Water Chestnut Harvest Program 2016

A report on 2016 water chestnut mechanical and hand harvest activities in Lake Champlain and other water bodies in Vermont WATER CHESTNUT HARVEST March 2017

PROGRAM 2016

Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation Montpelier, Vermont

Cover photos (VTDEC): top left, volunteer harvest day, Blissville wetland pond; bottom left, mechanical harvesting access/offload site, Red Rock Bay, Lake Champlain; water chestnut, Champlain Canal

The Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation is an equal opportunity agency and offers all persons the benefits of participation in each of its programs and competing in all areas of employment regardless of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, sexual preference, or other non-merit factors.

This document is available upon request in large print, Braille, or audio cassette.

VT Relay Service for the Hearing Impaired 1-800-253-0191 TDD>Voice – 1-800-253-0195 Voice>TDD TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...... 4 Methods ...... 6 Results...... 6 Conclusions ...... 17 Acknowledgements ...... 18

List of Tables

Table 1. 2016 water chestnut management funding sources and project element allocation ...... 5

List of Figures

Figure 1. Funds available for water chestnut management in 2016 ...... 5 Figure 2. Total area surveyed in MNWR in 2016 (source: USFWS, MNWR) ...... 11 Figure 3. Water chestnut control – number of rosettes removed – at MNWR 2007-2016 (source: USFWS, MNWR) ...... 11 Figure 4. Harvest trends for all six mechanical harvesting sites targeted in 2016...... 12 Figure 5. Six long-term control sites in Lake Champlain that trended from mechanical to hand harvesting ...... 14 Figure 6. Control trends for six Lake Champlain long-term hand harvest sites ...... 16 Figure 7. Control trends for six other water body hand harvest sites in Vermont ...... 17

Appendices

Appendix A. Water Chestnut Site Maps...... 19 Appendix B. Water chestnut indicators for 2016 management efforts ...... 23 Appendix C. Water Chestnut Harvesting Summary Statistics for Lake Champlain Sites (81) ...... 24 Appendix D. 2016 Water Chestnut Summary Statistics for 29 Other Water Bodies ...... 33

2016 Water Chestnut Harvest Program Report: Lake Champlain and Inland Vermont Waterbodies

INTRODUCTION The Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (VTDEC) has actively managed water chestnut (Trapa natans L.) since 1982 Many partners also contribute significant annual efforts to control water chestnut in many areas of the Lake Champlain Basin.

Water chestnut is an annual aquatic plant that can form dense monocultures, choking out beneficial native plant species, reducing oxygen levels, negatively altering the recreation potential of the invaded water body, and reducing shoreline property values. First confirmed in Vermont in Lake Champlain in the 1940s, as of 2016, 81 Lake Champlain or associated tributary sites – 47 in Vermont and 34 in New York – are known to support water chestnut1 as well as an additional 29 other waterbodies (see Appendix A). Additional water chestnut sites are known from sites associated with or adjacent to Lake Champlain in the Province of Quebec – the South and Richelieu Rivers, a few small ponds, and Two Mountain Lake. These water bodies are under some level of Dense water chestnut plants, South Lake, Lake Champlain (VTDEC)

management by Quebec partners.

This report describes the water chestnut harvest activities administered by VTDEC in 2016. To support the goals of the Lake Champlain Basin Program’s (LCBP) Ecological Indicators task force, water chestnut indicators were developed for management efforts (representing VTDEC and other partners) and are presented in Appendix B.

VTDEC management goals for water chestnut are to significantly reduce the negative impacts of this invasive plant in Lake Champlain and other waters in Vermont, and to prevent its further spread. VTDEC’s program involves hand and mechanical harvesting with most of the work conducted under contract. Hand harvesting is used to control sparse populations of water chestnut or populations inaccessible to mechanical harvesting equipment. Mechanical harvesting is used to control dense and easily accessible mats.

Funds supporting the program in 2016 were represented by state and federal sources and totaled $540,560. Sources of available funds are shown in Figure 1.

1 An estimated 9.7 miles of South Lake Champlain, from Dresden south to Whitehall, New York, also support numerous water chestnut sites but these sites have not been delineated and are not included in the 81 sites known to support water chestnut. 4 Figure 1. Funds available for water chestnut management in 2016

Total Funds Available for Water Chestnut Management in 2016

$540,560 Vermont $3,062 $105,000 USACOE $10,000 $57,647 USFWS ANS $4,751 USFWS Partners Program $360,000 LCBP

MNWR

VTDEC awarded four contracts, one grant and three memorandum of understandings (MOU) to support the harvesting elements of the 2016 management program. Funds expended totaled $456,944. Table 1 summarizes the sources and expended funds supporting all 2016 program elements.

Table 1. 2016 water chestnut management funding sources and project element allocation USFWS USFWS ANS LCBP USACE VTDEC Total Partners (14, 15) MNWR Personnel, Fringe, Indirect: $50,000 Environmental Scientists (2); $1,560 UVM Rubenstein intern; $10,000 $366 $354 $62,280 seasonal staff position

Mechanical Harvest $206,484 $206,484 Contract: SOLitude Compost Contract: Champlain Valley Compost $4,233 $4,233 Company Access MOU: $1,500 $1,500 Red Rock Road access Hand Harvest Contract: $105,000 $70,000 $175,000 Lakeside Restoration Services Hand Harvest Grant: $4,000 $3,062 $7,062 Friends of Missisquoi Bay Supplies: canoe trailer $385 $385 TOTAL $105,000 $276,484 $10,000 $4,751 $57,647 $3,062 $456,944

Mechanical harvesting activities in Vermont are authorized under Aquatic Nuisance Control Permit 2014-H05 issued to Aquatic Control Technology (now SOLitude) on November 14, 2014. Mechanical harvesting activities in Lake Champlain are authorized south of the Chimney Point Bridge for ten years. Hand harvesting activities do not require a control permit in Vermont (10 VSA §1455); however, access for hand harvest activities at Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife public access areas requires a Special Use Permit. A permit was 5 applied for and authorized prior to the start of hand harvesting. In New York, water chestnut harvest activities in Lake Champlain and associated waters are authorized under Adirondack Park Agency Permit 2001-47A issued April 26, 2011 to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and VTDEC jointly. This permit authorizes hand and mechanical harvesting of water chestnut from Lake Champlain in the towns of Dresden, Putnam, Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Moriah, New York and expires in April 2020.

