DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Emily Billett Allison Finkelstein HIST208L the Physical Transformation of Fort Ticonderoga and the Evolution of Historical

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Emily Billett Allison Finkelstein HIST208L the Physical Transformation of Fort Ticonderoga and the Evolution of Historical DRUM note: Images have been removed from this paper due to copyright restrictions. Emily Billett Allison Finkelstein HIST208L The Physical Transformation of Fort Ticonderoga and the Evolution of Historical Memory The fort on the peninsula where the La Chute River runs into Lake Champlain in present- day New York state has had several names, including Vaudreuil and Carillon. Today the fort is known as Ticonderoga, from a Mohawk word meaning “the land between the two great waters.”1 The site encompasses a rich military history, but this paper focuses on the historical memory of the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775, particularly through the collective memory of Ethan Allen and the restoration of the fort. Early American attempts to create a national republican mythology incorporated memories of Revolutionary War battles and their heroes, including Ethan Allen. Later, the common soldier received more cultural prominence, and the American drive for historical restoration, of which Fort Ticonderoga represents one of the earliest examples, brought attention to the physical environment of history. The movement to restore Fort Ticonderoga in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represented a transition from the commemoration of the heroes of the American Revolution to a focus on the ordinary soldiers of the Revolution. In its history as a military encampment, Fort Ticonderoga acted as a garrison for soldiers from France, Great Britain, and the Thirteen Colonies. In 1755 the French Canadian Michel Eustace Gaspard, Marquis de Lotbinière, began construction of the fort, which the French first 1 William R. Nester, The Epic Battles for Ticonderoga, 1758 (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2008), 1. 1 named Vandreuil and then called Carillon.2 During the struggles between France and Britain for control of Lake Champlain as part of the Seven Years War, the French commander Louis Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm, successfully defended Fort Carillon against an attack by the British under Major-General James Abercromby in 1758.3 In 1759 the British captured the fort under General Jeffery Amherst, who renamed it Ticonderoga.4 Over the course of the Revolutionary War, both British forces and American patriots held Ticonderoga. After the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, colonial militia under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga from a small British regiment.5 Many newspaper articles eagerly reported on this important early victory for the patriots.6 Colonel Henry Knox took the fort’s cannon and gunpowder supplies to Boston in 1776 to help defend the city against the British.7 After the British under General John Burgoyne recaptured the fort in 1777, they destroyed Fort Ticonderoga and nearby fortifications and then abandoned the fort, ending the site’s role as a military stronghold.8 Fewer newspapers reported on the British recapture of Ticonderoga, perhaps due to the disheartening loss of this symbolically important but no longer militarily valuable fort.9 After the end of the Revolutionary War, the fort returned to American possession, but Ticonderoga, a prize in two wars, had lost its strategic significance. 2 Carl R. Crego, Fort Ticonderoga (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2004), 18. 3 Ibid., 25-33. 4 Ibid., 36. 5 Ibid., 49-52. 6 Nathaniel Goham, Notary Public, untitled article, Newport Mercury, May 22, 1775, accessed November 16, 2013, America’s Historical Newspapers. Untitled article, New-Hampshire Gazette, May 26, 1775, accessed November 16, 2013, America’s Historical Newspapers. “Hartford, May 29. Extract of a Letter from Ticonderoga, Dated May 23, 1775,” Essex Journal, May 29, 1775, accessed November 16, 2013, America’s Historical Newspapers. 7 Carl R. Crego, Fort Ticonderoga (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2004), 55-56. 8 Ibid., 68-70. 9 “Boston, July 14. Extract of a Letter from a Colonel in the Northern Army, dated, July 4, 1777,” Boston Gazette, July 14, 1777, accessed December 16, 2013, America’s Historical Newspapers. “To the People of the Massachusetts-Bay,” letter to the editor, Independent Chronicle, July 17, 1777, accessed November 16, 2013, America’s Historical Newspapers. 