YAD VASHEM Vol. 94, Winter 2021 JERUSALEM

A Man of Vision and Action Avner Shalev Retires as Chairman (4-9) Museum. Names, HolocaustHistory Avner ShalevintheHallof On thecover: 4-9

CONTENTS DAY REMEMBRANCE HOLOCAUST INTERNATIONAL COMMEMORATION 10 16 HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS CHILDREN’S HOMESFOR NEW ONLINEEXHIBITIONON CHILDHOOD” “MY LOST ONLINE

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AVNER SHALEVAWARD WINNER OFTHE2020 MARIA GOLDA COLLECTIONS 46

Reality oftheHolocaust Dilemmas andMoralityAmongJewsDuringthe Family DiscoverNewInformation Online InformationandReferenceServicesHelp Closing Circles Total Annihilation Efforts byJewstoRescueOtherintheFaceof “For theSakeofMyPeople” Jewish Rescuers New ExhibitionandStampHonor Awarded toPublicationonChildLabor International BookPrize Please about thisedition would liketosay anything you Do youhave Friends Worldwide Remembrance |62-63 Loyal FriendandPatronoftheMount Sheldon Adelson(1933-2021) News of JewishAuthors New FreeOnlineCourseReflectsonLiteraryWorks Poetry andtheHolocaust Winner ofthe2020AvnerShalevAward Golda Maria Rescue byJewsDuringtheHolocaust The DjurinOrphanageTestimonyProject In TheirOwnVoice in theEarlyPostwarYears The RehabilitationofChildSurvivorstheHolocaust Starting Anew for HolocaustSurvivors New OnlineExhibitiononChildren’sHomes “My LostChildhood” Graduate Spotlight: International HolocaustRemembranceDay Avner ShalevRetiresasYadVashemChairman|4-9 A ManofVisionandAction |55-61 click here |34-35 |50-51 |36-39

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Avner Shalev: “Our visitors are inspired by individual narratives A MAN OF of .” VISION AND ACTION AVNER SHALEV RETIRES AS YAD VASHEM CHAIRMAN

n 1993, Shalev, a former IDF Though Shalev was born in educator at heart, I understood that Brigadier General and then 1939 in Jerusalem to parents who our most important mission was in IDirector General of the Culture had emigrated from Poland, his the area of education. Though Yad Avner Shalev has long been the public face of Yad Vashem, welcoming Authority in ’s Ministry family did not emerge from WWII Vashem had already assembled a of Education and Culture, was unscathed. “Some of my aunts very impressive archive and held popes, presidents and prime ministers to the Mount of Remembrance. approached by Dr. Yitzhak Arad, and uncles were murdered in the important memorial ceremonies, Chairman of the Yad Vashem Shoah, together with their children. including the annual State Yet Shalev is far more than a master of ceremonies. For the past 27 Directorate, who suggested My family, just like all Jewish families Opening Ceremony for Holocaust he take over the position. “The who lost relatives and friends Remembrance Day, I knew that we years, he has been the driving force behind the numerous changes and idea was not mine,” says Shalev during the Holocaust, mourned needed to foster teaching about advancements that have secured Yad Vashem’s status as the world’s candidly, “he tried to convince their death until their last days.” the Holocaust in order to reach the me, unsuccessfully.” Finally, Prime next generations.” leading source of Holocaust remembrance and education. Minister Yitzhak Rabin urged him New Leadership, New Direction First on the agenda was the to accept the offer. “At that point, I Shalev recalls his first major decision creation of a global educational couldn’t refuse.” as Yad Vashem Chairman. “As an center, providing the necessary

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tools to ensure that the Holocaust would remain a relevant topic to the Jewish people and humanity for future generations. It is for this The International School for Holocaust Studies reason that he established the has developed an exceptional multidisciplinary International School for Holocaust Studies, “in order to attract educational philosophy, teaching the Holocaust in an educators, community leaders and opinion shapers from Israel age- and culturally-appropriate manner and all over the world to view Yad Vashem and its distinct approach to the Holocaust as an invaluable educational and remembrance Educating about and researching and active network of partnerships resource.” the Holocaust, notes Shalev, is far and agreements with institutions, Each year the International School more than speaking about the cattle friends and donors from all over the trains thousands of educators to cars, the death camps, and forced world, Jewish and non-Jewish alike.” Surrounded by delegates to the International Youth Congress, January 2008 teach the history of the Holocaust, labor. Of equal importance, he develops pedagogic and didactic says, is learning how the Jews lived, Memory for the Sake of the tools, and conducts educational particularly in the years prior to the Future workshops for hundreds of Holocaust. “In order to understand The development of a modern thousands of youth and soldiers. what the world and humanity lost, it museum complex on the Mount of Vashem’s core tasks. To that end, “We believe that it isn’t enough Yad Vashem is using technology in It has developed an exceptional is essential to study what was once Remembrance that complements the institution has continued to to just fight the spread of hate- the area of testimony as well. “We multidisciplinary educational there. We must recognize the rich Yad Vashem’s endeavors was expand and develop its collections, filled lies,” Shalev adds. “It is also are endeavoring to assemble all of philosophy, teaching the Holocaust and deeply rooted lives the Jews of also undertaken under Shalev’s including the Central Database of incumbent upon us to bolster the the visual testimony in the world, in an age- and culturally-appropriate Europe and North Africa led before direction, and tells the complete Shoah Victims’ Names, survivor presence of the facts and truth, including from other collections, manner. the destruction of the Shoah – story of the Holocaust from the testimonies, artifacts, artworks and ensuring that this information is which together number more than In addition to fundamental their creativity and contribution to point of view of its victims – Jewish documentation from the Holocaust accessible to each and every person, 130,000 interviews,” says Shalev. Holocaust education, Yad Vashem’s local and general culture as well men, women and children. “The period. Yad Vashem preserves and in as many languages and on as many What is key, he emphasizes, is knowing renowned International Institute as their influence in many aspects Holocaust History Museum [which catalogs its unparalleled assets platforms as possible. In addition, we how to utilize visual material. “Every for Holocaust Research promotes of technological advancements of Shalev curated] is the cornerstone from the Holocaust era, scans offer online courses and lectures year, we teach how to integrate academic investigation of the the twentieth century. Yad Vashem of much of the activity here in millions of archival documents about the Holocaust and these testimonies into courses for a Holocaust through a myriad of therefore encourages academic Jerusalem. Each year [save for each year, and makes them in order to help understand, identify range of learners, both in the formal angles, holds international study and teaches students and during the COVID-19 pandemic], accessible online. Many are and deal with the phenomena in it and informal spheres. I believe that conferences and workshops for educators about the lives of the the museum attracts some one available on the Yad Vashem many varied forms.” our expertise in knowing how to novice and veteran scholars, and Jews in prewar Europe, North Africa, million visitors, to learn from and be website, currently in eight languages, Shalev notes that despite the use the video testimony of survivors publishes dozens of academic and the Balkans. It is an integral inspired by individual narratives of as part of online exhibitions new technologies continually being will continue to have an impact on papers and publications every part of the story that we tell.” the Holocaust, including firsthand and databases, thus harnessing introduced, there is no substitute for millions of lives around the world.” year. “Free and impartial research Of course, he adds, “the testimonies from the survivors.” modern technology in the service of face-to-face contact in communicating Certainly, these types of videos is the very basis of our educational implementation of Yad Vashem’s Indeed, preserving the memories Holocaust remembrance for future a message or idea. Nevertheless, as were used in the permanent efforts,” clarifies Shalev. vision is bolstered through a strong of the Holocaust is one of Yad generations. the survivor generation dwindles, ‘Shoah’ exhibition in Block 27 at the

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In the current period of political to cultivate and uphold basic moral friendships; they chose to live and instability, Shalev expressed values. After all, it was one of the to love.” In early 2020, Shalev welcomed over 50 world his willingness to assist Ronen most advanced modern societies leaders to Yad Vashem for the Fifth World Plot, Deputy Chairman of the in the world that caused the This interview is based on an article Holocaust Forum. Directorate, to the full extent complete collapse of those intrinsic that appeared in “The Jerusalem Post.” necessary during the period of values during the Holocaust.” In his service as volunteer Acting contrast to this stark warning, Chairman. “I deeply appreciate that Shalev’s second message is one of Ronen willingly consented to take hope. “We should draw strength Farewell Event Recalls Three this responsibility upon himself, from the example of Holocaust Decades of Achievements and wish him much success.” survivors. Despite everything they and Challenges Shalev concluded his interview went through, the vast majority of On 28 February, an online with two messages. The first, that them chose life; instead of plotting event was held for friends, “humanity must always remember revenge or absenting themselves colleagues and supporters that alongside technological from society, they chose to marking almost three advancements, we must continue build families, communities and decades of Avner Shalev’s role as Chairman of the Yad Vashem Directorate. Eleven distinguished guests – including Israel’s President Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. history, and the world continues to Facing the Future H.E. Mr. Reuven Rivlin, Prime This powerful new multimedia see its relevance as a beacon – for As Avner Shalev retires from the Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, installation, created by Yad Vashem in understanding the consequences institution he has guided for close German Chancellor Angela 2013 and curated by Shalev, displays of leaving any form of racism or to three decades, he voices his Merkel, Chairman of the key insights regarding the Holocaust xenophobia unchecked.” hope that it will remain a place of Jewish Agency Yitzhak Herzog, while exposing the public to the On the matter of the messages of consensus for the entire Jewish Chairman of the Yad Vashem prewar Jewish world; to the one-and- the Holocaust, he continues firmly: people and stay above any political Council Rabbi Israel Meir Lau a-half million children murdered in “I wish once and for to all shatter debate. “During my tenure and the and Natan Sharansky – spoke the Holocaust; and to documenting the erroneous impression that leadership that preceded me, Yad at the event, and five film clips the victims in the unique Book of there exists a paradox between the Vashem ensured that Holocaust highlighted Shalev’s most Names. Jewish significance of the Holocaust remembrance remained relevant memorable achievements Despite all of this remarkable and the wider meaning it has for and important to the Jewish people during his tenure. On behalf of progress, Avner Shalev suggests all of humanity. The understanding and the whole of humanity, and was Yad Vashem, Director General that the work is far from over. of the unique implications of the led in accordance with the research- Dorit Novak presented Shalev “Our challenge is to make sure Holocaust for Jews as well as its based historical narrative alone. Throughout his tenure with a replica of House in the as Yad Vashem Chairman, Sun, Entraygues-sur-Truyère that the significance and meanings universal humanistic value are This is the only way to maintain its Shalev received many of the Holocaust are preserved neither contradictory nor sit on standing and acceptance on the international awards, by León Weissberg. The for generations to come, so that opposite sides of the spectrum; national and international stage, and including the medal original piece is housed in Yad of the Spanish Order the Jewish people continues to rather, they are both interconnected allow it to fulfill its missions in the of Civil Merit Vashem’s Art Collection. understand its importance in its and intertwined.” coming decades.”