Methods As an annual species, repeated harvesting of water chestnut rosettes (plants) before mature seeds drop can significantly reduce populations and be an effective means of control. Due to water chestnut’s rapid growth habits and long-term seed viability, constant “maintenance” management is required in any water body where a population has historically occurred.

Contracted mechanical harvesting equipment used in 2016 included: two mechanical harvesters each with 800 cubic feet storage capacity; a high-speed transport barge; a shore conveyor; and two, four-wheel drive, one- ton dump trucks. To improve efficiency, mechanical harvesters off load to a high-speed transport barge and the barge carries harvested material to the off-load access point. Harvested material was transported by one- ton dump truck to a de-water site. The de-water site is temporary; all harvested water chestnut material is eventually moved to a compost site where water chestnut is piled into windrows for turning. Motorized and non-motorized boats are used to access Lake Champlain sites. Motorized boats transport contracted hand harvest crews to water chestnut sites not adjacent to access points. Kayaks and canoes are used to access other water body sites. Go-Devil shallow water boats are used to access sites within the Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge and are critical to accessing shallow and heavily vegetated sites. At each hand harvest managed site, systematic searches are conducted to look for and remove all water chestnut rosettes (multiple rosettes may grow from a single plant stem) found. Pulled water chestnut plants are collected in plastic baskets or sleds strapped to the front of kayaks, Gardeners Supply leaf tip bags or other containers. The number and weight of rosettes pulled are estimated by counting and weighing a subset. All pulled plants are disposed of at upland, non-wetland sites. When possible, hand harvest sites are targeted two or more times annually. A VTDEC staff person provides contract and grant oversight, obtains landowner permission for access A pile of over 40,000 water chestnut plants removed by hand and disposal of water chestnut, and conduct surveys, searches, and some water chestnut hand harvesting. Other VTDEC Lakes and Ponds Management Section staff assist with removal efforts, surveys and searches, and conduct outreach efforts. Results Of the 81 Lake Champlain or associated tributary water chestnut sites identified for management, mechanical, hand harvesting or both methods, 74.5 were visited in 2016. Known Lake Champlain water chestnut sites are located between Rock River Bay, Highgate, Vermont and Ottenburgh Ramp, Dresden, New York on both sides

6 of the lake. Nine sites were identified for mechanical harvesting, 1 site for mechanical and hand harvesting, and 71 were identified for hand harvesting.

Like 2015, the 2016 Lake Champlain water chestnut, the southernmost control site was Ottenburgh Ramp, New York, approximately 1.5 miles below the Narrows of Dresden and the northernmost mechanical harvesting site remained Peters Bay, Benson, Vermont. Mechanical harvesting sites were managed by a contractor. Removed water chestnut was offloaded at a private access in Red Rock Bay and transported by dump truck by the harvesting contractor to a temporary dewatering site. All material at the dewatering site was later transported to a compost site.

Six of the 10 mechanical harvesting sites were targeted; four sites (#s 43, 44, 50, 51) were inaccessible due to low lake levels and the inability to access. Of the 72 sites proposed for hand harvest, 68.5 sites were visited. Two sites, Rock River Bay in Highgate Springs, Vermont and Putnam Creek in Crown Point, New York, were not visited and at the Poultney River (New York and Vermont) with seven confirmed sites, visits were made to only three of the seven. One site is inactive and was not visited (Basin Harbor, Vergennes, Vermont).

Of the 69.5 Lake Champlain hand harvest sites targeted in 2016: 49 sites were managed by contracted crews; 4 sites by contracted crews and VTDEC; 5 sites by VTDEC and other partners; 7 sites by VTDEC; 4 sites by the Friends of Missisquoi Bay; and 0.5 site by TNC. No water chestnut was found at 24 of these 69.5 sites. Four new Lake Champlain sites were added: three sites in or adjacent to already confirmed with water chestnut, Bulwagga Bay in Crown Point, NY and Black Creek Marsh, St. Albans Bay, VT. The water chestnut populations at all four sites was appropriate for hand harvest and all were visited in 2016.

In addition to Lake Champlain, 26 of 29 other water bodies with water chestnut were slated for hand harvesting. Three water chestnut water bodies – Glazenberg small pond (Bennington), Lake Bomoseen (Hubbardton), Singing wetland (Bennington) are considered “inactive,” water chestnut has not been found in five or more years. Of the 26 slated for control, 23 were visited. Three sites – Lily Pond (Poultney), Little Lake (Wells), Lake Paran (Bennington) – were not visited.

Of the 23 other water bodies visited: 8 were managed by contracted crews; 1 by contracted crews and TNC; 2 by contracted crews, VTDEC and volunteers; 3 by VTDEC and other partners; 5 by VTDEC; and 4 by the Friends of Missisquoi National Wildlife and Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge staff. No water chestnut was found at 6 of these 23 inland water bodies.

No new other water body sites were discovered in 2016.

A 2016 mechanical and hand harvest operations summary for VTDEC and VTDEC’s contractor, grantees and partners follows. Summary statistics for Lake Champlain efforts are provided in Appendix C and for the 29 other water bodies, Appendix D.

7 Mechanical Harvesting Contract – SOLitude Lake Management • $292,500 were awarded to SOLitude (formerly Aquatic Control Technology) of Sutton, Massachusetts under one contract. The contract was awarded in 2014, and amended in 2015 and 2016 to reflect annual contract amounts. • SOLitude mechanical harvesting commenced on July 11th and ended on August 5, spanning 20 total work days. • Two crews worked six-hour shifts, 7AM to 1PM or 1 to 7PM throughout the four- week season. • Each harvesting crew is represented by an on-site supervisor, harvester operators, Mechanical harvesting base of operations, Red Rock Bay (VTDEC photo) high-speed transport vessel operator and dump truck drivers. • SOLitude targeted 6 Lake Champlain sites representing approximately 273 acres. Due to low water levels, the near shore areas of all six sites were targeted at the beginning of the season but fully completed at the end of the season when lower water levels prevented near shore access. • Low lake levels prevented four sites from being harvested: #43 Cold Spring Harbor, #44 Horton Marsh, #50 New York Light 14, and #51 Pulpit Point. • Over 458 hours were spent mechanically harvesting water chestnut, 42% on the New York side of the lake and 58% on the Vermont side. • 301 mechanical harvester loads of harvested water chestnut representing 4,214 cubic yards of material or 571.9 tons wet weight removed. • Dump trucks made 301 trips to a temporary dewatering site 2.5 miles from the off-load site. The average cost of one mechanical harvested water chestnut load was approximately $686 per load. • The mechanical harvesting element concluded one week early due to low water levels. Only $206,484 of the $292,500 contract were spent.