2 The abandonment of Ticonderoga mirrored what happened to other Revolutionary War sites. According to Dr. Thomas Chambers, as few people visited Ticonderoga and other battlefields of the Seven Years War and Revolutionary War, memory of these sites waned, and immediately after the Revolution, “Ticonderoga faded into obscurity.”10 In the late eighteenth century, Ticonderoga was too remote for visitors to reach, and the few people who did attempt to visit the fort found impassable roads and a lack of nearby inns.11 Because soldiers no longer used the fort and the few visitors came to the site, people saw little reason to preserve the site. The State of New York became the owners of the fort and its grounds and granted the land to Columbia and Union Colleges for their own use in 1790.12 The walls collapsed, and settlers in the Lake Champlain valley took the stones for building material.13 Both the deteriorated physical condition of the fort and the salvaging of stones from its walls demonstrate the lack of interest Americans in the late eighteenth century had in preserving the site of Fort Ticonderoga. The memories of Fort Ticonderoga in the early American republic focused on Ethan Allen’s heroic capture of the fort. After breaking their allegiance to Great Britain, the people of the United States needed to create their own unified culture and national history. Dr. Sarah Purcell explained that heroes like Allen were necessary for a new, republican “national mythology,” which formed to make “the bloodshed, violence and division of the war into beautiful symbols of unity and national cohesion.”14 Like other Revolutionary War leaders, Allen became associated with heroic actions and patriotism. A 1789 newspaper article reported the death of Allen, whom it called noteworthy for making the “first capture (the fortress of 10 Thomas A. Chambers, Memories of War: Visiting Battlefields and Bonefields in Early American Republic (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2012), 32. 11 Ibid., 33. 12 Edward P. Hamilton, Fort Ticonderoga: Key to a Continent (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1964), 226. 13 Ibid., 226. 14 Sarah J. Purcell, Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 2-3. 3 Ticonderoga)” of the Revolutionary War.15 An epitaph for Allen, supposedly written by a Green Mountain Boy, one of Allen’s Vermont militiamen, called him “a hero born” and said that other famous commanders would welcome him into heaven.16 Newspapers also used Allen as a patriotic example for the politicians and soldiers of the present day. An 1807 newspaper article contrasted “the real patriots of 1775,” naming Ethan Allen in particular, with “the sham patriots of the present day,” such as Aaron Burr, a former vice president who had tried to provoke a war with Spain without the government’s approval.17 These newspaper articles generally omitted other leaders and militiamen’s roles in capturing the fort in favor of honoring Allen. This focus on the hero of Ticonderoga over the contributions of ordinary soldiers echoed other early American memories of the Revolution. Ethan Allen’s own account of the capture of the fort heavily influenced the popular memory of Fort Ticonderoga. Ethan Allen described capturing the fort “in the name of the great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress” in his Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen’s Captivity.18 Allen intended to show himself as a hero and a great patriot, and he succeeded in influencing the popular memory of Ticonderoga. Popular memory reflects what the common people remember.19 Some early newspaper articles gave other participants in the attack more prominence and reported his words differently, such as a 1775 newspaper article that emphasized the contributions of Colonel Easton, one of Allen’s lieutenants, and recorded Allen’s words as “in 15 Untitled article, Massachusetts Spy, March 5, 1789, accessed December 16, 2013, America’s Historical Newspapers. 16 A Green-Mountain Boy, “An Epitaph Written on the Death of Gen. Ethan Allen,” The Rural Magazine; Or, Vermont Repository. Devoted to Literary, Moral, Historical, and Political Improvement, September 1, 1795, accessed September 30, 2013, American Periodicals. 17 “Jeffersonians; Burr; Spanish; Treasonable; Patriots; Col. Ethan Allen; Ticonderoga; Crown Point,” article, Portsmouth Oracle, June 13, 1807, accessed December 16, 2013, America’s Historical Newspapers. 18 Ethan Allen, A Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen’s Captivity, Written by Himself, 3rd ed. (Burlington, Vt.: H. Johnson and Co., 1838),17. 19 Michael Kammen, The Mystical Cords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York: Alfred A Knoff, 1991), 10. Michael Kammen defined “popular memory” as the memories of “ordinary folks,” in contrast to “collective memory,” the memories of the “dominant civic culture.” 4 the name of America.”20 However, Allen’s account became the basis for most subsequent reports about Ticonderoga’s capture, and most writers of histories about Allen and the fort accepted it as fact.21 Ethan Allen’s self-centered narrative suppressed other accounts of the capture of the fort and focused attention on Allen rather than his men. By the 1820s, interest in Fort Ticonderoga itself, not just its heroic capturer, began to increase, and travelers started