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While the most of the world remained under lockdown due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Yad Vashem held a wide variety of commemorative and educational activities to mark the UN-sanctioned International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, 27 January 2021.

On Wednesday 27 January, Yad at Yad Vashem’s International 90 diplomats and broadcast on Vashem held its annual event for Institute for Holocaust Research Yad Vashem’s Youtube Channel, foreign diplomats in Israel, this gave a lecture entitled “The Paths was moderated by Yossi Gevir, year online. After opening remarks from Mass Shootings to the “Final Director of Governmental and from the President of the State Solution.” The participants then External Affairs at Yad Vashem. of Israel H.E. Reuven Rivlin, Yad viewed the filmed testimony of Vashem Director General Dorit Holocaust survivor Max Privler, This year’s IRemember Wall, a Novak, and Ambassador Gil Haskel, who was one of the torchlighters unique online commemorative Chief of State Protocol at Israel’s during Holocaust Martyrs’ and project run by Yad Vashem to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Heroes’ Remembrance Day 2017. mark International Holocaust David Silberklang, Senior Historian The event, which was attended by Remembrance Day, was available

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Partnering with Facebook, the IRemember Dina Porat to Google senior staff in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Wall reached a vast international audience, The talk, entitled “Defining and with over 160,000 participants from some 242 Monitoring Antisemitism: Current Challenges,” was part of a virtual countries and territories around the world learning-focused speaker series on racial equity, ethnic injustice, and commemorating Holocaust victims in their the unique history and challenges across the region currently being own languages developed by Google. The event concluded with a question and answer session for the participants. in six languages — English, over 160,000 participants from Hebrew, French, Spanish, German some 242 countries and territories In the framework of their and Russian. Each participant around the world commemorating ongoing “Zoom into Research” who joined the wall was randomly Holocaust victims in their own online lecture series, the linked to one of the names in languages. Each of the participants International Institute for Holocaust Yad Vashem’s Central Database became “ambassadors of memory,” Research also conducted an of Shoah Victims’ Names, which responsible for disseminating online event analyzing two Nazi today includes the identities of the voices of those who were photo collections – the one 4,800,000 Jewish men, women murdered. discovered at a satellite camp and children murdered in the of Auschwitz by 18-year-old Holocaust. Participants could Yad Vashem launched its new Holocaust survivor Lilly Jacob that also choose additional names of virtual tour of the “Shoah” illustrated the selection process at Holocaust victims from the Names multimedia exhibition at Block 27 the infamous . Database to commemorate on in the Auschwitz-Birkenau State The so-called Auschwitz Album is the Wall. Those who joined were Museum. The tour explores the now displayed in the Yad Vashem confirm the findings of Israeli Yad Vashem’s website in English “he Representation of the Shtetl in encouraged to share the stories central themes of the Holocaust, Holocaust History Museum; and archeologist Yoram Haimi and his and Hebrew. The environment, Jewish Art: Between Reality and on their social media platforms, and offers insights into the rich the one donated last year to the Polish partner Wojciech Mazurek developed by the International Fantasy.” including Facebook, Twitter Jewish life that existed prior to United States Holocaust Memorial at the death camp. School’s e-Learning Department, and Pinterest. For the second 1939, the world of children during Museum by the grandson of includes an animated film about the With the generous support of the consecutive year, Yad Vashem the Shoah and the monumental Johann Niemann, Sobibor’s deputy Among the educational topic; an interactive presentation Genesis and ICHEIC Foundations, partnered with Facebook in order Book of Names. commander, who was the first initiatives of the International centered on the Gambin shtetl an online international conference to encourage global awareness officer killed by Jewish prisoners School for Holocaust Studies, as an example; an interview with for Russian-speaking educators and outreach of this meaningful Special online presentations during the 1943 uprising. a new interactive learning Israeli Yiddish expert Prof. Avraham around the globe was held, entitled project. Through this important by Yad Vashem experts for The “Sobibor Perpetrator environment on the subject of the Nowersztern; a lesson plan on “The Meanings of the Holocaust in partnership, the project reached audiences worldwide included Collection” depicts different Eastern-European “shtetl” before the topic of yizkor remembrance a Changing World.” The conference a vast international audience, with a lecture by Chief Historian Prof. scenes and camp guards that the Holocaust was uploaded to books; and an academic article on was attended by Yad Vashem

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From Yad Vashem’s Yad Vashem held online events, conducted new online learning environment on the Eastern-European educational programs and displayed exhibitions shtetl around the world Invitation to the finale of the “Reading Together” international educational project

Switzerland; and Belgian students produced an interactive photo album and timeline that combined the life of the individual in the Holocaust with the general events, and extracted the facial features of the victims through photos and archival documents. The three projects were presented to all participants in the presence of representatives from Ehud Loeb’s graduates – teachers, museum staff, teaching the Holocaust in an era schools met to read Bamastor family, and an interactive learning academics and informal education of advanced technology. Another (Hidden) – the fascinating memoir environment based on Bamastor professionals from , focus of discussion touched on for young readers written by was uploaded to the Yad Vashem Latvia, Estonia, , Belarus, tools and methods that may Holocaust survivor Ehud Loeb website in French. Russia, Moldova, the United States encourage creative teaching and z”l. Each class then designed a and Israel. During the conference, meaningful learning in the field commemorative project around Yad Vashem exhibitions were world-renowned scholars, of the Holocaust against the the story: Spanish students created displayed around the world, participants, and facilitators from background of a challenging and an interactive map with the help of including North America, Europe, the International School discussed complex reality. digital applications, in which they Taiwan and the UAE. Topics in-depth questions, such as the followed Loeb’s wanderings during included general information educator’s place in the digital In anticipation of International the Holocaust; Greek students about the Shoah, children in age, the possibility of empathizing Holocaust Remembrance Day, a generated a family tree with the Holocaust, women in the with Holocaust victims despite unique project called “Reading three branches – his biological Holocaust, Muslim rescuers, distance learning, and pedagogical Together” took place, in which family in Germany, his rescuers in Holocaust art and the Auschwitz and moral boundaries for three French-speaking European France and his adoptive family in Album.

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Yona Kobo

“I emerged” from the death camps after enduring the most terrible experience ever recorded in history, damaged in body and spirit. After indescribable losses – my family,

my childhood and my friends – I was overwhelmed with emotional and physical pain. Eight-year-old “Lolek,” Israel Meir Lau (later Chief Rabbi of Israel and The ‘Kinderheim’ [children’s home] in Blankenese restored part of my lost childhood to Chairman of the Yad Vashem Council) on deck at Marseille in the arms of Simone Chaumet, who came to bid me. It became my home. My teachers and the other girls I met became my friends and farewell to the “Buchenwald boys” she had taken care of in Écouis my family.” before their journey to Eretz Israel Yad Vashem Archives

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o stated Renee Kochman The children’s home in Zabrze, extremely rare for a child to agree them orphans. The idea to bring (née Renia Baaf), who lived at Poland, which housed children to leave… Even when they had the children there was the initiative Sa children’s home established who had been removed from been badly treated, they didn’t of the Jewish Agency’s “Youth As survivors themselves, the caregivers could identify by the American Jewish Joint Christian homes and monasteries, want to go.” ” project in partnership Distribution Committee (Joint) in is also included in the exhibition. Like many other Jewish refugee with the Joint and Dutch Jewish with the children’s pain, comprehend what they had a formerly Jewish-owned estate Yishayahu Drucker, a chaplain children, Drucker’s charges public organizations, and with the on the banks of the River Elba in in the Polish Army, was charged were no strangers to extreme consent of the Dutch Government. endured, and restore their faith in humanity Blankenese, a suburb of Hamburg, with “redeeming” the children and suffering. The smiling faces in Zehava Hellman (née Goldie Germany. bringing them to Zabrze. Drucker photographs displayed in the Kaufman) was thirteen years old The estate in Blankensee was encountered many obstacles, exhibition inspire joy and hope, when she came to Ilania. “After the one of many children’s homes including sometimes removing but mask profound depths of hell of the camps in Ukraine and What they lacked in experience Collections, “My Lost Childhood” established to take care of tens the children by force against their pain, trauma and grief. Some one- the institutions in , the they made up for in empathy. tells the story of a total of seven of thousands of Jewish children wishes and those of the Poles and-a-half million Jewish children Netherlands was like paradise for As survivors themselves, they children’s homes established who had survived the Holocaust, who had sheltered them at great and teenagers were murdered me,” Hellman recalled. “We were could identify with the children’s after the war for child Holocaust against all the odds. It is featured personal risk during the war. “In during the Holocaust. Like the not regular children, but rather pain, comprehend what they had survivors in Poland, Hungary, the in “’My Lost Childhood’: Children’s most cases, child survivors living adults, children experienced Holocaust refugees, plagued by endured, and restore their faith Netherlands, Germany and France. Homes for Holocaust Survivors” – with Poles didn’t want to part from the Holocaust in all its brutality: fears and nightmares. At night, in humanity. Some operated for just a few a new online exhibition uploaded these Polish families,” testified in ghettos, in camps, in hiding, the children would cry and scream Shmuel Rat, a Gordonia youth months, others for several years. recently to Yad Vashem’s website. Drucker many years later. “It was wandering from place to place, and in their sleep… How comforting it movement counsellor at Ilania, The children were placed there on the death marches. They were was to know that a night nurse was recalled the challenges of looking in an endeavor to rehabilitate the victims of abuse, humiliation, sleeping at the end of the corridor. after the 6-16 year-olds: “It wasn’t them, return them to their people forced labor, starvation, neglect, As soon as she heard cries or clear to me if we were really equipped and religion, and to restore their and in some cases, even medical screams – she would materialize to shoulder the educational childhood and youth after the experimentation. Most of them like an angel and soothe us, even responsibility for children who horrors they had endured. The The smiling faces in lost their loved ones and were without speaking our language… had been separated from their homes were established both photographs mask robbed of their childhood. Now, profound depths of pain, I blossomed there, and I think my families and relatives, orphans who at the initiative of individuals, trauma and grief. once again, those who had sadness abated.” had personally experienced the and by youth movements and miraculously survived suffered the The majority of the caregivers horrors of the Holocaust. My fellow childcare organizations seeking anguish of parting and separation. and teachers in these impromptu counsellors and I had experience to provide them with warmth, They were literally torn between homes were young adults aged 17- in organization and guidance love and education until the time their new Polish families and their 25, sometimes only a year or two within the youth movement, but came to continue their journey – biological parents, distant relatives older than their protégés, and most now a different kind of work was either to Eretz Israel or reunited or Jewish organizations, all of them had little or no experience caring expected of us – to be entrusted with relatives in the United claiming rights over the child. for children – though many were with the children’s day-to-day States, Latin America, Canada and The “Ilania” children’s village former counsellors and members problems, and to be their only other destinations. was situated on the site of a of Jewish youth movements. At address, replacing their parents former Jewish psychiatric hospital their own initiative, they found or relatives.” The author is a researcher and in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. and collected the children, Through a range of photographs, Online Exhibition Coordinator, Children from across Romania established the homes, and gave documents and video testimonies Digital Department, Communications were brought there – most of their charges hope for a new life. almost all from Yad Vashem’s Division.