Mechanical Harvesting Access MOU – Red Rock Bay private property • $1,500 was provided to a private landowner on Red Rock Bay under a Memorandum of Understanding for mechanical harvester offloading and site access. This site represents the base of operations for the mechanical harvesting crews and the only offloading site used by the mechanical harvesters in 2016. • No repairs to the access road installed in 2008 under a VTDEC contract were required.

Temporary Dewatering MOU – private property • A Memorandum of Understanding was established with a private landowner for the temporary dewatering and drying of mechanically harvested water chestnut. • 301 loads were placed at the site, pushed into piles by an excavator and allowed to dry for one to two weeks. All material was removed by the end of August 2016.

8 Compost Contract – Champlain Valley Compost Company • $6,525 were awarded to Champlain Valley Compost Company (CVCC) under a contract awarded in 2014. The contract was amended in 2015 and 2016 to reflect annual contract amounts. • The material from the dewatering site (301 loads) was transported 5.2 miles to a compost site by the compost site owner. The water chestnut material was placed parallel to the slope into two windrows. • On October 1st, approximately 168 yards of semi-dry, horse manure were added to the two windrows with a skid steer loader owned and operated by the site owner. Windrows of finished compost at the 2016 compost site (VTDEC) • The windrows were turned on September 24th to fully incorporate the cow manure and reduce the bulk density to facilitate passive aeration within the windrows. • On October 5th, the windrows were turned for a second time to maintain the compost process. Based on observations of an elevated temperature, pleasant odor, and further darkening color, the compost process was proceeding normally. No mix corrections were necessary. • The volume of finished compost produced from the 301 dewatered water chestnut loads is estimated to be between 170-200 cubic yards. The material is the property of the compost site owner.

VTDEC Hand Harvesting • One VTDEC staff person provided oversight of the three contracts and two grants, connected weekly with most contract/grant leads, reviewed and approved invoices, and tracked and summarized collected data. • Staff conducted 24 water chestnut surveys between June 2th and October 10th: 17 on Lake Champlain and associated tributaries, and 6 on other water body sites. • Staff visited 16 Lake Champlain sites, some with other partners, volunteers or contracted staff, contributing an unassessed number of hours searching for and removing over 8,401 rosettes. • Staff also visited 10 other water body sites, many with other partners for water chestnut control, contributing an unassessed number of hours searching for and removing over 30,985 rosettes. • All Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife public boat accesses in the Lake Champlain Basin were visited in 2016 to maintain aquatic invasive species warning signs with information about water chestnut and current Vermont transport laws. Aquatic invasive species transport law rack cards were stocked at many of these accesses and any damaged brochure boxes replaced. • One, day-long Vermont Invasive Patrollers (VIP) workshops was attended by 21 people. Water chestnut is one of many species participants become trained on. Over 170 hours collectively were contributed by 34 VIP volunteers in their surveying efforts of 20 Vermont lakes in 2016. • Staff held six public water body access training workshops. In addition to greeter etiquette, these workshops provide specific information on water chestnut and other aquatic invasive species, and current Vermont transport laws.

9 Hand Harvesting Contract - Lakeside Restoration Services • $175,000 were awarded to Lakeside Restoration Services (Lakeside) of Fair Haven, Vermont for hand harvest services under an amendment to a three-year contract awarded in 2014. • Lakeside hand harvesting commenced on June 27th and ended on August 20, spanning 40 total work days. • A crew of 2-18 worked an average of 40 hours per week throughout the 8-week season. • Lakeside targeted 53 Lake Champlain and associated tributaries sites, and 11 other waterbody sites. • In Lake Champlain, the 53 sites targeted span roughly 136 miles of Lake Champlain shoreline between Ferrisburg and Benson, Vermont - approximately 88 miles in Vermont and 48 miles in New York. The southernmost site targeted was Peters Bay, Benson, Vermont. • Over 4,152 hours were spent removing approximately 20 tons of water chestnut from all 64 sites.

Hand Harvesting Grant - Friends of Missisquoi Bay • $4,000 were awarded to the Friends of the Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge to support a partnership with Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge staff on water chestnut search and hand harvest efforts primarily within the Refuge. • The Friends contributed an additional $500 and $541 in in-kind services. The Refuge contributed $2,021 in in-kind services and staff oversight towards the 2016 effort. • A crew of 2 commenced work on July 20th and ended on August 8th for a total of 14 work days. • Priority survey areas were determined by previous control operations – annually since 2007 - as well as biological sensitivity of Refuge wetlands during black tern breeding season. Operations were coordinated by a Refuge biologist to manage any potential conflict with other Refuge work, but also to maximize water chestnut removal in key problem areas. • A total of 210 person hours were spent surveying for and harvesting 1,045 water chestnut rosettes, an estimated 135 pounds from two Lake Champlain sites (Dead Creek Delta and Shad Island) and two other water body sites within the MNWR (Big Marsh Slough and Cranberry Pool). • No water chestnut was found at two previously known sites, Long Marsh Bay and channel, and Cabot-Clark Marsh. • Total area surveyed included a minimum of 592 acres. Low water levels prevented greater survey efforts. Figure 2 shows areas surveyed and targeted in 2016. • A comparison of water chestnut control at MNWR from 2007 to 2016 is shown in Figure 3.

