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De Grasuilplaag Van 1987 P. Grijpma (red.) RIJKSINSTITUUT VOOR ONDERZOEK IN DE BOS EN LANDSCHAPSBOUW DE DORSCHKAMP RAPPORT NR 516 WAGENINGEN DE GRASUILPLAAG VAN 1987 P. Grijpma (red.) Rapport nr. 516 RIJKSINSTITUUT VOOR ONDERZOEK IN DE BOS- EN LANDSCHAPSBOUW "DE DORSCHKAMP" WAGENINGEN 1988 VOORWOORD "Miljoenen rupsen vreten zich een weg door het Deelervoud. Natuur­ monumenten heeft daarom besloten om vanaf zaterdag 13 juni 750 ha voorlopig af te sluiten voor het publiek" (Persbericht, Natuurmonu­ menten)* "Deelervoud door rupsen geplaagd. Krioelende massa wekenlang onop­ gemerkt* Hogere temperaturen brengen larven boven de grond" (De Gel­ derlander). "Vooral zure regen oorzaak rupsenplaag" (Deventer Dagblad). "Rupsen hebben nog vrij spel. Het weer van de afgelopen jaren en de toenemende vergrassing van de Veluwe hebben vermoedelijk de rupsen- plaag veroorzaakt" (NRC). "Kritisch Bosbeheer:gee nsprak eva nhongersnoo d voorwil d Deelervoud" (Arnhemse Courant). "Rupsenplaag inOverijsse le nGelderlan d steedsgroter " (DeTele ­ graaf). "Rups-e nIjzelschad e tenonrecht e natuurramp genoemd" (OpenForum ,D e Volkskrant). "Rupsenplaag lostzic hvanzel fop "(Arnhems e Courant). "Alsw edi e rupseno pd eVeluw ewa t discipline zoudenbijbrenge n kondenonz e tankswee rrijden "(Vri jNederland) . Dit zijnenkel e vand e journalistieke hoogstandjesdi ezic hmedi o juni198 7al sdonderbuie ni nee n tocha lnatt ekomkommertij dove r krantenlezend Nederland uitstortten.He tmoe tvoo rd emedi aee n uitkomst zijnda t Insektenplagen zichmeesta li nd ezome rvoordoen . Maarachte rd escherme nha d de "Plaagva nhe tDeelervoud "echte roo k voor denodig ewetenschappelijk e opwindinge naanzette n totonderzoek , geleid. Afgezienva n deprojecte ndi edoo rNatuurmonumente n zelf terhan d werden genomen,wer do.m .doo r devolgend e instituten onderzoekge ­ start dat opd egrasuilplaa g betrekking had:d e Plantenziektenkundige Dienst; het Instituut voorPlantenzlektenkundi gOnderzoek ; hetInsti ­ tuut voorOecologisc hOnderzoek ,he tRijksinstituu t voorNatuurbehee r enhe t Rijksinstituut voorOnderzoe k ind e Bos-e nLandschapsbou w "De Dorschkamp". Op8 oktobe r 1987werde n tijdensee n "Grasuildag"o p "DeDorsch ­ kamp"d eeerst e resultaten vandez e onderzoeksprojecten uitgewisseld. Deze liggenhie rnu ,aangevul d metenkel e lateruitgewerkt e gegevens, gebundeld vooru .He t lijdt echterweini g twijfelda tee naanta lva n devel e facettendi e deplaa g had,aanleidin g zullengeve n totee n verdere verdieping vanhe t in198 7opgepakt e onderzoek. P.Grijpm a INHOUD biz. Deontwikkelin g vand e "plaag"va nd egrasui l (Cerapteryx graminis)i nhe t Deelerwoud in198 6e n198 7 P.va nMerrebac he nL.B .Berri s 7 Identificatieva nLepidopter ame t behulpva nlarval e kenmerken- i nhe t bijzonderme t betrekking totCeraptery x graminis (L.)e nTholer a cespitis (D.& S.) S.A.Ulenber g 17 Ecologischewaarneminge n aand egrasuilplaa g inhe t Deelerwoud, literatuuronderzoek, implicaties voorhe t beheer J.Gravelan d 23 Het optredenva nplage ni nrelati e tothumusvormin g F.A. Bink 39 Voorkomen, biologiee n bestrijding met Bacillus thuringiensis vand egrasuil ,Ceraptery x graminis H.J.Vlu g enP.H .Smit s 45 Parasieten, parasiteringspercentages enpathogene nva nd e grasuil,Ceraptery xgramini s (L.)