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lake Champlain Coordinates: 44°32′N 73°20′W from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Lake Champlain Coordinates: 44°32′N 73°20′W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lake Champlain (French: lac Champlain) is a natural, Lake Champlain freshwater lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States (states of Vermont and New York) but partially situated across the Canada—United States border in the Canadian province of Quebec. The New York portion of the Champlain Valley includes the eastern portions of Clinton County and Essex County. Most of this area is part of the Adirondack Park. There are recreational opportunities in the park and along the relatively undeveloped coastline of Lake Champlain. The cities of Lake Champlain near Burlington in early twilight Plattsburgh and Burlington are to the north and the village of Location New York / Vermont in USA; and Ticonderoga in the southern part of the region. The Quebec portion is located in the regional county municipalities of Le Quebec in Canada Haut- Richelieu and Brome–Missisquoi. Coordinates 44°32′N 73°20′W Primary Otter Creek, Winooski River, inflows Missisquoi River, Lamoille River, Contents Ausable River, Chazy River, Boquet River, Saranac River 1 Geology Primary Richelieu River 1.1 Hydrology outflows 1.2 Chazy Reef Catchment 21,326 km2 (8,234 sq mi) 2 History area 2.1 Colonial America and the Basin Canada, United States Revolutionary War countries 2.2 War of 1812 2.3 Modern history Max. le ngth 201 km (125 mi) 2.4 "Champ", Lake Champlain Max. width 23 km (14 mi) monster Surface 1,269 km2 (490 sq mi) 2.5 Ecology area 2.6 Railroad Average 19.5 m (64 ft) 3 Natural history depth 4 Infrastructure 122 m (400 ft) 4.1 Lake crossings Max.
    [Show full text]
  • 030321 VLP Fort Ticonderoga
    Fort Ticonderoga readies for new season LEE MANCHESTER, Lake Placid News TICONDEROGA — As countered a band of Mohawk Iro- name brought the eastern foothills American forces prepared this quois warriors, setting off the first of the Adirondack Mountains into week for a new war against Iraq, battle associated with the Euro- the territory worked by the voya- historians and educators in Ti- pean exploration and settlement geurs, the backwoods fur traders conderoga prepared for yet an- of the North Country. whose pelts enriched New other visitors’ season at the site of Champlain’s journey down France. Ticonderoga was the America’s first Revolutionary the lake which came to bear his southernmost outpost of the War victory: Fort Ticonderoga. A little over an hour’s drive from Lake Placid, Ticonderoga is situated — town, village and fort — in the far southeastern corner of Essex County, just a short stone’s throw across Lake Cham- plain from the Green Mountains of Vermont. Fort Ticonderoga is an abso- lute North Country “must see” — but to appreciate this historical gem, one must know its history. Two centuries of battle It was the two-mile “carry” up the La Chute River from Lake Champlain through Ticonderoga village to Lake George that gave the site its name, a Mohican word that means “land between the wa- ters.” Overlooking the water highway connecting the two lakes as well as the St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers, Ticonderoga’s strategic importance made it the frontier for centuries between competing cultures: first between the northern Abenaki and south- ern Mohawk natives, then be- tween French and English colo- nizers, and finally between royal- ists and patriots in the American Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Geography •3 B •5 C •3 D Prof
    3/23/2018 Grade Distribution 13: Strategic Nature of New York •3 A (highest score 98) Examples of Military Geography •3 B •5 C •3 D Prof. Anthony Grande Geography Dept. •2 F (did not turn in Part 1 of exam worth 45 pts) Hunter College-CUNY • 1 missed exam Spring 2018 45% of final grade now in – 55% for those who handed in an optional exercise for grading 1 2 Military Geography Exercise The Nature of Strategic Location What is “strategy?” Optional Exercise 12 (graded or extra credit) explores the interrelationship between the physical landscape What is a “strategic location?” and places in NYS that have important military What qualities does this “strategic location ” have? significance in American homeland military history. A location’s geography (terrain, weather, climate and culture) French and Indian Wars plays an important role in its selection and the planning and execution of the plans, especially military plans. American Revolution It goes hand-in-hand with current technology (technology War of 1812 of the time frame). What criteria would be used to choose a strategic location in New York during the 1700s? https://parks.ny.gov/publications/documents/GuidetoNYStateHistoricSites.pdf link to NYS historic sites and parks brochure 3 4 Topographic Features Strategic Passages In the 1700s, with knowledge of The location of routes and passages as well as the geographic site and situa- bottlenecks and areas of unimpeded movement have tion of the British colonies PLUS historically been important. Control of these areas have being aware of the military been the goal of strategists.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Weather on Armies During the American War of Independence, 1775-1781 Jonathan T