10 Figure 2. Total area surveyed in MNWR in 2016 (source: USFWS, MNWR)

Shad Island (#4)

Long Marsh Channel

Dead Creek Delta (#2) Cabot Clark Marsh

Big Marsh Slough

Cranberry Pool

Figure 3. Water chestnut control – number of rosettes removed – at MNWR 2007-2016 (source: USFWS, MNWR)

11 Hand Harvesting Grant – Invasive Species Volunteer Coordinator • In 2015, a $20,000 grant was awarded to the Department of Forest, Parks and Recreation to support water chestnut volunteer coordination efforts by an invasive species coordinator over three years, 2015 through2017. • The coordinator assisted VTDEC staff advertise for and conduct three volunteer workdays in 2016, Blissville wetland pond on June 20, Dead Creek on July 22 and La Chute River, NY on August 5. Over 45 volunteers participated in these workdays.

Harvest trends for all six 2016 mechanical harvesting sites are shown in Figure 4. Although the number of loads removed from all six sites is less than the number removed from these La Chute River, New York volunteer pull day (VTDEC photo) same sites in 2015, the reduction is likely a result of the inability to fully access the site versus a reduction trend.

Figure 4. Harvest trends for all six mechanical harvesting sites targeted in 2016.

#41 Peters Bay, VT - Champlain 250000 400

200000 300 150000 200 100000 Rosettes Pulled MH Loads MH 50000 100 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Mechanical Harvester Loads 0 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

#42 Red Rock Bay and #45 Maple Bend, VT - North, VT - Champlain Champlain 400 150 300 100 200 50 100

0 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year Loads Harvester Mechanical Year Mechanichal Harvester Loads Harvester Mechanichal

12 Figure 4. continued #47 Ottenburgh, NY - #48 Barrel Bay, NY - Champlain Champlain 140 160 120 140 100 120 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0

0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Mechanical Harvester Loads Harvester Mechanical Mechanichal Harvester Loads Harvester Mechanichal

Year Year

#49 Dresden Landing and South, NY - Champlain 200

150

100

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Mechanichal Harvester Loads Harvester Mechanichal Year

Of the 69.5 Lake Champlain hand harvest sites visited, an increase in water chestnut was documented at 17, a decrease at 23, and 24 sites had no water chestnut. Low water levels during the hand harvest season make it difficult to identify any trends.

Figure 5. provides trends for six long-term control sites in Lake Champlain that have shifted from mechanical harvesting to hand harvesting. These sites originally supported dense water chestnut mats. Mechanical harvesting was used to reduce populations to levels where now management by hand harvesting only is required.

13 Figure 5. Six long-term control sites in Lake Champlain that trended from mechanical to hand harvesting

#39 Benson Landing, VT - Champlain 35000 35 30000 30 25000 25 20000 20

15000 15 Rosettes Pulled MH Loads MH

Rosettes Pulled Rosettes 10000 10 MH Loads 5000 5 0 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Year

#40 Dutchers and south, VT - Champlain 35000 350 30000 300 25000 250 20000 200

15000 150 Rosettes Pulled MH Loads MH

Rosettes Pulled Rosettes 10000 100 MH Loads 5000 50 0 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Year

#52 Bed back by Railroad, NY - Champlain 600000 500

500000 400 400000 300 300000 200 Rosettes Pulled 200000 Loads MH

Rosettes Pulled Rosettes MH Loads 100000 100 0 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

14 Figure 5. continued

#53 NY Light 4, NY - Champlain 70000 250

60000 200 50000

40000 150

30000 Rosettes Pulled

100 Loads MH

Rosettes Pulled Rosettes 20000 MH Loads 50 10000

0 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Year

#54 60 Acre Site, NY - Champlain 45000 400 40000 350 35000 300 30000 250 25000 200 20000 Rosettes Pulled

150 Loads MH 15000 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes 10000 100 MH Loads 5000 50 0 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Year

#55 Sixmile Point and south, NY - Champlain 150,000 50 40 100,000 30 50,000 20

10 Loads MH 0 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes

Year

Rosettes Pulled MH Loads

15 Site-specific results for six Lake Champlain long-term hand harvest sites are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Control trends for six Lake Champlain long-term hand harvest sites

#8 Little Otter Creek (West #14 Hospital Creek, VT - Branch), VT - Champlain Champlain 20,000 10,000 15,000 8,000 6,000 10,000 4,000 5,000 2,000 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Rosettes Pulled Rosettes 0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Year Year

#20 Lapham Bay, VT - #68 North of Crown Point, Champlain NY - Champlain 3,000 8,000 6,000 2,000 4,000 1,000 2,000 0 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Rosettes Pulled Rosettes

Year Year

#73 South of Lapstone #76 Bulwagga Bay, NY - Point, NY - Champlain Champlain 6,000 15,000

4,000 10,000

2,000 5,000

0 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Pulled Rosettes

Year Year

The estimated total weight of water chestnut harvested in 2016 from the 25 of 29 other water body sites in Vermont by VTDEC, VTDEC’s contractors and grantees, and partners was in excess of 1.43 tons wet weight. These groups collectively worked over 434 hours searching for and harvesting water chestnut. Appendix D summarizes these other waterbody search and harvest efforts.

16 Water chestnut harvest at the other water body sites generally continues to exhibit decline or stabilization. Of the 23 sites visited in 2016, 0 sites were new; 7 had no water chestnut; 5 sites had an increase in the amount harvested; and 11 exhibited a decline in the amount harvested, although 4 of these were likely a result of low water levels and the inability to fully access the site. Figure 7 provides trends in harvest data for six long-term other water body sites.

Figure 7. Control trends for six other water body hand harvest sites in Vermont

Brookside Pond, VT Bullis Pond, VT 40,000 60,000 30,000 40,000 20,000 10,000 20,000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Rosettes Pulled Rosettes

Year Year

Cranberry Pool Missisquoi Dead Creek, VT - Other Refuge, VT Waterbody 10,000 60,000 40,000 5,000 20,000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Year Year

Phillips small pond, VT Porter Lake, VT 400 10,000 300 8,000 6,000 200 4,000 100 2,000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Rosettes Pulled Rosettes Rosettes Pulled Rosettes

Year Year

Conclusions The goal of the current program remains to shift from expensive mechanical harvesting to maintenance hand harvesting, with ongoing surveillance in all areas, and to prevent further spread of water chestnut. Both Lake Champlain and other water body water chestnut sites managed annually generally continue to exhibit a pattern of decreasing water chestnut abundance or stabilization. There are exceptions. Despite ongoing

17 harvest activity, water chestnut increases in abundances are noted at some sites, in some management years. Environmental conditions, fluctuations in water levels influencing both spread and accessibility, like 2016, and a lack of understanding of water chestnut pathways are likely contributing factors.

