenus fagi L, geconsta­ jes in de bladeren, maar ook de bladstelen kunnen wor­ teerd. Deze 2-3 mm lange snuitkevers overwinteren in den aangevreten, waardoor een sterke bladval van de strooiselIaag, achter de bast van afgestorven bomen, deels nog groene bladeren kan ontstaan. Verder kan in in afgevallen larikskegels en in oude vogelnesten en het voorjaar vreterij aan de vruchtknoppen plaatsvinden dergelijke (Schwenke, 1974). Het zijn goede vliegers die waardoor later de beukenootjes onrijp afvallen. De ke­ in april-mei in de buitenste delen van de kroon verschij­ vers zoeken uiterlijk half september hun winterschuil­ nen, waar ze de uitlopende bladknoppen aanvreten. plaatsen op; strenge winters hebben geen invloed op de Hierna worden in het ontluikende blad vele ronde gaat­ overleving. De belangrijkste sterfte vindt in het larvesta­ jes gevreten waardoor het lijkt alsof dit met hagel door­ dium in het blad plaats. In een nat en koel jaar kan de helft schoten is. Ook kan het blad verdorren wanneer de van de keverlarven afsterven; ook kunnen vele soorten hoofdnerf wordt aangevreten. De eitjes (1-3 per blad) sluipwespen hun eitjes door het blad heen in de larven worden steeds afzonderlijk aan de onderzijde van de leggen en door parasitering een plaag verder onder­ jonge bladeren in de hoofdnerf afgezet. Een wijfje kan in drukken. totaal ongeveer 30-35 eitjes leggen. Het jonge larlje maakt eerst een smal gangetje vanuit de hoofdnerf naar Andere aantastingen de bladrand, waarna het een onregelmatige en blaas­ vormige, bruin verkleurepde mijn, meestal aan de blad­ Van de sparrebladwesp, Pristiphora abietina Christ., spits, maakt. Deze bruine verkleuring van het deels af­ werd in 1986 een duidelijke toename geconstateerd. De stervende blad lijkt overigens veel op de schade van een larven van deze soort kwamen toen vooral voor in fijn­ late nachtvorst. In juni vindt in de blaasmijn in een wit sparren die ouder waren dan ca. 1° jaar: dit is in over­ coconnetje de verpopping plaats, waarna vanaf medio eenstemming met de literatuurgegevens. In 1987 trad dit insekt echter, behalve bij oudere fijnsparren, tevens schadelijk op in verschillende kerstboomcultures. In een aantal gevallen werd een chemische bestrijding in de jonge boompjes noodzakelijk geacht omdat ze, qoor de vreterij van de naalden, tegen de Kerstdagen onver­ koopbaar zouden zijn. Andere veel gemelde insekten waren de verschillende soorten spinsel- of stippelmotten, Yponomeuta spp. De met spinsel overtrokken takken met daarin kluiten van soms honderden rupsen werden in veel bosranden waargenomen waarin Prunus pad us, Crataegus spp. en Euonymus europaeus waren aangeplant. De rupsen verpoppen zich in juni waardoor de vreterij stopt en de bomen weer opnieuw in het blad kunnen komen .. SOORTSGEWIJZE SPECIFICATIE VAN DE PLAATSEN MET ZWARE EN MATIGE AANTASTINGEN Kevers (Coleoptera) Bladhaantjes (Chrysomelidae) • elzehaan: Agelastica alni L. zwaar: Born, Old Ambt en op verschillende plaatsen in de Achterhoek matig: boswij Leende • wilgehaantjes: Phyllodecta spp. Aantasting beukespringkever: hagelschot en blaasmijn. zwaar: Abbenbroek (in,O,1 ha Salix purpurea) 354 Snuitkevers (Curcufionidae) Vlinders (Lepidoptera) • wilgesnuitkever: Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. zwaar: Horsterwold (in 5-jarige populieren) Kokerrupsen (Cofeophoridae) • kersepitkever: Furcipus rectirostris L. zwaar: Born (in zaadgaard van Prunus avium) • lariksmot: Coleophora laricella Hb. • grote dennesnuitkever: Hylobius abietis L. zwaar: Dalfsen, Doetinchem, Ruurlo matig: boswij Hooghalen, Ommen matig: Achterhoek, Bakkeveen, Dwingeloo, Hellen­ • gestreepte bladsnuitkever: Phyllobius pyri L. doorn, Ommen, Ruinen, Sprengen berg matig: boswij Kootwijk (in berk) • bladsnuitkevers: Phyllobius spp. Spanrupsen (Geornetridae) zwaar: Borger (in eik en els) matig: Groote Heide (in berk) • grote wintervlinder: Erannis de10liaria Cl. • dennesnuitkever: Pissodes
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