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children’s voices into Holocaust research. “In the post-survivor age,” she stated, “child survivor voices are by no means relevant only for Holocaust research and Jewish STARTING history. Rather, they also open up the possibility of cross-cultural comparisons between experiences he publication, edited by and survival strategy in other cases Prof. Dalia Ofer, the Hebrew of mass violence, displacement TUniversity of Jerusalem, and genocide, and offer a window and Zborowski Center Director into the rights and wrongs of Dr.Sharon Kangisser Cohen is the post- traumatic rehabilitation and ANEW amalgamation of research papers recovery.” originally presented in July 2017 at Dr. Simone Gigliotti, Royal Holloway a scholarly workshop hosted by the (University of London), presented THE REHABILITATION OF Zborowski Center of Yad Vashem’s the fascinating six-month journey International Institute for Holocaust of Polish-Jewish photographer Research. David Seymour (Dawid Szymin, aka CHILD SURVIVORS OF THE The book examines the process “Chim”), documenting child refugees of rehabilitation of child survivors of in postwar Europe on behalf of HOLOCAUST IN THE EARLY the Holocaust in several European the newly established UNICEF. countries and North America. A “Humanitarian photography, and range of scholars researched crucial its practitioners, such as Chim, POSTWAR YEARS issues, such as the medical, physical attempted to visualize… the infliction and psychological assistance of serious bodily and mental provided to child refugees, the chronology, themes or geography, they learned to trust adults and harm [caused by state-sponsored return of Jewish children from non- but that “ultimately each individual institutions again; how they lived conflict], and that children were Jewish families and institutions, and article, and the collection, mirrored the remainder of their lives; and overwhelmingly its first victims,” she In November 2020, a new research study, the placement of child survivors how incoherent this time had been,” – perhaps most importantly after argued. “Photographic odysseys Starting Anew: The Rehabilitation of Child through various frameworks to as well as the “bewilderment and decades of scholarly investigation such as Chim’s were a necessary ensure adequate accommodation disbelief” in the mind of survivors.” into the topic – whether this kind witness to the psychology of Survivors of the Holocaust in the Early and their physical and psychological Postwar Europe, she concluded, of research may be used to better destructive genocidal nationalism wellbeing. “should remain one of disarray and the situation of child survivors of and its global response.” Postwar Years, was launched in an online Duringan online symposium to confusion.” traumatic experiences today. Dr. Kangisser Cohen concluded mark the book’s launch, Prof. Ofer Nevertheless, the publication This idea was discussed by guest that both scholars brought novel symposium under the auspices of the Diana discussed how the two co-editors endeavors to answer major speaker Prof. Laura Jockusch, perspectives to the topic, and will and Eli Zborowski Center for the Study of the had tried to make sense of the questions concerning how child Brandeis University (Massachusetts, help continue the conversation into somewhat perplexing mix of papers survivors could begin to understand USA), who gave a comprehensive new fields of research in studies of Aftermath of the Shoah. offered by the authors in terms of normative behaviors in society; how overview of the integration of the postwar period.

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File kept by Dov Harth of his students at the Djurin Orphanage in Transnistria IN THEIR Yad Vashem Archives

n the fall of 1941, over 150,000 Jews from Bukovina, Bessarabia Iand northern Moldova in Romania were deported to Transnistria – the area between the OWN VOICE southern Bug and Dniester Rivers, annexed to Romania in return for aid to the German army during its war with the USSR. They were concentrated there, under terrible THE DJURIN ORPHANAGE conditions, in ghettos, camps and far-flung communities, and lived as refugees – with no source of TESTIMONY PROJECT income, exposed to persecution, abuse and exploitation by the Romanian army and the local population. Ofer Lifshitz Under these circumstances, the orphanage in the Djurin ghetto, in the Vinnytsia county of Ukraine, was established. The institution, which was opened in October 1943, came to address – albeit The papers of Dov Harth, the Director of the Djurin Orphanage partially – the plight of orphans in the ghetto. What did it mean to in Ukraine, reveal the sophisticated and creative way he run an orphanage in Transnistria found to document his protégées’ experiences as deportees to during WWII? Life at the orphanage and the Transnistria – through a seemingly innocent writing exercise. challenges of its management are revealed through a copy and translation of the papers of its director, Dov Harth, which were recently submitted to the Yad

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Pages from the responsibility for the needs – original essay written in Yiddish by Perl material, educational and mental – Postelnik of dozens of young girls and boys Dov Harth allowed those in his care to Yad Vashem Archives entrusted to his care. Harth had to take care of discipline and hygiene describe what he himself could not officially – he even personally picked lice out record: the reality of life in Transnistria for of the heads of the children. The presence of family members (or the deportees one parent), in some of the cases, only added to the complexity of the situation for both Harth and his charges. He operated under they were living, carrying them on the reality of life in Transnistria for dire budgetary constrictions, with his back for miles. the deportees. Harth’s diary and a very limited personnel – and even Harth’s diary – essentially an official the children’s file, along with the then, was compelled to give up report to the ghetto authorities children’s essays, were preserved staff members, when requested, on the conduct of the orphanage, by Moshe Salomon, who conducted to forced labor. and thus written in Romanian and the orphanage choir and taught Yet despite the difficult state then, after liberation of the area music at the institution. All of these of the student population, Harth by the Red Army, in Ukrainian – is materials were submitted to Yad insisted that the orphanage hold written in a matter-of-fact, task- Vashem by Salomon’s heirs. orderly classes – which, despite oriented tone. Attached to the A small group of nine students the inherent danger, included diary is a file used to keep track of participated in the writing project, Hebrew and Jewish studies the children’s history, behavior and in which they were encouraged to lessons. Yiddish became the whereabouts. The file expresses describe their lives before they had that Harth found to document language of instruction. Under Harth’s devotion to the children, been admitted to the orphanage. his protégées’ experiences as Harth’s direction, the institution his perceptiveness and attention The project was led by Dov Katz, In shaky language and a variety of styles, the deportees – through a seemingly even held events and activities to the slightest aspects of their a young medical student and an innocent writing exercise. for the general community, and characters, and his rigor in relation idealist, who, besides working authors share shocking and traumatic experiences: When the 34-year-old Harth, managed to raise funds. to the circumstances of their lives. in the orphanage, took part in one of the deportees from Harth was completely devoted In his official diary, Harth had assisting the ghetto hospital’s from their difficult living conditions as refugees to Rădăuți, Bukovina, was asked to to his charges: He accompanied to choose his words carefully and medical staff as well as in the exposure to abuse, severe violence and death take over the management of the some of the children home his observations concerning the production of local underground orphanage in the Djurin ghetto, he after they were permitted to children’s hardships thus could newspapers circulating through did not think twice. Though he was return from Transnistria; and not be fully expressed. This is the ghetto. (Katz survived the war, no educator, he ran the institution embarked on a rescue mission why, according to the translator, completed his studies and worked Vashem Archives through its The translator’s comments provide with great resourcefulness, of two orphans, a brother and he initiated a writing project. In as a physician in Israel.) The essays, national Gathering the Fragments the context for understanding and for no payment, for some a sister, after receiving alarming this way, Dov Harth allowed those written in Yiddish in the format of campaign (the originals are in the the documents and reveal the six months, until May 1944. A information about the difficult in his care to describe what he short autobiographies, present Ghetto Fighters’ House archives). sophisticated and creative way lawyer by profession, Harth took conditions in the institution where himself could not officially record: the experience of deportation to