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 The Force of Nature: The Impact of Weather on Armies during the American War of Independence, 1775-1781 Jonathan T. Engel Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE FORCE OF NATURE: THE IMPACT OF WEATHER ON ARMIES DURING THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1775-1781 By JONATHAN T. ENGEL A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2011 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Jonathan T. Engel defended on March 18, 2011. __________________________________ Sally Hadden Professor Directing Thesis __________________________________ Kristine Harper Committee Member __________________________________ James Jones Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii This thesis is dedicated to the glory of God, who made the world and all things in it, and whose word calms storms. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Colonies may fight for political independence, but no human being can be truly independent, and I have benefitted tremendously from the support and aid of many people. My advisor, Professor Sally Hadden, has helped me understand the mysteries of graduate school, guided me through the process of earning an M.A., and offered valuable feedback as I worked on this project. I likewise thank Professors Kristine Harper and James Jones for serving on my committee and sharing their comments and insights.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas During the American Revolution Daniel S
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-11-2019 Navigating Wilderness and Borderland: Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas during the American Revolution Daniel S. Soucier University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, Other History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Soucier, Daniel S., "Navigating Wilderness and Borderland: Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas during the American Revolution" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2992. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2992 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAVIGATING WILDERNESS AND BORDERLAND: ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE IN THE NORTHEASTERN AMERICAS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION By Daniel S. Soucier B.A. University of Maine, 2011 M.A. University of Maine, 2013 C.A.S. University of Maine, 2016 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School University of Maine May, 2019 Advisory Committee: Richard Judd, Professor Emeritus of History, Co-Adviser Liam Riordan, Professor of History, Co-Adviser Stephen Miller, Professor of History Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History Stephen Hornsby, Professor of Anthropology and Canadian Studies DISSERTATION ACCEPTANCE STATEMENT On behalf of the Graduate Committee for Daniel S.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Chestnut Harvest Program 2016
    A report on 2016 water chestnut mechanical and hand harvest activities in Lake Champlain and other water bodies in Vermont WATER CHESTNUT HARVEST March 2017 PROGRAM 2016 Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation Montpelier, Vermont Cover photos (VTDEC): top left, volunteer harvest day, Blissville wetland pond; bottom left, mechanical harvesting access/offload site, Red Rock Bay, Lake Champlain; water chestnut, Champlain Canal The Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation is an equal opportunity agency and offers all persons the benefits of participation in each of its programs and competing in all areas of employment regardless of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, sexual preference, or other non-merit factors. This document is available upon request in large print, Braille, or audio cassette. VT Relay Service for the Hearing Impaired 1-800-253-0191 TDD>Voice – 1-800-253-0195 Voice>TDD TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Methods .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Results................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Stanwix National Monument Junior Ranger Activity Booklet
    Fort Stanwix National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Stanwix National Monument Junior Ranger Activity Booklet Fort Stanwix National Monument Junior Ranger Activity Booklet Hello, Welcome to Fort Stanwix National Monument! Today you are doing something very special by becoming a National Park Service Junior Ranger! What is a Junior Ranger? They are very important people, just like you, who take the time to learn about and protect Fort Stanwix NM and other National Parks around the United States. At Fort Stanwix NM, you can become a Junior Ranger in several different and fun ways. Please read "How Do You Become a Fort Stanwix NM Junior Ranger?" on Page 2 to learn how to begin this booklet. Thank you for all of your effort today and, most importantly, have fun! Explore. Learn. Protect. Be a Junior Ranger! Experience Your America! There are over 390 park areas that preserve America‛s heritage. Some parks protect plants, animals, and their homes. Other parks protect historic buildings and places. Each lets us see and learn about things that are special in the United States. You can enjoy these different parks as you travel around the nation! Check out the National Park Service website to learn about other parks at www.nps.gov Name a National Park near your home: Can you name the National Park areas that these pictures represent? National Park Service 1 How Do You Become a Fort Stanwix NM Junior Ranger? This Junior Ranger program will take about 1 to 1 1/2 hours to complete depending upon which activities you choose to do.
