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Reeders, H.H. (1990) De Driehoeksmossel (Dreissena Polymorpha) Als Biofilter Voor Het Oppervlaktewater. DLN 91: 119-125

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Reeders, H.H. (1990) De Driehoeksmossel (Dreissena Polymorpha) Als Biofilter Voor Het Oppervlaktewater. DLN 91: 119-125 119 stituut voor onderzoek in de bos- en land­ schapsbouw 'De Dorschkamp'. Wagenin- De Driehoeksmossel gen. Rapportnr. 516: 31-62. Heil, G. W., D. van Dam & B. Heijne, 1987. Catch of atmospheric deposition in re- lation to vegetation structures of heathland. [Dreissena polymorphd) In: Ammonia and acidificadon. Proceedings of the EURASAP, 13-15 April 1987. RIVM Bilthoven, The Nethedands: 107-123. Klinka, K., R. N. Green, R. L. Trowbridge als biofilter H. H. Reeders & L. E. Lowe, 1981. Taxonomie classiflcation of humus forms in ecosystems of British Co­ lombia, First Approximation. Province of British Colombia, Ministery of Forests. voor het oppervlaktewater Tietema, A.,J. J. H. M. Duysings, J. M. Ver­ straten &J. W. Westerveld, 1986. Estimati- on of actual nitrification rates in an acid fo- rest soil. In: Proceedings ICE-conference 'Field Methods in Terrestrial Nutriënt Cy- cling' Grange-over-sands. Ulenberg, S. A., 1988. Identificatie van Le- pidoptera met behulp van larvale kenmer­ ken, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot Ce- rap teryx graminis (L.) en Tholera cespitis (D&S). In: De grasuilplaag van 1987. Rijks­ instituut voor onderzoek in de bos- en land­ schapsbouw 'De Dorschkamp'. Wagenin- gen. Rapportni. 516: 17-22. Summary Effect of the Cerapteryx graminis moth on vegetation and soil of the Deelerwoud On a local scale outbteaks of Cerapteryx '^• graminis are not rare and can stay in a par- ticular area during several years. The cater- pillars of this moth eat giasses such as Nardus stricta, Molinia caerulea and Deschampsia flexuosa. Fig. 1. De Driehoeksmossel (Dreissena po- In 1986 and 1987 an outbreak of this moth De huidige samenleving wordt geconfronteerd met verontreinig­ lymorpha). occutred in the central part of The The Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Netherlands, Deelerwoud-Veluwe, and af- de oppervIakteM^ateren. Eutrofië­ (photo: A. Bij de Vaate). fected hundreds of hectates of a homo- ring treedt op door belasting met geneous Deschampsia flexuosa vegetation in grote hoeveelheden nutriënten. laat het lichaam via de uitstroomope- a Pine forest. Daarnaast vormen de vele gifstof­ ning. Vanwege zijn gestreepte uiterlijk In 1988 effects of the infestation of these fen een groot probleem. De luidt de Engelse naam 'zebra mussel' catetpillars on vegetation and soil ate (fig. 1). In het Duits is het "Wander- studied. As a result of this infestation mote Driehoeksmossel kan worden in­ muschel', vanwege zijn mobiele gedrag, seeds oiPine and Birch germinated in gaps of gezet in de bestrijding van deze m.n. in de jonge stadia. De soort komt the Deschampsia vegetation. It is concluded vervuiling. voor in zowel rivieren als stagnante that this plague of Cerapteryx graminis wateren (meren, kanalen e.d.) op resulted into a change in competition for space between Deschampsia and other plant De Driehoeksmossel is een zoetwater­ diepten variërend van 0,5-50 m met species. Ultimately, this may lead to a more mossel. Het is een zogenaamde 'filter- maximale dichtheden tussen 2-10 m differentiated vegetation of a mixed fotest. feeder': voedseldeeltjes, algen en (Franchini, 1978) gehecht aan een harde The infestation also resulted in a change of bacteriën, worden verkregen door ondergrond m.b.v. 'byssusdraden'. nutriënt availability in the soil due to an ex­ filtrarie. Alle zwevende deeltjes > 1 //m De Driehoeksmossel werd pas in tra input of organic matetial into the soil. worden uit het water gefilrreerd 1827 voor het eerst in Nederland aan­ Possible effects of this change in nutriënt (J(órgensen er al., 1984), terwijl inwen­ getroffen in de Maas door Dreissens, aan availability are discussed. dig voedselselectie plaatsvindt m.b.v. wie de wetenschappelijke geslachtsnaam ciliën (trilharen). Oneetbare deeltjes en is ontleend. De soort kwam hier echter reeds in het Pleistoceen voor. De laatste K. Zwerver, Dr. G. W. Heil & J. Jonkers overtollige voedseldeeltjes worden met Fysisch Geografisch en Bodemkundig mucus, een soort stug slijm, samengekit ijstijd verdreef de mossel naar het gebied Laboratorium, UvA tot pellets, pseudofaeces genoemd, en rond de Kaspische Zee en Zwarte Zee: Dapperstraat 115 weer uitgestoten via de instroomope- een post-glaciaal refugium. In de vorige 1093 BS Amsterdam ning. Echte faeces, verteerd voedsel, ver- eeuw koloniseerde de soort vrijwel ge- Levende 1990 nummer 4 120 Natuur heel Europa. Door de aanleg van kana­ als Paling (Anguilla anguilla), Kolblei sel in het waterbeheer kent twee sporen: len werden watersystemen met elkaar (Abramis bjoerkna) en Blankvoorn (Ru- eutrofiëringsbestrijding en reductie van verbonden en kon verspreiding