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Transnistria in all its severity and Jewish children in the orphanage in Djurin, extremity, from the point of view of Transnistria, 1943 young girls. In shaky language and a Courtesy of the Photo Archive, the Ghetto Fighters’ variety of styles (depending on the In her testimony to Yad Vashem, Perl related House Museum - Beit background, abilities and writing Lohamei Haghetaot skills of each girl), the authors how precious and significant her composition share shocking and traumatic experiences: from their difficult folder was to her, and how much she was living conditions as refugees to exposure to abuse, severe violence, moved and touched by writing about her life death – and the loss of their loved ones. Encouraging the students to express their experiences as However, we did not agree.” one [from the orphanage] ever testimony allowed their voices to be Perl’s short story – one page, asked me, ‘Where are you taking it?’ heard and their personal stories told, condensed, and filled with intense Not once.” and exemplifies the extraordinary and disturbing events – presents the Perl loved the orphanage. In her humane and educational very essence of a refugee family’s testimony she recalled, in tears, a sensitivity of both Harth and Katz. fight for survival: the destruction song in Yiddish that she had studied Furthermore, it demonstrates their of the fabric of family life and the there 55 years before, under the acute documentary and historical reversal of roles between parents guidance of Moshe Salomon. “Here, awareness, which are not be and children. I have been rescued from torture taken for granted considering the Of the orphans from Bukovina and dirt,” she wrote at the end of existential conditions to which the and Bessarabia staying in Harth’s her essay. “I am clothed. I receive staff of the orphanage itself, and institution, Perl is the only one instruction, food... [but] all this does her life. “Since then, I always wanted complex, tragic story of the family members in their homes the ghetto community as a whole, who chose to remain there, even not make me happy, since I know to write, [although] life did not allow deportation to Transnistria. in accordance with Health were exposed. after they were given permission, that Father is still suffering. It is me to.” That simple, spontaneous Ministry directives, in order to Twelve-year-old Perl Postelnik in February 1944, to return to their unbearable to me, but I cannot save recollection reveals so much about Since the “Gathering the gather Holocaust-era personal from the region of districts of origin. She probably him.” The fate of Avraham Postelnik, the power of writing, even in the Fragments” campaign began items. To schedule a meeting Bessarabia was one of the girls who did so in order to take care of her Perl’s father, remains unknown.. most difficult circumstances, for the a decade ago, 14,000 people in Israel: +972-2-644-3888 or took part in Harth’s writing project. father, who had found shelter in a After the war, Perl studied medicine human spirit. have donated some 315,000 [email protected]. In her file, Harth characterized synagogue in Djurin. Perl’s special and worked in a Ukrainian hospital. Dov Harth, his wife and items, including 185,000 Yad Vashem runs the “Gathering Perl as “intelligent, talented, with a connection to her father did not go In the early 1970s, she and her daughter survived the war and documents, more than 120,000 the Fragments” campaign with distinct writing style.” Her biography unnoticed by Harth. “Deep affection husband immigrated to Israel. immigrated to Israel in 1948. photographs, 5,500 artifacts, the support of Israel’s Ministry opens with a shocking dilemma of for her father,” he notes in her file. In her testimony to Yad Vashem, He kept in touch with his former 785 works of art and some 200 of Jerusalem and Heritage. existence and rescue: “A farmer’s Indeed, Perl saved precious food to Perl related how precious and students for many years, and did original films. Even during the wife kidnapped my five-year-old sustain her father. In her testimony significant her composition folder much to preserve the memory pandemic, representatives of The author is a researcher in sister, and wanted to adopt her. to Yad Vashem, she said, “I always was to her, and how much she was of the Rădăuți community Yad Vashem continue visiting the Collection and Registration We were almost starving back then. took two slices of bread. And no moved and touched by writing about and to further document the Holocaust survivors or their Section, Archives Division.

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INTERNATIONAL BOOK PRIZE One of the two winners of Yad Vashem’s International Book Prize for Holocaust Research focuses on the lesser explored AWARDED TO PUBLICATION topic of slave labor of Jewish children during the Shoah.

ven though the event of Prof. Steinert’s study is not restricted ON CHILD LABOR the Holocaust is already 75 to one country or region, but is broadly “Eyears behind us, its enormity conceived. The largest number of continues to cast a large shadow that Jewish children subjected to forced invokes new research on aspects labor came from the territories of hitherto hardly studied,” wrote the occupied Poland and the , various media – about 500 postwar A child working in a judges for the 2020 Yad Vashem and to a somewhat lesser extent from testimonies that were collected in metalworks, Kovno, Lithuania Book Prize for Holocaust Research Hungary; most of them ended up in the first postwar years – and archival Yad Vashem Archives in memory of Benny and Tilly Joffe Germany, but some also in Poland. documentation from archives in z”l. “Prof. Johannes-Dieter Steinert’s The book consists of an introduction Europe, North America, and Israel, book Holocaust und Zwangsarbeit: and four parts, which cover an overall including Yad Vashem, and a long Erinnerungen jüdischer Kinder historical view of German occupation list of relevant, scholarly literature 1938–1945 (Holocaust and Forced in the areas covered in the book; the in many languages,” concluded the Labor: Memories of Jewish Children general contexts of forced labor in judges. “This innovative, extremely 1938–1945 – Klartext Verlag: Essen, the ghettos and in the camps of the well-written work sheds light in a Germany, 2018) is one of these war industry (especially weapons most vivid and sensitive manner on innovative studies. It draws attention and ammunition); “experiences and many aspects of child forced labor, to the segment of society that is always memories,” the most comprehensive a topic hitherto hardly touched upon seen as bearing hope and vitality: section of the book, which provides and definitely not depicted in such a children. Although research on Jewish a “multi-dimensional picture of the comprehensive way.” and non-Jewish children during World life experiences of these children”; War II and the Holocaust has been a and “End of the War and Liberation,” The second 2020 International topic that has come into focus in the which addresses the labor that the Book Prize winner was Dr. Alan past two decades, and to which Prof. children were forced to carry out – Rosen, for his publication, “The Steinert has contributed considerably cleaning rubble, debris, and the like Holocaust’s Jewish Calendars: in various ways, the topic of the fate of – as well as the aspect of the loss of Keeping Time Sacred, Making tens of thousands of Jewish children their parents or family members, and Time Holy” (Bloomington: Indiana who became forced laborers of the the Allied liberators’ first encounters University Press, 2019). An article by Third Reich in the decisive years with surviving children. Dr. Rosen on the subject appeared 1938–1945 has hitherto not been “This study is based on a breathtaking in volume 76 (February 2015) of the explored systematically.” mastery of testimonial sources in “Yad Vashem Jerusalem” Magazine.

28 RESEARCH RESEARCH 29 RESCUE RESCUE BY JEWS DURING THE Montage of Jewish Rescuers during the HOLOCAUST Holocaust n 1941, Yoshko Indig (Josef Itai), shores of the Eretz Israel at the end as remarkable as it is inspiring. As a young madrich (counsellor) of the war. Several other Jewish in the past, Yad Vashem continues Iin the Hashomer Hatzair youth rescuers were involved in this to collect and publicize these movement, set out with a group remarkable rescue story. Two of personal accounts on its various of orphaned Jewish children them, Aron Menczer and Goffredo platforms: through its museum from Germany and Austria on Pacifici, were later murdered in exhibitions, historical narrative The annals of heroic Jews who ignored relentless life-threatening Nazi a courageous and dangerous Auschwitz. All of them risked their and numerous online exhibitions, rescue journey. The passage took lives to save the children. as well as in conferences, lectures persecution in order to save their fellow brothers and sisters have been the group through Yugoslavia and Indig, Menczer and Pacifici, along and educational activities at its featured and explored extensively at Yad Vashem for decades as part of the Italy, where additional children with Gisi Fleischmann, Anna Braude Jerusalem campus and abroad. joined the group, nearly doubling Heller, Luba Bielicka Blum and These numerous stories and wider theme of Jewish responses to the Shoah. The subject is often referred their number, and into neutral countless others, worked selflessly testimonies detailing compelling Switzerland, until Indig and most and tirelessly to aid their fellow Jews examples of Jewish solidarity during to as Rescue by Jews during the Holocaust. of the children finally reached the during the Holocaust. Each story is the Shoah range from discrete acts

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of personal kindness to organized because of that, and due to the attempts to safeguard the lives of extreme nature of the persecution Jewish men, women and children. The study of Jewish solidarity during during the Holocaust, when the Over the years, Yad Vashem’s majority of the Jews faced a daily the Holocaust has always been a central International Institute for struggle for self-survival and Holocaust Research has published dimension of Yad Vashem’s mission therefore were in a situation dozens of survivor memoirs, where it was practically impossible research books and articles for them to assist others, it would detailing firsthand accounts of be both unfair and unwise to judge how Jews aided fellow Jews, and their actions particularly given the detailing histories of resistance in The topic has been regularly objects of persecution and rescue extraordinary circumstances into Jewish communities under Nazi highlighted as part of the activities initiated by non-Jews, which they were forced. Members of the “Nasza rule. For example, in 1997, Yad Holocaust Remembrance Day’s but strove to find ways of coping, Following lengthy and thorough Grupa” together with members of “Hanoar Vashem Publications released the State Opening Ceremonies, as did not give up human and Jewish consideration of this matter, there Hazioni” from Hungary, Hebrew version of Nechama Tec’s well as at other commemorative solidarity and whenever possible is a general agreement among Yad Budapest, 1943 book Mishpachat Anshei Haya’ar activities and events at Yad were active in confronting the Vashem’s experts, researchers and Yad Vashem Archives (The Family of the Forest People), Vashem throughout the years. In Nazi scourge, thus revealing the educators – as well as survivors based on the English version of 2020, Yad Vashem’s central theme resilience and steadfastness of – that the process of singling out her book, Defiance: The True Story for Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Jewish individuals and groups. Jews for such an official award of the (Oxford Remembrance Day was Rescue Thus, the study of Jewish would likely create an unhealthy University Press, 1993). The book by Jews during the Holocaust: solidarity during the Holocaust and ultimately divisive atmosphere postwar notion that Jews seemingly founders of Yad Vashem, many described the renowned Bielski Solidarity in a Disintegrating has always been, and continues of competition within Jewish behaved passively, as “sheep being of them Holocaust survivors, to brothers more than a decade World. The six Holocaust survivors to be, a central dimension of Yad communities and among families led to the slaughter.” Establishing mandate as part of its binding before the acclaimed eponymous chosen as torchlighters for the Vashem’s mission and an integral of victims and survivors. Instead of an awards program of Jews mission the goal of recognizing the Hollywood feature film was opening ceremony shared a component of its research, promoting worthy efforts to learn rescuing Jews would likely work Righteous Among the Nations. released. In 2014, Yad Vashem common theme: They recounted educational and commemorative and identify with the “choiceless against that achievement, and Rather than confer titles, as published the Hebrew-language their personal stories in which activities. choices” of the multitudes of Jews in lead to discriminating evaluations seen above, Yad Vashem has Aleh Iti Begorali (Jews Rescuing Jews assisted one another during Given this record of Yad Vashem’s the Shoah, as Yad Vashem indeed and biased judgments about the consistently nurtured awareness Jews in the Holocaust), featuring the Holocaust. Yad Vashem commitment, why doesn’t the does, such an award program majority of the murdered and and knowledge regarding the a collection of stories regarding devoted the 2020 Remembrance World Holocaust Center formally would engender superficial, and surviving Jews. issue of Jewish solidarity during efforts by Jews to save other Jews Day symposia, online lectures and recognize these heroic figures by essentially unfair, categories of Conversely, the rescue of Jews by the Holocaust, including its crucial during the Shoah. educational activities for security presenting them, or their families, behavior, and risk disparaging the non-Jews in the Holocaust, when component of rescue by Jews. Similarly, stories related to this forces and other groups to the with official medals, decorations many Jewish victims who had no Jews had been almost universally While grappling with the multiple topic are included in Yad Vashem’s theme of Jewish solidarity. By and titles? opportunity to act beyond their expelled from the normative dimensions of this subject, and Holocaust History Museum emphasizing this important topic, The answer is clear. own desperate personal battles circle of social responsibility and ensuring that it is responsibly permanent exhibition, such as the along with other aspects of Jewish In Jewish tradition and throughout for survival. Through its long-term aiding them was punishable by explored in its authentic historical famous account of Rabbi Michael resilience and reactions to the Jewish history, the imperative that scholarly and educational activities, death, was as extraordinary as context, Yad Vashem is deeply Dov Weissmandel and the semi- ever-worsening persecution, Yad Jews act on behalf of the welfare Yad Vashem has succeeded in it was courageous, and certainly committed to perpetuating this underground “Working Group” in Vashem continuously highlights and security of other Jews in need largely erasing from much of merits special recognition. This fundamental dimension of its Slovakia. the fact that Jews were not just has been ever-present. Precisely public discourse the denigrating understanding motivated the activity in order to enlighten,