    [Show full text]
  • 1934 Washington, Tuesday, July 11, 1950 TITLE 3—THE PRESIDENT CONTENTS
    • jS N Q N A L - 4 ^ VOLUME 15 1934 NUMBER 132 - ¿tfVlTED ^ Washington, Tuesday, July 11, 1950 TITLE 3— THE PRESIDENT general and special orders, rules, and CONTENTS regulations as may be necessary or ap­ EXECUTIVE ORDER 10141 propriate for carrying out the provisions, THE PRESIDENT and to accomplish the purposes, of this Possession, Control, and Operation op order. All Federal agencies shall comply Executive Order Pa§e the Transportation S ystem op the with the orders of the Secretary issued Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Chicago, R ock Island & Pacific R ail­ pursuant to this order and shall coop­ Railroad Co.; possession, con­ road Company erate to the fullest extent of their au­ trol, and operation of the trans­ WHEREAS I find that as a result of a thority with the Secretary in carrying portation system____________ 4363 labor disturbance there are interrup­ out the provisions of this order. Reorganization Plans tions, and threatened interruptions, of 4. The Secretary shall permit the man­ Factory-built homes; loans (Re­ the operations of the transportation agement of the company to continue its organization Plan 23)________ 4366 system owned or operated by the Chi­ managerial functions to the maximum Federal National Mortgage Asso­ cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad degree possible consistent with the pur­ ciation (Reorganization Plan Company; that it has become necessary poses of this order. Except so far as the 22)___________________ 4365 to take possession and assume control of Secretary shall from time to time other­ National
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Independence State Historic Site
    Mount Independence Buoy 39 Lake Champlain Museum General Information Kiosk 9 FOUNDATION: This rectangular foundation may State Historic Site 5 have● been for a blockhouse overlooking East Creek. It is Trailhead Kiosk about 200 feet east of the star fort stockade wall. Below Trails and Self-Guided Tour 4 Picnic Area is a large outcropping of black chert stone, used by 2 Southern 3 Wheelchair Accessible Native Americans to make tools and weapons, and by Defenses 1 Six miles of walking and hiking trails guide you past the Trail Walking Trail (Moderate) Revolutionary soldiers for gun flints. Baldwin Trail 6 Catfish Bay archaeological remains of the general hospital, batteries, Hiking Trail (Difficult) M/V Carillon (DIFFICULT, 2.2 MILES) blockhouses, barracks, and soldiers’ huts, and offer scenic 15 Blue Trail Scenic View Blue Trail Dock 7 views of Lake Champlain. Locations are marked on the OFF BALDWIN TRAIL OR NEAR NORTH END OF ORANGE TRAIL 12 10 trail map. The Baldwin, Orange, and Blue Trails start at Private Road 11 7 6 This trail roughly follows a Revolutionary War-era the trailhead kiosk near the museum. 4 8 2 5 2 supply road between the Hospital (#6, Baldwin Trail) and → → 14 7 the bridge (#6, Orange Trail). Before you go 13 Orange Trail to Orwell 3 1 Tickets are required for the trails and grounds. Purchase and VT Route 22A 6 1 FORGE AREA: Large amounts of charred debris and your trail ticket and obtain a trail map in the museum. 3 slag● suggest this was the location of a forge for working 4 We also offer bottled water in the museum shop.