A 9.7-mile section of Lake Champlain between Dresden and Whitehall, New York, has sites with water chestnut populations and no consistent management effort. These sites have not been delineated. In this section of Lake Champlain, there is at least one large water chestnut mat site in West Haven, Vermont estimated at 60 acres and known as the Drowned Lands; numerous dense mats in South Bay under partial management by the Town of Dresden; and several areas along both sides of the lake where hand harvesting is required.

Although water chestnut has been found in 29 other Vermont waterbodies in Vermont, early detection and rapid response efforts has led to effective control using hand harvesting only, and in some waters, water chestnut elimination.

While VTDEC and partner all-harvest efforts span 35 years at an expenditure of over $12.4 million, significant milestones have been made in the reduction of water chestnut in Lake Champlain and other waterbodies in Vermont. These notable successes support the need for continued management. The configuration, extent and distribution of Lake Champlain and Vermont inland water body sites, and the biology of water chestnut will necessitate some level of water chestnut harvest and on-going surveillance well into the future if this species is to be successfully managed. The reality of on-going, annual water chestnut management must be realized and fiscally supported to prevent this non-native invasive species from re-bounding at managed sites or spreading to other areas.

Acknowledgements Funds supporting the 2016 Water Chestnut Management Program were provided by the Lake Champlain Basin Program, a funder and supporter of this effort since 1991; USFWS through the Lake Champlain Basin ANS Plan; USFWS Partnership Program, another long-time supporter; Army Corps of Engineers Aquatic Plant Control Program; and VTDEC.

The 2016 water chestnut management effort would not have been possible or as successful without the many partners and volunteers involved in the program. Thank you: Paul Marangelo, TNC; Elizabeth Spinney, VFPR; LCBP staff; Chris Smith, USFWS Lake Champlain Office; Ken Sturm and Judy Sefchick Edwards, USFWS MNWR; Pat Lombardi and Terry Sklarski, Lakeside Restoration; Erin Vennie-Vollrath, APIPP; Madeleine Lyttle; Arrowwood Environmental; Lewis Creek Association; Lake Carmi Watershed Association; Tim Hunt; VELCO; Ed Taube, SOLitude; Jack Barrett; Steven Wisbaum, CVCC; ECO Americorps; the Town of Dresden, New York; and the many volunteers that came out to survey and pull water chestnut.

18 Appendix A. Water Chestnut Site Maps

Map 1. Northern Lake Champlain sites: Missisquoi Bay – Shad Island (#4), Long Marsh Channel, Dead Creek Delta (#2), Cabot Clark Marsh, Big Marsh Slough, Cranberrry Pool (source: MNWR)

Long Marsh Channel

Map 2. Black Creek Marsh (#81), St Albans Bay, Lake Champlain (source: Arrowwood Environmental)

Map 3. Lake Champlain: lower broad lake, Porter Lake, Dead Creek sites and the Lemon Fair River

6-21, 68-80

2016 75 74 78 76 79

Map 4. Lake Champlain: south lake sites, Blissville Pond, Lake Bomoseen, Parsons Mill Pond, Coggman Pond, Brookside Pond, Poultney River, Root Pond, and small ponds

Blissville Pond

2016

Coggman Creek

Blissville Pond 46 a-g

Appendix B. Water chestnut indicators for 2016 management efforts (Table incomplete; Quebec data needed.)

P Collection Reported S Suggested Currently Who Should Numerical Spatial Indicator Values Frequency Frequency R Measures Collected? Collect? values Resolution (minimum) (minimum) * VTDEC NYSDEC Total number of ^ 3,292 acres Y TNC Annual Annual infested acres1 MNWR QUEBEC ^ acres VTDEC 2018 acres (included in NYSDEC Number of acres VTDEC #) Area infested <25% surface ^ Y TNC 800 acres Annual Annual with water P coverage (included in chestnut MNWR VTDEC #) QUEBEC ^ acres Location of mechanical harvesting: miles 9.7 Y VTDEC 10 South Lake Annual Annual north of Whitehall, NY Number of lake 6 Y VTDEC 7 Lake Segment Annual Annual segments infested

VTDEC $456,944

NYSDEC $46,298 Management Total Dollars spent R $ Y TNC $0 Annual Annual resources on management2 MNWR $3,062

QUEBEC $^ est.

Tons of water VTDEC 572 tons Mechanical chestnut removed R 1,384 Y Annual Annual management through mechanical harvesting NYSDEC 812 tons

VTDEC 0.38 tons

Tons of water TNC 0.30 tons chestnut removed ^ Y Annual Annual through handpulling MNWR 0.004 tons

QUEBEC ^ approx VT 4,152 hrs Handpulling contracted R management TNC 113 hrs Number of handpulling hours MNWR 210 hrs ^ Y Annual Annual in Lake Champlain and tributaries QUEBEC ^ hrs est. VTDEC 112.25 hrs Others 69 hrs * Pressure, State, Response Column: framework for monitoring water chestnut indicators 1 Total acreage increased as known sites were added to the acreage map. Quebec acreages in the Basin added 2013. 2 As of 2014, figure includes Quebec and NYSDEC funding and 2015, MNWR.