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he exhibition, prepared in a ready2print format for easy NEW Tlocal production, tells the unique story of Jews during the Holocaust whose lives stood on the very precipice, but, contrary EXHIBITION to any basic instinct of survival that demands one takes care of oneself and one’s family first, found the inner strength and chose to AND STAMP risk their false identity or give up proposed asylum in order to help

other persecuted Jews. Some even This image is for illustration alone. Courtesy Israel Post Philatelic Service HONOR paid for the act with their lives. The exhibition consists of 20 panels, The Israel Post’s Philatelic with three introductory sections Service is creating an official and the graphic designer Rotem and 17 rescue stories, which took stamp based on the winning Sharir, the stamp production process place between the years 1938- JEWISH poster in the “Designing is expected to be completed in the 1945, when the rescuers operated Memory” competition for spring of 2021. A first day cover, in the Reich territories, and in the Holocaust Remembrance Day special cancellation and explanatory German-occupied and annexed 2020, on the theme of Rescue leaflet will accompany the stamp regions throughout Europe – with RESCUERS by Jews during the Holocaust. distributed around Israel, as well as a determined spirit that stems from In cooperation with Yad Vashem for collectors in Israel and abroad. the fierce belief that rescue comes above all. The exhibition presents the stories of well-known figures, such as the Bielski brothers, whose In accordance with the solitary partisan unit in the forests of Belarus provided refuge for Michael Dov Weissmandel and establishment of an aid project, Central Theme for Holocaust hundreds of Jews who had fled the other Jewish activists devised a through which he sent - at times surrounding ghettos. Their family grandiose plan aimed at preventing openly and at times in secret - over Remembrance Day 2020, camp, which the partisans called the deportation of Jews from 5,000 kilograms of food, medicine Europe to Poland, in exchange for a and clothing to Prague deportees Yad Vashem’s Museums Division “Jerusalem of the Forests,” was the largest refuge of its kind during the Nazi-demanded ransom. sent to various ghettos and camps. recently completed a new war. Alongside the more familiar Another renowned figure in the stories, the exhibition introduces The exhibition is available in exhibition, entitled “Rescue by exhibition is Gisi Fleischmann, lesser-known figures to the general three languages, English, Hebrew leader of the “Working Group” in public. One of them is 16-year-old and French. To order, please Jews during the Holocaust.” Slovakia, who together with Rabbi Heinz Prossnitz, who initiated the click here.

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David Labkowski (1906-1991), Partisans in the Forest, 1956 Yad Vashem Art Collection “FOR THE SAKE OF MY PEOPLE” EFFORTS BY JEWS TO RESCUE OTHER JEWS IN THE FACE OF TOTAL ANNIHILATION

Leah Goldstein

On 17 December 2020, the last day of the festival of Chanukah that marks the miraculous victory of the small Jewish stronghold in the Land of Israel against their mighty Greek occupiers, Yad Vashem held a special online symposium dedicated to Jewish Rescue during the Holocaust. While this key topic has been widely researched and taught in a range of programs and activities held by Yad Vashem over the years, this time, the focus was on efforts by Jews to save their fellow Jews in the territories of the USSR, where they faced immediate and total annihilation.

n her opening remarks, Yad and spiritual resistance of Jews to situations. Despite being victims Vashem Director General Dorit their Nazi persecutors and their themselves, Novak explained, they INovak reminded the hundreds of accomplices – as well as the wide helped people they knew and didn’t participants watching from around variety of efforts made by Jews to know, and were sometimes in turn the globe of the importance of assist their persecuted brethren aided by diplomats, members of documenting both the physical in a range of places, times and the Christian clergy and other non-

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Jews who were courageous enough who saved others either mutually in cold blood from the first day to take this kind of action against or, most often, altruistically. “The of the German occupation until such a formidable enemy. “It is main goal of publicizing this topic their liberation.” In addition, clear that responsibility, solidarity is that young Jews, here in Israel unlike in the West there was no and mutual help are basic tenets of and abroad, will know and absorb “development of persecution” – the Jewish people… even in a time this tradition, and will see the disenfranchisement, ghettoization, of existential danger.” Sadly, most moral behavior of Jewish rescuers deportation, forced labor, death of these stories left no witnesses during the Shoah as a source of camps – in the area. Nevertheless, to tell them, but with the opening inspiration for them as they are being used to a high level of of national and local archives in faced with ethical decisions in the involvement in all areas of life in Eastern Europe, Yad Vashem has future.” communist Russia, Jews joined the copied “a huge amount of material Red Army and created or joined that was previously unreachable, partisan units wherever possible, which shed light on many more as their contribution to fighting Jews in the Tuvia Bielski acts of rescue... Therefore, we are the Nazi enemy. family camp in the Responsibility,” solidarity Naliboki Forest, May 1944 This thread was taken up by Masha making enormous efforts to gather Yad Vashem Archives testimonies and documentation in and mutual help are Pollak-Rozenberg, Director of the a race against the clock, which is Educational Guiding Department reducing the number of people basic tenets of the Jewish at Yad Vashem’s International who can tell these stories.” School for Holocaust Studies. and experienced commanders who camp. She told the tragic story of “Where one victim saved Adv. Aryeh Barnea, who chairs people… even in a time of Most Jews remaining in German- placed the lives of fellow Jews over Leonid Okon, who failed to ensure another, this is where we see the Israeli Commission for occupied Soviet territories, she existential danger. “ the deaths of their enemy. Both his family’s survival due to a mix up there was no place where Jewish Recognizing the Heroism of Jewish explained, had no chance of Shalom Zorin and Tuvia Bielski regarding the name of a doctor he solidarity wasn’t necessary, and Rescuers during the Holocaust, Dorit Novak joining the partisans and thus managed to get support from the was supposed to smuggle out to the no situation in which it was not gave a fascinating presentation surviving the war. This was due to Soviet command as well as aid camp. possible – a lesson for us, and of the topic, which he claims is, the fear of collective punishment from other partisan units, and their The final speaker was Naama Galil, our children forever,” concluded above all, a moral commitment, and the widespread lack of local bravery and actions ended up saving Projects Manager in Yad Vashem’s Dr. Yohai Cohen, Director of just as recognizing Righteous support, but above all, because the lives of thousands of Jewish men, Commemoration and Community the Guiding Department in the Giving a background of the Among the Nations. “Any Jew who most were murdered before the women and children. Relations Division, who succinctly Commemoration and Community Holocaust in the territories of the survived was because someone Soviet partisan movement was Orit Margaliot, who heads illustrated the topic with the stories Relations Division, who moderated Soviet Union, Shlomit Shulchani helped them.” Bringing some established. Additionally, the the Professional Development of three individuals – Oskar Glick in the event. “As we light Chanukah of the International Institute of individual examples of rescue partisan units did not generally and Curricula Section in the Vilna, Oswald Rufeisen in Mir and candles to publicize the heroism Holocaust Research at Yad Vashem by Jews, including those who take in women or children, but International School’s Educational Fania Rosenfeld in Wołyń, who was of the Maccabees and other Jewish pointed out that some 97% of the attempted to negotiate with their only young men who could fight. Guiding Department, focused her rescued by non-Jews and then went martyrs and fighters, we can add close to three million Jews living in captors, assassinated informers Into this vacuum stepped the presentation on rescue efforts in the on to help others – who could have the Jewish rescuers during the the region were murdered under or smuggled information out of unprecedented phenomenon of Minsk ghetto. She discussed how saved themselves but instead “did Shoah who saved others against German occupation. “Murdering death camps in order to warn so-called “family camps.” Pollak- hundreds of Jewish children aged the unexpected” and put their lives all the odds. We will remember our Jews was not just a ‘byproduct’ others, he also recalled the unique Rozenberg brought the examples of 11-15 became contacts between at risk (and in Glick’s case even paid past, for the sake of the future and of the war,” she explained. “Jews actions taken by individuals and the Zorin and Bielski family camps, the ghetto and the forest, helping with his life) to save hundreds of to try to increase the light in the were hunted down and murdered groups of Jews in Eastern Europe both of which were led by dynamic many to escape to Zorin’s family fellow Jews. world.”