(Lep. ,Noctuidae ) P.Grijpm a 51 Ontwikkeling vand evegetati e ind e grovedennenbossen enkelemaande nn ad evraa t van bochtige smeledoo r Cerapteryx graminis L.B.Berri s 63 Degrasuilplaa g ind esuccessi e van bosseno pdrog e zandgronden J.Fant a 73 DE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE "PLAAG" VAN DE GRASUIL (Cerapteryx graminis) IN HET DEELERWOUD IN 1986 EN 1987 P. van Merrebach en L.B. Berris Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland, 's-Graveland INLEIDING Inhe t voorjaar van198 6e nda tva n 1987wer d inhe t zuidwesten vanhe tDeelerwou d afsterven vanhe t grasbochtig e smele (Deschampsia flexuosa)vastgestel d overee nklei noppervla k (zie figuur 1). Als mogelijke oorzakenvoo rdez e sterfte vanbochtig e smelewer d ineerst e instantie gedacht aanhe t strengewinterwee re naa n plaatselijke luchtverontreiniging.Vana fein d april 1987breidd e het aangetaste gebied zichster kui te nbegi n juniwer d deoorzaa kduidelijk :d erup s vand egrasui l (Cerapteryx graminis),ee nnachtvlinde r (foto 5).Aan ­ gezien bochtige smele inhe tDeelerwou d overee ngroo t oppervlakd e dominante plantesoort is,veranderd e hetbeel d vand evegetati e nogal ingrijpend (foto2) . Elders indez e publikatie wordt opdivers e aspectenva nd epopu ­ latie-explosie vand egrasui l ingegaan;hie r zalslecht sversla gwor ­ dengedaa nva nhetgee ne ri nhe t terreinwer dwaargenomen . CHRONOLOGIE Inrui m tweemaande n tijd (eind april totein d juni1987 )i sdoo r de rupsenvraat zo'n50 0h abochtig e smele-vegetatie nagenoeg geheel afgestorven.D e rupsenbreidde n zichi ndez e periode uit innoord ­ oostelijke richting.Tijden she thoogtepun t vand e "plaag"bevonde ne r zich tientallen rupseno pee nvierkant e decimeter.D erupse nate n vrijweluitsluiten d bochtige smele.Aanvankelij k beperkten zijzic h totdi eplaatse nwaa rdi t grasvoorkwa mal sondergroe i ingrovedennen - boswaa rbovendie nee nmi no fmee rdikk ehumuslaa g aanwezigwa s(zi e figuur 2). Waarbochtig e smele ind eheid e ofonde r loofbosgroeit , vertoondend erupse nzic hi neerst e instantie niet.I njun iwer dee n uitbreiding vand e vraatnaa rope nterreinen ,voora ld eheidevelde ni n het zuiden,geconstateerd .I ndez eperiod e ontstondenoo knieuw e aantastingshaarden,lo sva nd ehoofdhaard ,i nd eheideterreine n inhe t oostenva nhe tDeelerwoud .Oo kelder so pd eVeluw ewer dn uvraa tdoo r grasuilrupsengemeld . Ind e tweedehelf tva njun ikwa md eactivitei t vand erupse n langzaamaan totstilstand ,doorda t derupse nzic hi nd ehumuslaa g gingen terugtrekken voord everpopping .O p5 jul iwerde nd eeerst e poppengevonden . GEDRAGE NMOGELIJK ERELATI EME TD EWEERSOMSTANDIGHEDE N Hetduurd e tot5 jun ivoorda t deeerst e rupsenwerde nwaargeno ­ men.Di twa sd eeerst ewarm e dag.Late rdi emaan d bleekd evolgend e relatie tussend eweersomstandighede n enhe tgedra gva nd erupsen : - Bijwar mzonni gwee rkrope nd erupse nbove ni nd egrashalmen ,bete n daard ebloeiplui ma fe nzoge nd e stengellee g (foto1) . - Bijbewolk twee rbevonde nd erupse nzic honde raa nd estengels . - Bijkou d (regenachtig)wee r trokkend ediere nzic hteru gi nd e humuslaag. Ind e tweedewee kva njun ikwa md etemperatuu r bovend e2 3 C. Pas toenvertoonde nd erupse nzic hi nd eope nheideterreinen .I n eerste instantie gebeurde dithoofdzakelij ki nhe t zuidwesten,waa r hetmeest egra s inhe tgrovedennenbo s inmiddelswa sopgevreten .He ti s danoo kgoe d denkbaar datd eoorzaa kva nd everplaatsin g naard eheid e niet zozeerwa sgelege ni nd egunstig eweersomstandighede n maarveel ­ eer invoedselgebre