Appendix C. Water Chestnut Harvesting Summary Statistics for Lake Champlain Sites (81)

Missisquoi Bay Segment VT – 5 sites Rosettes Control Site Location Date Hours Pounds or MH Type/Entity Loads 1. Mouth of East Branch part of Missisquoi River (MNWR) other Highgate Springs HP-MNWR 0 hours 45”00’33 N / 73”07’54 W worked 2. Dead Creek Delta Highgate Springs HP-MNWR 7/27/2016 3 6 44”58’30N / 73"07’46 3. Outside Entrance to Big part of Marsh Slough (MNWR) other Highgate Springs HP-MNWR 0 hours 44”58’32 N / 73”08”03 W worked 4. Shad Island (MNWR) 7/27/2016 3 4.5 41 Highgate Springs HP-MNWR 45”00’33 N / 73”08’45 W 7/28/2016 16 3.5 17 5. Rock River Bay Highgate Springs HP-DEC 44”59’32N / 73”05’29W

Northeast Arm Lake Segment VT – 1 site

Rosettes Site Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 81. Black Creek Marsh St. Albans Bay (11 sites) 44.81307762930 -73.14969655350 44.81325479590 -73.14947955350 44.81344262910 -73.14810605400 44.81341429580 -73.14849055390 44.81359562910 -73.14768222080 LCC/AE 9/6/2016 12 670 1,326 44.81358496240 -73.14753638750 44.81786396170 -73.14773488710 44.81364596240 -73.14778622080 44.81379079580 -73.14955955350 44.81389546250 -73.15001422000 HP-DEC 9/8/2016 3 15 50

6.Converse Bay DFW Access & Bay South Charlotte HP-DEC 8/31/2016 3 0 44"17'19N / 73"16'01W

Otter Creek Segment VT – 6 sites Rosettes Site Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 7. Town Farm Bay/Kimball Charlotte HP-DEC 6/15/2016 2 0 Brook 44"16'60N / 73"16'01W HP-LCA various 50 0 8. Little Otter Creek 8/18/2016 10 146 540 (West Branch) Ferrisburgh HP 8/19/2016 23 437.4 1404 44"13'28N / 73"01'38W 8/20/2016 24 770.8 2501 9. Porter Bay Ferrisburgh HP 8/11/2016 8 8 30 44"13'37N / 73"18'58N 10. Otter Creek North Ferrisburgh HP 8/11/2016 2 0 44"13'31N / 73"19'27W 11. Fields Bay 8/11/2016 8 42.4 168 44"13'15N / 73"19'09W 8/15/2016 20 241.8 962 Ferrisburgh HP 8/17/2016 18 532 1862 8/18/2016 10 148 420 12. Otter Creek South Ferrisburgh HP-DEC 8/10/2016 4 2 7 44"12'23N / 73"19'16W

Port Henry Segment VT – 1 site Rosettes Site Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 13. Basin Harbor Panton INACTIVE (no water chestnut since 2007) 44"11'46N / 73"21'52W

Key: HP = hand harvesting contracted MH = mechanical harvesting contracted MH H-800 load = 18,000 rosettes = 3,800 lbs or 1.9 tons wet weight APIPP = Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program DEC = Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation LCA = Lewis Creek Association LCC/AE = Lake Champlain Committee/Arrowwood Environmental MNWR = Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge partners TNC = The Nature Conservancy, Vermont Chapter TOD = Town of Dresden 25 South Lake Segment VT – 32 sites Rosettes Site Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 14. Hospital Creek Addison HP 8/9/2016 1 12 46 a. 44”02’32N/73”25’06W (L) 14. Hospital Creek Addison HP 8/9/2016 0 0 0 b. 44”02’20N/73”24’40W 15. Whitney Creek 7/4/2016 3 0.3 7 Addison HP a. 44"01'40N / 73"24'05W (L) 8/9/2016 2 72 294 15. Whitney Creek 7/4/2016 6 1 14 Addison HP b. 44”02’50N / 73”24’40W 8/9/2016 1 32 144 16. McCuen Slang Addison HP 7/4/2016 8 19.9 398 44"01'28N / 73"23'67W 17. Bridport Town Beach Bridport HP 8/9/2016 1 0 0 43"59'55N / 73"24'04W 18. Giards Bay Bridport HP 8/9/2016 2 2 8 43"58'44N / 73"24'01W 19. North of W. Bridport Bridport HP 8/9/2016 1 0 0 43"57'34N / 73"24'21W 20. Leonard Bay Bridport HP 8/9/2016 2 16 66 43"56'16N / 73"24'00W 21. Lapham Bay Shoreham HP 8/9/2016 2 0 0 43"55'33N / 73"23'37W 22.South of Lapham Bay Shoreham HP 8/9/2016 2 0 0 43"54'52N / 73"23'40W 23. North of Fivemile Point Shoreham HP 8/8/2016 2 0 0 43"54'32N / 73"23'40W 24. Bays on Lake Street South of Fivemile Point Shoreham HP 8/8/2016 1 0 0 43"54'06N / 73"22'35W 25. Access by C. Farr Ranch Shoreham HP 8/8/2016 2 0 0 43"53'54N/73"22'30W 26. N of Larrabees Point Shoreham HP 8/8/2016 5 44 168 43"51'56N / 73"22'11W 27. Beadles Cove and South Shoreham HP 8/5/2016 4 121 462 43"51'1N / 73"22'15W

28. East Creek (mouth) Orwell HP 8/5/2016 2 4 19 a. 43"51'50N / 73"22'37W (mouth) 28. East Creek Orwell HP 6/27/2016 160 128.5 2,385 b. 43”49’38N/73”21’59W 28. East Creek Orwell HP-DEC 6/28/2016 15 187 1,445 c. South Fork 29. Shoreline between East Creek & Catfish Bay Orwell HP 8/5/2016 2 0 0 43"49'52N / 73"23'06W 30. Catfish Bay Orwell HP 8/5/2016 2 96 392 43"49'40N / 73"23'09W 31. Buoy 39 Marina Orwell HP 8/4/2016 1.5 0 0 43"49'21N / 73"23'25W 32. Dock at Curly Audette 6/29/2016 10.5 0 0 Farm Orwell HP 43"48'38N / 73"22'41W 8/4/2016 3 0 0 33. North shore Chipman’s 6/29/2016 10.5 0 0 Point Orwell HP 43"48'7N / 73"22'32W 8/4/2016 4 0 0 34. Shoreline between Chipmans Point and Benson Orwell, Bay HP 8/3/2016 8 213.2 858 43"47'07N / 73"21'10W Benson 35. Benson Bay Benson HP 8/3/2016 4 5 19 43"45'50N / 73"20'41W 36. Shoreline between Benson Bay & Stony Point Benson HP 8/3/2016 4 1.5 5 43"45'24N / 73"21'16W 37. Stony Point Benson HP 8/3/2016 2 3 11 43"44'37N / 73"21'57W 38. Shoreline between Stony Point & Benson Landing Benson HP 8/3/2016 4 24 96 43"44'16N / 73"22'05W 39. Benson Landing 6/29/2016 21 0.7 13 Benson HP 43"43'45N / 73"22'03W 8/3/2016 2 5 20