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The online meeting of CIRCLES the family of Sarah Ben- Shalom (née Marton) ONLINE INFORMATION AND REFERENCE SERVICES HELP FAMILY

ne particularly moving Hungarian army, and Jacob had Sarah immigrated to Israel in 1950 DISCOVER NEW INFORMATION meeting was held towards fled to the USSR. and married Haim Ben-Shalom in Othe end of 2020, with At the selection in Birkenau, the 1951. They had three daughters members of Dr. Dvir Mintz’s young teenager, who was tall for – Ronit, Tamar and Varda (Dvir family. Dr. Mintz had approached her age, said she was seventeen Mintz is the son of Ronit). Over the Department in the summer and was selected for work. She was the years until her death in With the onset of the COVID-19 crisis and the closure of the Reading of 2018, requesting information separated from her brother Ziga, 1991, Sarah shared with her new about his late grandmother, Sarah her father Miklos and her mother family childhood memories from Room in Yad Vashem’s Archives and Library Building, the Reference and Ben-Shalom (née Sarolta Marton). Roza, never to see them again. home, the hunger and abuse she Sarolta was just fourteen years old Sarah was liberated by the US experienced, and her immigration Information Services Department began to provide remote services through when she was deported with her military from one of the Buchenwald to Israel. Dvir remembers hearing parents and brother Zsigmond sub-camps at the age of barely snippets of her experiences in the “Zoom” sessions. Thus, despite the inability to meet physically, Yad Vashem (Ziga), from Szilágysomlyó in fifteen. She was reunited with Andor camps, but her family’s full story Archives consultants continue to remain accessible to the general public, Transylvania to Auschwitz. Her two and Jacob, but they never discovered was never revealed. older brothers, Andor and Jacob, what had happened to their parents The Reference and Information and the online platform also makes it possible to conduct multi-participant had already separated from the and Ziga. They assumed they had Services Department managed rest of the family: Andor was in been murdered in Auschwitz, where to locate Sarah’s personal meetings, from Israel and abroad. the forced labor companies of the Sarah had last seen them. documents from Buchenwald,

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camp in Austria. Apparently they about the family of his beloved discoveries that you revealed to us Admissions card for Sarah Marton too had been sent from Auschwitz grandmother: “You invested during the meeting moved me to to Buchenwald to forced labor, arrived in Ebensee, so much in preparing for the tears. To hear, finally, what actually Arolsen Archives and died of exhaustion at the meeting – both through your happened is no ordinary matter at Yad Vashem Archives hospital shortly after liberation. At comprehensive research as well after the long silences we grew up the meeting, we presented their as technical assistance creating with… you helped us close circles inmate documents from the camp, the presentation. Of course, the that would maybe never have detailing their experiences.” journey is still not over.” been closed.” “To hear,” finally, what In a letter to Yad Vashem, Dvir Varda Peper, Dvir’s aunt and Sarah Ben-Shalom’s daughter, actually happened is no Mintz thanked Dror for all of her resolute and professional added her own words of A list of incoming prisoners ordinary matter after the assistance in locating information gratitude in a separate email: “The at Mauthausen includes a mention of the deaths of long silences we grew up Miklos and Ziga Marton Arolsen Archives at Yad Vashem Archives with.” Varda Peper

the documents Dror had found at Yad Vashem, as well as documents and other items that Dvir had discovered in various other archives – photographs, maps and film clips that tracked Sarah’s life journey from her childhood in Transylvania through the Holocaust to immigration and a new life in Israel. “But during the preparatory work, as we traced the rest of the family, we including an admissions card with The Department’s Michal Dror discovered something completely her signature. The documents helped Dvir coordinate and prepare unexpected,” relates Dror. “It turns shed light on her yearlong for the family meeting, which was out that Miklos, Sarah’s father, arduous route across Europe: attended by members around and Ziga, her brother, had actually from Auschwitz to Riga to Stutthof, the world, including those in high died a few weeks after liberation, and eventually to an aircraft parts risk groups for the coronavirus and were buried in the cemetery factory in Buchenwald, where she at a time that was convenient for of Ebensee, one of the sub-camps was liberated. all. A joint presentation included of the Mauthausen concentration

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a choice, but acted intuitively and in objectively as possible and kept an Dr. ways that seemed “right” to them emotional distance from the events DILEMMAS AND Yitzhak at the time. Indeed, he expands I described… The events I address Arad on this topic in his introduction to in this study should not be defined the book: “Morality deals with the as morally ‘positive’ or ‘negative.’ distinction between good and evil, I cannot and do not wish to judge MORALITY AMONG JEWS according to cultural values in the them; in fact I do not deal with the society in which we live... in recent question of whether they can be years, in the tenth decade of my life, judged at all. The reference to the examining my life more deeply, and events described only expands and deepens my understanding of the DURING THE REALITY OF reality that I also experienced.” Holocaust survivor, once-partisan It Happened on Our Planet and former Chairman of Yad looks at how Jews, both individuals Vashem, and renowned historian of In addition to the struggles and organizations, dealt with THE HOLOCAUST the Holocaust of the Jews of Eastern situations in which they tried to Europe, talk about the publication and dilemmas in which he achieve the best result possible that is based on decades of his as they understood and analyzed was personally involved, research. events in real time. Indeed, the book follows the victims – as The book presents moral dilemmas the author brings the Masha Pollak-Rosenberg faced by the Jewish public during multifaceted, dynamic individuals – n late October 2020, the the Holocaust, and reflects a range stories of individuals as stage by stage, making it possible International Institute for of choices that are not between to examine the various situations in IHolocaust Research at Yad good and evil, but rather “between well as of underground which a decision was required at a Vashem held a seminar marking specific point in time and from the bad and very bad.” The terminology organizations and Judenräte The history of the Jews in the Holocaust has the publication of Dr. Yitzhak (Tolka) proposed by US Scholar Lawrence knowledge that was available then, Arad’s Hebrew-language study, It and not retrospectively from the end been well researched by historians, which Langer – “choiceless choices” – is Happened on Our Planet: Morality well reflected in the test cases of the story, when their fates had led them in presenting the Jew as the central and Existential Dilemmas Among presented in the book. In addition with the knowledge and experience already been decided. Ultimately, Jews in the Reality of the Holocaust to the struggles and dilemmas in I have accumulated, I wonder, can the deliberations, arguments and subject. As a result, educators have focused (Yad Vashem Publications and which he was personally involved, everything I have experienced decisions of the victims may be Yediot Aharanot Books, 2020). The the author brings the stories of and done, especially during the traced, their meanings discussed, on Jewish agency: their coping mechanisms evening was attended by senior individuals as well as of underground Holocaust, be defined as the most and the complexity of the situations historians, educators, students positive in moral terms?” in which the Jews found themselves and decisions, as they lived. A new book organizations and Judenräte (Jewish and the general public. Despite councils in the ghettos). On the topic of his identity as a finally understood. recently released by Yad Vashem will only aid the online platform on which the At the event, Dr. Arad explained survivor and historian, Dr. Arad meeting took place and the physical that neither he, nor in his view the stated: “I experienced the Holocaust The author is Director of the educators in this goal, but also help make it a distance between participants, people around him, discussed in real from the first day of the war until its Educational Guiding Department, there was tangible excitement in time the moral aspects of situations last... As a historian, I researched International School for Holocaust practical implementation. the air on hearing the 94-year-old in which they were required to make the murder of the Jews as Studies.

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GOLDA MARIA WINNER OF THE 2020 AVNER SHALEV AWARD

Liat Benhabib

olda Maria is a minimalistic presentation of the The Avner Shalev Award for Artistic Gtestimony of a survivor Achievement in a Holocaust-Related Film, from France. It constitutes an intergenerational film about the generously endowed by Michaela and transmission of personal history, since the woman after whom the León Constantiner, was recently awarded film was named first told her story to her grandson, film producer to Patrick and Hugo Sobelman for their Patrick Sobleman, in the 1990s. filmGolda Maria (France, 2020). Over twenty years after her passing, Sobelman and his son The annual award was presented at Hugo skillfully and thoughtfully reworked her testimony so that it th the Jerusalem Cinematheque’s 37 would resonate with current and future audiences. International Jerusalem Film Festival, Golda Maria’s story gradually this year conducted online due to the unfolds as her willingness to speak increases; she recounts her COVID-19 pandemic. experiences during the Holocaust as a married woman of forty and the

46 COLLECTIONS COLLECTIONS 47 COLLECTIONS >> GOLDA MARIA WINNER OF THE 2020 AVNER SHALEV AWARD

Michaela and León Constantiner: Perpetuating the Memory of “The film” ensures that survivor voices such as the Shoah Golda Maria’s will not only be preserved, but also León Constantiner continues a heard by future generations.” Prize Jury fundamental family tradition of philanthropy. His grandfather, Elías Sourasky (b. 1899, Bialystok, Russia), a successful financier, businessman and an avid Zionist, was key to the establishment of the mother of two children. Forced to individuals, family and community, State of Israel by swaying the vote flee Paris in 1933, she reached the and the voices of survivors – would of Mexico during the resolution unoccupied southern “Free Zone” be placed at the heart of discussion recognizing its formation at the during the war, but was separated about the Holocaust. United Nations. Eli, as everyone from her family. Just before the Upon receiving the award, the first knew him, provided significant Normandy landing in 1944, Golda in an online festival competition, support to Israel during many of Maria was deported with her son, the directors sent a video message: its salient wars. He created and and her tribulations continued, “We are so honored to receive the sponsored a great number of with tragic consequences. Avner Shalev Award,” they said. prominent academic and cultural According to the Prize Jury, “Unfortunately this year we can’t institutions across Israel. León and Michaela “Golda Maria’s genuine voice, and be together with you, but, yes, we Joan and her husband Jaime Constantiner with Avner Shalev her natural reticence imbues her hope to meet, screen and share Constantiner, Leon’s parents, testimony with emotional force. the film, next year in Jerusalem.” were also benefactors of Tel Aviv Cinema Foundation at the the 30 winning films so far have The film Golda Maria showcases University, as well as the Museum Jerusalem Cinematheque. received a monetary award and, the survivor’s story, while of the Jewish People at Beit Since 2005, León and Michaela even more significantly, most of the extending the boundaries of the Hatfutsot and many other Israeli have endowed the Avner Shalev films garnered global recognition replanting a tree on the Mount home movie, the memoir and the cultural, medical and Holocaust- Award for Artistic Achievement by virtue of distribution to general of Remembrance to carry on the video diary, ensuring that voices Shalev’s legacy related educational initiatives. in a Holocaust-Related Film as well as educational (non- family legacy. Yad Vashem salutes such as Golda Maria’s will not only León Constantiner and his wife presented together with the Lia commercial) audiences. León and Michaela Constantiner be preserved, but also heard by is that the Jewish Michaela have been longtime Award for Artistic Achievement The Sourasky-Constantiner for their commitment to future generations.” supporters of foundations and in a Film on Jewish Heritage, in family has always expressed that perpetuating the memory of the On the eve of his retirement experience is placed programs in Israel. They created honor of Lia Van Leer, the founder they feel honored and grateful not Holocaust through their generous as Chairman of Yad Vashem, the the Constantiner Photography of the Jerusalem Cinematheque. only to work closely with Avner support of filmmakers, as well as jury stressed that an important at the heart of Award for an Israeli Photographer The two honors comprised the Shalev but to also call him a dear the Yad Vashem Visual Center. component of Shalev’s legacy discussion about at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art, and “Jewish Experience” category at friend. The next generation, Leon was to ensure that the Jewish established the Joan-Sourasky the Jerusalem International Film and Michaela’s children Joanna The author is Director of the Visual experience – the story of the Holocaust Constantiner Jewish & Holocaust Festival. The directors of each of and Philippe, had the honor of Center.