k inhe tbos ,a li she tnatuurlij kmogelij k datdi t voedselgebrek deoorzaa ke nd ehoger e temperatuuree nvoorwaard e voor deverplaatsin g isgeweest . Doorhe t relatiefkoel ewee rva nd ezome rva n198 7duurd ehe t langerda nnormaa lvoorda td e rupsenzic hginge nverpoppen .I nee n normale zomer zalhe t rupsstadiumkorte rdure nda nn uhe tgeva lwas ; daardoor zoui nee nwarmer e zomerhe tkaalgevrete noppervla kmogelij k kleiner zijngebleven . Waardoorhe t juistdi t jaarto tzo' npopulatie-explosi eko nkome n isvooralsno g niet geheel duidelijk.We l ishe t zoda t eri nd ewinte r van 1986/87o p grote schaal inhe t bos isgedund .Waarschijnlij k heeft debodemvegetati e -hoofdzakelij k dusd ebochtig e smele- va nd ehier ­ door toegenomen hoeveelheid licht geprofiteerd.He t ismogelij kda t dit vervolgenswee r voor de rupsen inee noptimal e voedselvoorziening heeft geresulteerd. PREDATIE EN PARASITERING Verschillende diersoorten hebbenva nhe t extravoedselaanbo d in devor m vanmiljoene n rupsen- e n laterpoppe n- geprofiteerd .Waar ­ schijnlijk isd egrootst e "aanslag"gepleeg d dooree nparasitair e vliegesoort (zieelder s indez e publikatie).D e tweemees t opvallende predatoren warenhe twil d zwijne nd e spreeuw.D eeerst e spoorded e rupsene nd e ind ehumuslaa g verstopte poppen opme t behulp vanzij n reukvermogen.Daarbi jwerde n somsgrot e delen vanhe t terreinomge ­ woeld (foto 6).Spreeuwe nwerde n ingrote ngetal e aangetrokken uitd e wijde omgeving (foto8) .He t bezoek vanee ngroe p spreeuwenaa nee n bepaald deelva nhe t terreinwa sachtera f telkens duidelijk zichtbaar doord e "pik-gaatjes"i nd ehumuslaa g die zebi jhe t zoekennaa rrup ­ sene npoppe nveroorzaakte n (foto7) . Ofd eogenschijnlij k rigoreuze parasitering enpredati econse ­ quenties heeft voord eomvan g vand erupsenpopulati e ind e loopva n 1988i snie t teachterhalen , omdat daarbijoo k zoveelander e factoren een rolspelen .Ho edez epopulati e zichd ekomend e jareni nhe t Deelerwoud enelder s insoortgelijk e terreinen zalontwikkele ni s daaromnie t minder interessant.Voorzove rhe the t Deelerwoud betreft zaldi t doorNatuurmonumente n ind egate nworde ngehouden . 10 noord LEGENDA, de aangetaste rrrrs vegetatie •jjjvoorjaa r 1986 ^* april 1987 25.4-15.5.87 16.5-5.6.87 6.6-9.6.87 10.6-15.6.87 16.6-29.6.87 Arnhem - * A Peld0c Figuur 1.Deelerwoud ,ontwikkelin gva nd e"plaag "va nCeraptery x graminisi n198 6e n 1987. Schaal1 :23.00 0 11 Figuur2 .D everspreidin gva ngrovedennenbo si nhe tDeelerwoud . Tevergelijke nme tfiguu r1 . Schaal1 :23.00 0 12 ;*JfVs^J pp%»«mi foto 1. Rupsva nCeraptery xgramini so pafgebete nhal mva n Deschampsia flexuosa. foto2 . Bosva ngrovede ni nhe tDeelerwoud ;d ebodemvegetatie - isnagenoe ggehee lkaalgevreten . 13 foto 3. Nahe tverdwijne nva nd ebochtig esmele-ma tko nonde r andereliggen dwalstr o (Galiumsexatile )zic hster k uitbreiden. foto4 . Duidelijk isd escherp egren stusse nhe tdoo rd erupse n afgegraasdegedeelt e enhe tno gonaangetast egra st e zien. 14 SEM I-' Vf}"- V / rerapteryx iraminis %mm Bink) foto 6. Wilde zwijnen konden de bosbodem, op zoek naar rupsen of poppen, plaatselijk sterk omwoelen. 15 foto7 . Depoppe nwerde noo kdoo r spreeuwengepredeerd ;hie rzij n degaatje st ezie ndi eontstonde ndoorda tee ngroe p spreeuwen depoppe nui td estrooisellaa g tevoorschijntrok . • >. .« • «*. •*#>•» T»*."* 1;*' - ^v- • >v v - "v »" • < ö^^S^y:^.
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