Key: HP = hand harvesting contracted MH = mechanical harvesting contracted MH H-800 load = 18,000 rosettes = 3,800 lbs or 1.9 tons wet weight APIPP = Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program DEC = Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation LCA = Lewis Creek Association LCC/AE = Lake Champlain Committee/Arrowwood Environmental MNWR = Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge partners TNC = The Nature Conservancy, Vermont Chapter TOD = Town of Dresden 27 Rosettes Site Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 40. Dutchers and South 6/29/2016 73.5 94.4 1,988 43"43'01N / 73"22'33W Benson HP 6/30/2016 33 27.7 503 7/1/2016 60 16.4 329 41. Peters Bay 7/12/2016 128 3,784.5 54,027 43"38'12N / 73'25'37W 7/13/2016 160 2,398.6 29,949 7/14/2016 132 1,341.4 33,516 7/15/2016 160 2,267.2 32,396 Benson, West 7/18/2016 147 1,875.5 46,805 HP Haven 7/19/2016 136 1,504.0 37,647 7/20/2016 144 1,457.8 24,309 7/21/2016 148 1,176.0 14,700 7/22/2016 160 2,378.0 26,448 7/29/2016 57 1,415.4 17,682 41. Peters Bay 7/11/2016 5 43"38'12N / 73'25'37W 7/12/2016 21 Benson, West 7/13/2016 11 MH Haven 7/14/2016 5 7/15/2016 5 7/19/2016 2 42. Red Rock Bay 7/11/2016 5 43”40’57 N / 73”25’37 W 7/13/2016 3 7/14/2016 3 7/19/2016 1 7/21/2016 2 West Haven MH 7/27/2016 1 7/29/2016 8 8/1/2016 2 8/3/2016 1 8/5/2016 2 43. Cold Spring Harbor West Haven MH too shallow to access 43”40’4.7 N/ 73”24’ 28 W 44. Horton Marsh West Haven MH too shallow to access 43”39’ 34N/ 73”24’41 W

South Lake Segment NY - 30 sites (Poultney River, 46.g. excluded) Rosettes Site Name Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 46. Poultney River Sites g. Saslow Marsh Whitehall 43”36’50N/73”22’26W 47. Ottenburgh Ramp 7/20/2016 14 a. Lakeside 7/21/2016 15 43”38.5’72N/73”25’11.5W Dresden MH 7/22/2016 15 7/25/2016 10 7/26/2016 12 Key: HP = hand harvesting contracted MH = mechanical harvesting contracted MH H-800 load = 18,000 rosettes = 3,800 lbs or 1.9 tons wet weight APIPP = Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program DEC = Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation LCA = Lewis Creek Association LCC/AE = Lake Champlain Committee/Arrowwood Environmental MNWR = Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge partners TNC = The Nature Conservancy, Vermont Chapter TOD = Town of Dresden 29 Rosettes Site Name Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 47. Ottenburgh Ramp 7/27/2016 11 a. Lakeside continued 7/28/2016 12 7/29/2016 9 8/1/2016 10 8/2/2016 14 8/3/2016 5 8/5/2016 1 47. Ottenburgh Ramp included included b. Channel Area Dresden MH in 47.a. in 47.a. 43”38’48.5N/73”25’41.1W 48. Barrel Bay Dresden MH 7/18/2016 9 43”39’28 N/ 73”24’60W 49. Dresden Landing and South Dresden MH 7/15/2016 13 43”40’16 N/ 73”24’37 W 50. NY Light 14 and south Dresden MH too shallow to access 43”40’45 N / 73”24’43W 51. Pulpit Point Putnam MH too shallow to access 43”42’45N / 73”23’43W 52. Bed Back by Railroad 6/30/2016 75 125.5 3,375 43"42'45N / 73"23'26W 7/1/2016 104 738 24,530 7/5/2016 119 851 28,382 7/6/2016 184 1202.5 40,182 7/25/2016 176 3528.8 71,808 Putnam HP 7/26/2016 160 1764.9 22,101 7/27/2016 168 1890.0 21,000 7/28/2016 140 1715.7 15,789 7/29/2016 95 514.8 5,724 8/2/2016 144 1357.9 15096 53. NY Light 4 7/8/2016 144 1,912.9 39,809 Putnam HP 43"42'48N / 73"23'09W 7/11/2016 168 816.2 16302 54. 60 Acre Patch 6/30/2016 14 12.6 211 Putnam HP 43"43'21N / 73"22'26W 7/5/2016 17 11.8 296 55. Sixmile Point and South Putnam HP 8/3/2016 4 96 384 43”45'26N / 73"22'00W Key: HP = hand harvesting contracted MH = mechanical harvesting contracted MH H-800 load = 18,000 rosettes = 3,800 lbs or 1.9 tons wet weight APIPP = Adirondack Park Invasive Plant Program DEC = Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation LCA = Lewis Creek Association LCC/AE = Lake Champlain Committee/Arrowwood Environmental MNWR = Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge partners TNC = The Nature Conservancy, Vermont Chapter TOD = Town of Dresden 30 Rosettes Site Name Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 56. South of Gourlie Point Ticonderoga HP 8/3/2016 4 20 80 43"46'45N / 73"21'50W 57. Gourlie Point Bay Ticonderoga HP 8/4/2016 1.5 0 0 43"47'38N / 73"22'25W 58. North of Gourlie Point Ticonderoga HP 8/4/2016 6 0.5 2 43"47'47N / 73"22'42W 59. Charter Marsh 6/29/2016 52.5 91.6 1,248 Ticonderoga HP 43"48'16N / 73"23'5W 8/4/2016 3 5 19 60. North of Charter Marsh Ticonderoga HP 8/4/2016 6 1.5 6 43"48'33N / 73"23'11W 61. Fort Ticonderoga Bay and 6/28/2016 99 121.5 2,260 South Ticonderoga HP 43"50'17N / 73"23'52W 8/5/2016 4 9 37 62. LaChute River HP - east of railroad 6/28/2016 45 95.2 1,796 Ticonderoga HP DEC - west+ 43”50’42.18N/73”24’08.82W 8/5/2016 42 156 709 east of railroad 63. North of Fort Ticonderoga Ticonderoga HP 8/5/2016 2 12 54 43"51'29N / 73"23'20W 8/8/2016 2 192 756 64. North of Kirby Point Ticonderoga HP 8/8/2016 2 12 52 43"52'42N / 73"23'22W 65. South of IPCO Ticonderoga HP 8/8/2016 2 0 0 43"53'21N / 73"23'24W 66. IPCO Bay Ticonderoga HP 8/8/2016 3 16 58 43"53'42N / 73"23'50W 67. Bay North of Fivemile Point Light Ticonderoga HP 8/8/2016 3 20 82 43"54'17N / 73"24'45W 68. North of Crown Point Crown Point HP 8/9/2016 3 4 15 43"57'15N / 73"24'49W 69. Putnam Creek Crown Point HP 8/9/2016 0 0 0 43”57’22.2N / 73”24’55.5W 70. Porters Marsh HP-DEC 8/9/2016 1 - 46 Crown Point 43"58'13N / 73"24'58W HP 8/9/2016 1 1.5 7