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them. Poets and authors featured training with Yad Vashem.” Metzger awe-inspiring, and feel privileged throughout the course include and Yossi Kugler of the e-Learning to have been able to participate,” Dan Pagis, Primo Levi, Wisława Department who has led several of wrote one participant. “This was a POETRY AND Szymborska, Avremek Koplowicz Yad Vashem’s MOOCs, are the main fantastic course,” stated another. and Peter Kest. “We knew that presenters on the course. “I have never studied an historical there would be a great interest “Poetry and the Holocaust” has event through the eyes of poetry in this topic,” says Dr. Naama so far attracted over a thousand before, and the course really Shik, Director of the e-Learning participants, and is particularly improved my understanding of Department at the International popular with enthusiasts of both what the survivors went through.” THE HOLOCAUST School for Holocaust Studies. literature and Holocaust history. “The presentations of our veteran Feedback received from inspired The author is International Relations educator Jackie Metzger on the participants are testament to the Section Head, International School for Holocaust and poetry have always increasing success of the program. Holocaust Studies. NEW FREE ONLINE COURSE REFLECTS ON proven very popular with educators “I found this course to be quite LITERARY WORKS OF JEWISH AUTHORS

Jane Jacobs From the new online course “Poetry and ” the Holocaust” “Today people know / have known for several years / that this dot on the map / is Auschwitz / This much they know / as for the rest / they think they know.”

“Auschwitz and After,” Charlotte Delbo, Yale University Press 1995

ince the launch of its very first thousands of virtual learners, and The latest to join the canon, one Massive Online Open Course the ongoing pandemic has seen of several released this past year, is S(MOOC), “The Holocaust: many seeking new avenues of study. “Poetry and the Holocaust,” available An Introduction” in 2016, Yad In creating new ways to engage for free on the “FutureLearn” Vashem has become internationally with the history and events of the platform. Launched in late 2020, recognized as a world leader in Holocaust, in a format where the the course takes a deep dive into creating and implementing online learners can both set their own pace Holocaust history through a literary courses on different elements of and study from their own homes, prism, using poems written during Holocaust studies. Its high-quality Yad Vashem’s original online courses and after the Shoah to learn about content and presentation techniques have become a central feature of its and reflect on the experiences have already attracted hundreds of internet-based programming. of the authors and those around

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At a Yad Vashem conference for Belarussian GRADUATE educators SPOTLIGHT

BELARUS

Noa Sigal

efore WWII, some 400,000 commemorative project, in which the War,” “Life in the Ghetto,” Jews lived in Belarus, and both countries work together “Deportation to an Unknown BYiddish was one of the to build a better future through Destination,” and “Trostenets – A Three years ago, after attending Yad Vashem educational seminars, a country’s four official languages. remembering the past. For Place of Mass Murder.” The cards During the war, it is estimated that almost a decade, educational contain segments of historical group of experts from the History Workshop Minsk created a learning some 90 percent of the members of seminars for teachers, museum documentation, quotes from the Belarussian Jewish community staff, historians, researchers and witness memoirs and more, kit entitled “The Minsk Ghetto.” The kit presents new didactical were murdered. archivists from Belarus have been on which a variety of tasks and approaches through the use of different types of sources, which The History Workshop Minsk held at Yad Vashem. In November questions are based. As a modular (Geschichtswerkstatt Minsk) stands 2018, soon after it was developed, concept, the teacher can chose introduce the important but complex subject of the Holocaust to the on the site of the former Minsk the kit was presented at a seminar to tackle the topics in any order, ghetto, one of the largest for Belarussian educators. It and at a pace that suits the class. younger generations in Belarus. ghettos erected by the Nazis on comprises 16 cards, each one A separate notebook contains an Soviet territory. The Workshop dedicated to specific topic – information base for the teacher – is a unique Belarussian-German including “The Jews of Minsk before historical context, a glossary

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>> GRADUATE SPOTLIGHT BELARUS BARUCH SHUB (1924-2020) “The information” and tools we gained at of expressions and ideas, and a bibliography of sources and Yad Vashem deepened our knowledge about suggested further reading. how to teach the Holocaust in a way that would Approved and recommended Yad Vashem mourns the passing of Holocaust survivor Baruch Shub, by the Belarussian Ministry of positively impact our students.” former member of the Yad Vashem Directorate and the Commission Education for widespread use, the 150 printed copies soon ran Yad Vashem graduate Irena Barbat for the Designation of the Righteous Among the Nations. out, and the History Workshop continues to receive requests for more kits by schools across the country. Recently, the International enlarged didactical section, based “There is no doubt that the aruch Shub was born in reached in October 1945 after School for Holocaust Studies on recommendations by the background information we , Lithuania, the second traveling through Hungary, Romania decided to help produce a new and School’s International Education gained at Yad Vashem, as well as child out of a Hassidic family and Italy. He was recruited to the updated version of the kit, which and Training Department Director the practical tools, deepened our B of six. During the war, he used his Haganah, serving as an airplane was released for International Dr. Noa Mkayton, as well as a knowledge about the history of the degree in mechanical engineering technician during Israel’s War of Holocaust Remembrance Day questionnaire and test for students Holocaust and how to teach it in a to work for the Germans in various Independence. Two years later he 2021. The new version contains an on the material studied. way that would positively impact locations. In March 1941, his beloved transferred to El Al, rising through our students,” says Irena Barbat, sister, Zipporah, was murdered company ranks to Chief Flight a Yad Vashem graduate and in an aktion alongside 840 other Engineer before his retirement 33 history teacher at the “Gymnasia Jews, many of whom were children. years later. 36” high school in Minsk. “We Together with other Jewish youths, Throughout his life, Shub dedicated are constantly developing new Shub established an underground himself to Holocaust remembrance Baruch educational methodology, working Shub z”l resistance movement in the ghetto, and education. He served as with authentic historical and but they were forced to abandon Chairman of the Israel Organization captivating artistic sources as their activities due to pressure of Partisans, Underground Fighters well as conducting meaningful from their frightened families. He and Ghetto Rebels, as well as a “Baruch was a partisan and a discussions with Holocaust joined the partisans, and later on, member of the Centre Organizations fighter who, throughout his life, witnesses and survivors.” he enlisted in the Russian Army as of Holocaust Survivors in Israel and embodied the survivors’ rebirth a paratrooper. He was part of the the Claims Conference Board of and commitment to build a new The author is responsible for Russian forces that liberated Vilnius Directors. He lectured widely on life for himself, his family, his nation educational programming in in 1944, where he learned that his antisemitism and . and his country,” said Yad Vashem the post-Soviet sphere in the entire family had been murdered In 2010, Shub was selected as one Chairman Avner Shalev. “He worked International Education and during the Shoah. of the six torchlighters for the State tirelessly until the end for the sake Training Department, International After recovering from his wartime Opening Ceremony of Holocaust of Holocaust remembrance for School for Holocaust Studies. injuries, Shub decided to immigrate Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance generations to come. He will be to Eretz Israel, which he finally Day at Yad Vashem. greatly missed.”

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YAD VASHEM REACHES OUT TO ARCHIVAL AGREEMENT

In accordance with guidelines of THE ARAB WORLD the Israel Ministry of Health, Yad WITH ROMANIA Vashem opened its doors especially for this historic visit, which included a guided tour of the Holocaust History Museum, a visit to the Hall of Remembrance and a walk through On 24 December 2020, a Memorandum of the iconic Children’s Memorial. They heard the voices and stories of Understanding was signed between the Ministry Holocaust survivors, saw personal of Foreign Affairs of Romania and Yad Vashem, artifacts of Holocaust victims, and learned about the calamity that befell regarding original documentation relevant to the the Jewish people just decades ago. They also heard in more depth about pre-WWII period and the Holocaust preserved in the Yad Vashem Arabic website. the Diplomatic Archives of the Romanian Foreign The impressions of the group A group of influential young men and women from following their impactful tour Ministry in Bucharest. are reflected in the Yad Vashem the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain recently visited Guestbook. “We are so honored to know more about the real suffering the Mount of Remembrance for a deeper look into the of Jews. It is incredible that they were Holocaust - a watershed event in modern human history. reborn as a great nation,” wrote Dr. Majid Al Sarrah, Public Policy expert mong the items covered 1930-1944. Sample checks of and social activist from the UAE. by the memorandum is several boxes revealed passport ad Vashem’s website in Arabic on humanity and its relevance to “The museum presents the horror A the archival fond of the and citizenship files, civil status is complete with the fact- today’s complex global society. the Jewish people went through Romanian Consulate General in documents, and propaganda based historical narrative Over the past months, as diplomatic preceding [and during] the Second Berlin, which was seized by the materials reflecting the progressive Y Shoah,” said Dr. Alexander Avram, of the Holocaust, a wide range relations solidified between Israel World War. The genocide and ethnic Germans after 23 August 1944, application of antisemitic laws of online exhibitions designed and certain Arab states, Yad Vashem cleansing must never happen again,” captured by allied troops, held and racial restrictions, beginning Director of the Hall of Names in to present personal stories from began to search for ways to further its added Emirate Human Resources in France and then given back to in the second half of the 1930s. the Yad Vashem Archives. “We those who went through it, as well outreach to the Arab world. In early expert Khawla Almuhairi. Germany, and only returned back These include names and photos, are grateful to our esteemed as educational materials available December, this opportunity presented These messages provide a truly to Romania at the end of 1990s. perhaps – unfortunately – the last colleagues H.E. Dr. Radu Ioanid, to the public in Arabic-speaking itself when a delegation from Bahrain remarkable glimpse into the power The 200 boxes of documents, still for many of these Romanian Jews. Ambassador of Romania to Israel, countries and communities. and the United Arab Emirates came of a visit to Yad Vashem, and the not fully inventoried, refer mainly “This agreement is a further step and Corina Badea, Romanian Nevertheless, many Arab to Israel, eager to learn about and impact the Holocaust continues to to the situation of Romanian in Yad Vashem’s continued efforts Embassy Diplomatic Counsellor, speakers are not familiar with develop relations with their newfound make on human beings, regardless citizens of Jewish origin in Germany to document and memorialize the for their support and help in the the Holocaust, the impact it had Jewish and Israeli colleagues. of background, culture or religion. and occupied France between fate of Romanian Jewry during the creation of this vital agreement.”