plaats­ tilus rutilus), eten driehoeksmosselen. vrachren microverontreinigingen. Hoe­ vinden via de toegenomen binnen­ De Driehoeksmossel kan enorme wel het in beide gevallen gaat om verwij­ scheepvaart. Harde substraten, zoals dichtheden bereiken: Wiktor (1963) dering van ongewenste deeltjes, algen schelpen en stenen, raken begroeid met geeft een dichtheid van 114.000 m^^ resp. gifstoffen, is er een verschil in be­ driehoeksmosselen. Eenmaal gevestigd voor de Szczecin Lagune in Polen. Nor­ nadering. Bij de eutrofiëringsbestrijding kan een populatie sterk in omvang toe­ maal gesproken worden dichtheden van gaat het om een vorm van actief biolo­ nemen als voldoende substraat aanwezig gemiddeld ± 500 m"^ bereikt, in ban­ gisch beheer en is de benadering ecolo­ is. Het koloniserend vermogen van de ken zelfs tot enkele lOOOen m " ^ (Bij de gisch. De werking berust op ingrijpen in Driehoeksmossel is zeer groot vanwege Vaate, 1990). De mosselen hechten zich de voedselketen en de mossel neemt een het planktonische, vrij in het water le­ aan elkaar en vormen kluitjes van 100- natuurlijke niche in het ecosysteem in. vende larvestadium, de 'veliger larven'. 150 individuen. Stromend water vormt De benadering bij het reduceren van de Deze kunnen na de broedval, de periode een optimaal milieu voor de soort: con­ hoeveelheid microverontreinigingen is mei tot september, in zeer hoge dichthe­ stante voedseltoevoer, afvoer van afval­ daarentegen technisch van aard: de den voorkomen: tot enkele lOO.OOOen stoffen, en een goede zuurstofvoorzie­ Driehoeksmossel fungeert hierbij puur m"^ (Lewandowski, 1982). Van recenre ning. De aangroei van driehoeksmosse­ als filter. datum is de kolonisatie van de Great La- len kan grote problemen veroorzaken bij kes (Noord-Amerika) waar de Drie­ waterinlaten van energiecentrales e.d., Eutrofiëringsbestrijding hoeksmossel in 1985 is geïntroduceerd waar optimale omstandigheden worden Door eutrofiëring zijn de Nederlandse met het ballastwater van schepen uit gecombineerd met voldoende substraat. oppervlaktewateren 'verbrasemd': de Europa, en zich sindsdien explosief ver­ Voorgaande algemene informatie is ont­ visstand wordt gedomineerd door m.n. breidt (Hebert et al., 1989). De onge­ leend aan literatuur vermeld in Reeders Brasem (Abramis brama). Mede door breidelde kolonisatie van de Great Lakes (1989a, b). Een grore populatie drie­ het verdwijnen van waterplanten is de kan plaatsvinden, omdat hier (nog) nau­ hoeksmosselen kan door filtratie een stand van de Snoek (Esox lucius) sterk welijks natuurlijke vijanden van de Drie­ substantiële invloed uitoefenen op de gereduceerd, en daarmee de predatie- hoeksmossel zijn. Dit is echter een stofkringloop in een ecosysteem (Stanc- druk op jonge Brasem. Brasem zorgt kwestie van tijd. Op termijn zal de po­ zykowska et al., 1976). Het is deze filte­ voor vertroebeling van het water vanwe­ pulatie waarschijnlijk weer in omvang rende werking die kan worden aange­ ge predatie op groot zoöplankton en afnemen, zoals dit o.a. is gebeurd in de wend voor het waterkwaliteitsbeheer. door bodemwoeling. Door de afname in Bodensee. Predatie door duikeenden, zoöplankton wordt algenbloei niet meer zoals de Kuifeend (Aythya fuligula) en gecontroleerd, terwijl ook bekend is dat de Tafeleend (Aythya ferina), en meer­ Waterbeheer met driehoeks­ mosselen draadvormigc blauwwieren, welke op­ koeten (Fulica atra) speelt hierbij een be­ treden in ondiepe geëutrofieerde wate­ langrijke rol. Ook enkele vissoorten, zo- Het onderzoek naar de mogelijkheden voor het inzetten van de Driehoeksmos- ren, het filterend vermogen van groot zoöplankton hinderen. Met de terug­ watervogeLs gang van de waterplanten verdween ook een mogelijk allelopathisch effect op al­ gen (allelopathie is de remmende wer­ king van specifieke, uitgescheiden stof­ fen op andere organismen). Door maat­ regelen van visstandsbeheer, waarbij Fig. 2. De relaties tussen de belangrijkste elementen in de biomanipulatie-keten. Geëutrofieerde zoete wateren zijn troebel door de hoge brasemstand. Door vis­ standsbeheer (afvissen Brasem en/of sti­ mulering snoekstand) en stimulering van de populatie driehoeksmosselen kan de helderheid toenemen, zodat waterplanten kunnen terugkeren. Deze vormen een be­ langrijke schakel in het ecosysteem voor Snoek, watervlooien en driehoeksmosse­ len. The biomanipulation cascade. Eutrophi- cated fresh waters are turbid due to the large bream stock. Fishstock management (removing bream and/or stimulating the pike stock) and manipulation of the Dreissena population can improve water clarity, and macrophytes can recover. These are important elements in the ecosystem tor Pike, zooplankton and zebra depositle Ipseudo) faeces > [N,P] (bodem) mussels. 121 ^ Fig. 3. Een 'artists impressie' van het be­ oogde biologisch filter voor het Volkerak- Zoommeer, bestaande uit hangcultures r fi driehoeksmosselen. An 'artist impression' of the intended biological filter at
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