Port Henry Segment NY – 5 sites Rosettes Site Name Location Control/Entity Date Hours Pounds or MH Loads 76. Bulwagga Bay HP-DEC 7/6/2016 12 256 1,980 Crown Point, 44”00’17N / 73”26’51W Moriah HP-DEC 7/10/2016 11.25 142.5 1,328

HP 8/10/2016 14 56 236 77. Bulwagga Bay Crown Point, Campground HP-DEC 8/10/2016 9 1563 Moriah 44”02’02.76N / 73”27’36.76W 78. Bulwagga Bay, west of HP-DEC 7/10/2016 0.5 30 train tracks (Edith & grandson) Crown Point 40”00’17.35N / 73”45’58.47W APIPP 8/29/2016 1 5 79. Bulwagga Bay, north of HP-DEC 7/10/2016 0.5 0 3616 RT9N Port Henry 44.0024076 / -73.455724 APIPP 8/29/2016 6 100 80. Van Slooten Marina HP-DEC 8/1/2016 1 20 343 44”04’00.59N / 73”45’85.86W Port Henry HP-DEC 8/9/2016 2 2 HP-USFWS 8/20/2016 1 20

Site 2016 Date people hours Hours Rosettes Pounds (est.) Benson Landing Road small pond 07/12/16 1 0 0 Benson Landing Road small pond TOTAL 1 0 0 Big Marsh Slough, MNWR 07/20/16 72 391 42 Big Marsh Slough, MNWR TOTAL 72 391 42 Blissville Wetland 08/21/16 2 3 184 46.40 Blissville Wetland 06/20/16 4 3.5 66.5 20,782 1,562.50 Blissville Wetland TOTAL 69.5 20,966 1608.9 Brookside Pond 08/04/16 12 116 28 Brookside Pond TOTAL 12 116 28 Bullis Pond 06/21/16 2 5.5 11 3,600 432 Bullis Pond TOTAL 11 3,600 432 Cabot Clark Marsh 08/05/16 4 0 0 Cabot Clark Marsh TOTAL 4 0 0 Coggman Creek 06/14/16 Coggman Creek TOTAL Coggman Pond 06/14/16 2 5 10 1,023 36 Coggman Pond TOTAL 10 1,023 36 Cranberry Pool, MNWR 07/29/16 46 389 68 Cranberry Pool, MNWR TOTAL 46 389 68 Dead Creek (6 sites) 08/11/16 2 0 0 Dead Creek: Rt 17, north and south Dead Creek: Nortontown Road, north 06/27/16 16.5 1,760 60.5 Dead Creek: Nortontown Road, north 07/22/16 2 3 38.5 1,823 293 Dead Creek, all sites TOTAL 57 3583 353.5 Duval drainage ditch 07/28/16 1 1.5 1 63 Duval drainage ditch TOTAL 1 63 Glazenberg small pond TOTAL INACTIVE Horton small pond 08/03/16 4 0 0 Horton small pond TOTAL 4 0 0 Lake Bomoseen TOTAL INACTIVE Lake Carmi 06/26/16 2 3 9 170 Lake Carmi 08/02/16 10 3.5 4 192 Lake Carmi 09/12/16 2 2 4 0 Lake Carmi TOTAL 17 362 0 Lake Paran 0 0 Lake Paran TOTAL 0 0 0 Lake Shaftsbury 07/25/16 1 3 4.5 134 Lake Shaftsbury TOTAL 4.5 134 Lemon Fair River 08/17/16 5 0 0 Lemon Fair River TOTAL 5 0 0 Lily Pond Lily Pond TOTAL Little Lake Little Lake TOTAL

33 Site 2016 Date people hours Hours Rosettes Pounds (est.) Long Marsh Channel, MNWR 08/05/16 4 0 0 Long Marsh Channel, MNWR TOTAL 4 0 0 North Springfield Reservoir 07/19/16 30 1,580 158 North Springfield Reservoir TOTAL 30 1,580 158 Parsons Mill Pond 7/21/2016 32 292 70 Parsons Mill Pond 08/03/16 12 33 8 Parsons Mill Pond TOTAL 44 325 78 Pelkeys Swamp 08/03/16 12 1 Pelkeys Swamp TOTAL 12 1 Phillips small pond TOTAL 08/03/16 4 0 0 Phillips small pond TOTAL 4 0 0 Porter Lake 08/11/16 4 53 12 Porter Lake TOTAL 4 53 12 Richville Pond 08/04/16 20 174 42.2 Richville Pond TOTAL 20 174 42.2 Root Pond TOTAL 07/12/16 2 28 0.1 Root Pond TOTAL 2 28 0.1 Singing Wetland TOTAL INACTIVE 29 Other Water Bodies TOTAL 434 32,788 2,858.7 Hours Rosettes Pounds (est.)