    [Show full text]
  • Brit Namer in 1775 Map Copy
    British North America in 1775 NOVA Québec SCOTIA C ha Grand Portage ua Boundary ERIOR e d UP c ie uncertain S n r KE re e A w L a L t P in e K a n e o SIOUX S Richelieu n n b e s Montréal c b e o Norridgewock t CHIPPEWA ALGONKIN Saint Johns c ABENAKIFort Halifax Penobscot Fort Michilimackinac Lake Fort Western S L Valcour Bay Champlain AK T E T H NEW Falmouth E U Fort Crown Point R S O Fort Ticonderoga OTTAWA Lake George HAMPSHIRE U MENOMINEE N Portsmouth C H La Baye N RIO o C A NTA KE O Fort Oswego n LA n A G e S I Moh MISSISSAUGA Fort Stanwix awk c S t A WINNEBAGO H i M SMOHAWK Albany c u C I H t Boston I Fort Niagara Cherry O ONEIDA u Valley d Worcester Cape Cod M CHIPPEWA TUSCARORA s U NEW o n Providence Prairie du Chien E Province of Q ONONDAGA K Hartford QUÉBEC O CAYUGA YORK Newport A Newtown D CONN L R e RHODE IE la New Haven New Fort Detroit R ISENECA w Minisink E a LondonISLAND SAC E re Fairfield AK AREA Wyoming IOWA L Valley Tappan Norwalk FOX Saint Joseph RESERVED Wilkes-Barre Morristown Long Island FOR New York City Springfield Connecticut Farms POTAWATOMI INDIANS Perth Amboy MIAMI WYANDOT PENNSYLVANIA S Monmouth us qu Lancaster Burlington Pittsburgh eh a York n Philadelphia n MINGO a Fort Henry New Castle M WEA DELAWARE S NEW JERSEY i Baltimore s s h P Cape May i N ot s s om Annapolis s KICKAPOO a I i SHAWNEE Winchester a p b c DELAWARE LOUISIANA p a A i W PIANKASHAW Alexandria T MARYLAND C h N Fredericksburg e s K a ILLINI e U VIRGINIA p Vincennes n Blue Licks Saint Louis o e i t Charlottesville a h u AREA k c O Cahokia E
    [Show full text]
  • Inc. Chronology Management Team Carl
    An Adirondack Chronology by The Adirondack Research Library of Protect the Adirondacks! Inc. Chronology Management Team Carl George Professor of Biology, Emeritus Department of Biology Union College Schenectady, NY 12308 [email protected] Richard E. Tucker Adirondack Research Library 897 St. David’s Lane Niskayuna, NY 12309 [email protected] Abbie Verner Archivist, Town of Long Lake P.O. Box 42 Long Lake, NY 12847 [email protected] Frank M. Wicks Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Union College Schenectady, NY 12308 [email protected] Last revised and enlarged – 25 March 2012 (No. 63) www.protectadks.org Adirondack Chronology 1 last revised 3/26/2012 Contents Page Adirondack Research Library 2 Introduction 2 Key References 4 Bibliography and Chronology 18 Special Acknowledgements 19 Abbreviations, Acronyms and Definitions 22 Adirondack Chronology – Event and Year 36 Needed dates 388 Adirondack Research Library The Adirondack Chronology is a useful resource for researchers and all others interested in the Adirondacks. This useful reference is made available by the Adirondack Research Library (ARL) committee of Protect the Adirondacks! Inc., most recently via the Schaffer Library of Union College, Schenectady, NY where the Adirondack Research Library has recently been placed on ‘permanent loan’ by PROTECT. Union College Schaffer Library makes the Adirondack Research Library collections available to the public as they has always been by appointment only (we are a non-lending ‘special research library’ in the grand scheme of things. See http://libguides.union.edu/content.php?pid=309126&sid=2531789. Our holdings can be searched It is hoped that the Adirondack Chronology may serve as a 'starter set' of basic information leading to more in- depth research.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Histories at Ticonderoga; Nicholas Westbrook
    From the Editors Arguably the most important year in Hudson Valley history since 1909, we are already in the midst of celebrations surrounding the Hudson-Fulton-Champlain Quadricentennial. This issue commemorates the accomplishments and legacies of all three honorees—Henry Hudson, Robert Fulton, and Samuel de Champlain— as well as the lasting contributions of the commission that planned events sur- rounding the 1909 Hudson-Fulton Tercentenary. We open with a review of the 1909 festivities and follow with a brief survey of Dutch archival history from the preeminent historian and translator of New Netherland manuscripts. For the complete story on Robert Fulton, readers should reference our Autumn 2007 issue, which contained a lengthy biography of the inventor. Here its author offers a brief summary of Fulton’s steamboat voyage and how it revolutionized transportation, in America and around the world. Delving into the Champlain Valley for the first time, we begin at the beginning, with an article tracing the Native American presence there from prehistory to the American Revolution. We return to Hudson with an overview written by William T. Reynolds, the captain of the Replica Ship The Half Moon, and an excerpt of Robert Juet’s journal of the voyage. Joyce Goodfriend illustrates both the power of the Dutch cultural legacy and the tensions caused by the British control after 1664. Lastly, André Senecal explains Champlain and the circumstances that led to his actions in 1609. We conclude with two more articles exploring the signal contributions Hudson and Champlain made to local and world history. Our Regional History Forums focus on the Hudson-Fulton-Champlain Quadricentennial Commission, which has organized the yearlong celebration, and Walkway Over the Hudson State Park, perhaps the greatest legacy of the 400th celebration.
    [Show full text]