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FIVE GERMAN COMPANIES GANDEL PROGRAM During an online JOIN IN DECLARATION commemoration event RECOGNIZED IN for International Holocaust AGAINST ANTISEMITISM Remembrance Day, 2020 AUSTRALIAN Borussia Dortmund, Daimler, Deutsche Bahn, PHILANTHROPY Deutsche Bank and Volkswagen announced a AWARDS joint declaration against antisemitism and racism.

Yad Vashem congratulates its partners, John Gandel AC and Pauline Gandel AC, whose Gandel Philanthropy, along with the Australian Foundation for Yad Vashem, were the current Chair of IHRA, Ambassador winners of the Australian Philanthropy Awards for 2020 in the Bolder Philanthropy Michaela Kuchler; and the German Friends’ Chairman Kai Diekmann and category. This award recognizes the extraordinary achievements of the Gandel Holocaust Director Ruth Ur. Over 150 guests from Studies Program for Australian Educators – one of the flagship courses of Yad Vashem’s he declaration, which was made “We are acutely aware of our historical across civil society and government, International School for Holocaust Studies. together with the Friends of Yad responsibility and are resolutely including employees of the TVashem in Germany, is based committed to a society and a future participating companies, participated on the IHRA (International Holocaust without hate and extremism,” declared in the event, which included the he yearlong professional incorporates a three-week training by teachers in their schools upon Remembrance Alliance) working Deutsche Bahn CEO Richard Lutz. screening of a memorial service at the development program has seminar in Jerusalem, ongoing return. definition of antisemitism. Participants “With this joint declaration, we express Berlin memorial site Gleis 17, as well Ttrained some 350 teachers enrichment, expert mentoring, Following the announcement, are united in the hope that during the our solidarity with those confronted as musical interludes by the Israeli- from all eight Australian states project supervision and graduate Chairman of Gandel Philanthropy German presidency of the IHRA, which with antisemitism and we clearly born singer Ruth Rosenfeld. and territories. Through educating conferences, has become the gold John Gandel AC stated that he was lasts until the end of March 2021, commit to a Germany that is open to In his address, Diekmann described about the Holocaust, these standard in Australian Holocaust proud that one of his family’s most other companies and organizations the world, tolerant and diverse, free of the initiative as “exemplary,” and teachers are on the forefront of education. Educators learn to important philanthropic initiatives will follow suit. antisemitism and racism.” added that other German companies the fight against hatred, racism, teach about the Holocaust and received industry recognition. This represents the group’s second Due to the current COVID-19 related have since declared their willingness antisemitism and xenophobia. explore its universal implications “To me, this is as much a joint initiative; the five major German restrictions, the commemoration took to adopt the IHRA definition. “These Over the course of their teaching using an interdisciplinary and age- confirmation of the significance and companies last came together in 2018 place on 26 January 2021 as a digital companies have workforces that careers, graduates of the Gandel appropriate approach. ongoing relevance of Holocaust to support the creation of the Moshal event hosted by Deutsche Bahn. reach right across German society, Program are projected to impact The program, which participants education as it is a recognition Shoah Legacy Campus at Yad Vashem. Speakers included CEOs and Board across socio-economic groups and of approximately one-and-a-half- have called “life-changing,” of the importance to invest our Each company is also receiving online members of the five companies; the course, internationally,” remarked Ur. million Australian students. includes pre-course online philanthropic support for the long training from Yad Vashem’s International President of the Central Council of “If we want to make change, this is the The intensive professional learning elements and the delivery term if we wish to effect change School for Holocaust Studies. Jews in Germany Dr Josef Schuster; the place to start.” development program, which of a Holocaust educational project and drive meaningful impact.”

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NEW BENEFACTORS: HONORING GILBERT AND BEVERLY HELD NICOLE LIGETI

Gilbert and Beverly held were married Charles and Nicole Karsenty-Ligeti for fifty years. Their passion for were married for over 25 years. learning, teaching, Judaism and the The couple enjoyed a life filled with State of Israel only grew stronger as travel and a profound engagement in time passed. Preserving the memory socially just causes. This dedication of the six million Jews who were lost has been passed on to their family during the Second World War and members, who are proud to be part educating the world on what happened of Charles’ legacy. was extraordinarily important to them.

ilbert Held was born in The knowledge he captured and more than 20 years in middle-school harles Moshe Ligeti was born Companies, which thrived and in the world. Charles Ligeti passed Brooklyn, New York, in 1943, so avidly wrote about was shared education. in Clug, Romania in 1928 to benefitted many employees. away in Los Angeles in 2015. Gto Selma and Milton Held. with thousands of students at both Recently, the Held family donated CErno, a poet and a writer, Charles deeply believed in the Charles and Nicole Karsenty- He graduated with a Bachelor of Wesleyan College and Georgia a Benefactors Gift to Yad Vashem and Margaret, an opera singer. Jewish concepts of tzedakah Ligeti were married for over 25 Science in Electrical Engineering College. in loving memory of their parents In 1945, three days before the (charitable giving), tzedek (justice) years. The couple enjoyed a life from Widener University and his Beverly Jane Held was born in Gilbert and Beverly Held of Macon, war ended, Charles survived an and chesed (lovingkindness), and filled with travel and a profound thirst for knowledge led him to 1945 to Dr. Abraham I. Schwartz Georgia. Yad Vashem is grateful for execution by the Hungarian militia treating everyone with compassion. engagement in socially just causes. pursue additional degrees from and Rose Kobrovsky Schwartz in this generous donation, and conveys that killed his parents. Following his He was an inspiration in his fight for This dedication has been passed New York University and American Reading, Pennsylvania. The only its deepest condolences to children recovery, Charles was deployed to social justice, especially through on to their family members, who University. He served in Vietnam, child in her family, she majored in Jonathan Held (Lisa) and Jessica Rome a DP camp in Germany. In 1950, he his support of the missions of are proud to be part of Charles’ and retired from the United States English Literature at the University (David), and four grandchildren: immigrated to the United States, organizations such as Yad Vashem, legacy and hope to continue his Army as a colonel. Over a span of of Pennsylvania, and received a Jacob and Benjamin Held, who and lived in New York before the Anti-Defamation League, the visions and beliefs including at Yad half a century, he wrote more than Master’s degree in education from reside in Seattle, Washington, and moving to Los Angeles in 1952. Jewish Federation in Los Angeles, Vashem, where his story will join 100 books and articles on data Georgia College. Initially a librarian, Sadie and Nora Rome who reside in There he established the Charles and the World Jewish Congress, to the global narrative at the Moshal communications and networking. her love of teaching led her to spend Perrysburg, Ohio. Ligeti Jewelry and Anjess Diamond combat racism and antisemitism Shoah Legacy Campus.

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Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson with Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev in front of the plaque honoring them as Patrons of the Mount of Remembrance SHELDON G. ADELSON (1933-2021) LOYAL FRIEND AND PATRON OF THE

Museum of Holocaust Art. In 2006, its successes. At some point however, goals that Sheldon was particularly MOUNT OF REMEMBRANCE they substantially increased their the Holocaust will no longer be a committed and closely connected to vigorous involvement with the World living memory. Its stories of horror Yad Vashem. With his support, along Holocaust Remembrance Center, and heroism will be relegated to with his dear wife, Dr. Miriam Adelson, undertaking a multiyear commitment books, files and video testimonials. we have implemented Yad Vashem’s of unprecedented support that We trust that Yad Vashem will find International School for Holocaust Yad Vashem mourns the passing of Patron of the Mount of Remembrance, Sheldon continues to this day. Their cumulative ways to preserve Holocaust education Stiudies’ cutting-edge pedagogical as a priority, in order to ensure that G. Adelson. Adelson was immensely proud of his Jewish and American heritage and donations over the years constitute approach to Holocaust education and by far the largest private contribution Israel’s freedom and power are never conduct teacher-training programs deeply committed to the Jewish people, Jewish culture and the State of Israel. ever received by Yad Vashem. taken for granted.” to thousands of educators who in The Adelsons spoke on several “The warm connection Sheldon turn impart meaningful and relevant A self-made and determined businessman and philanthropist, he was dedicated to occasions about their special had with Yad Vashem was truly messages of the story of the Holocaust the furtherance of Holocaust remembrance and education for generations to come. relationship with Yad Vashem. exceptional,” reflected Yad Vashem and the dangers of antisemitism. Sheldon Adelson explained that it Chairman Avner Shalev. “He had “Yad Vashem, the Jewish people, and was their privilege to help ensure an extraordinary personality and the State of Israel owe Sheldon and the continuity of the existence of the achieved great things throughout his Miri a tremendous debt of gratitude heldon Adelson grew up in a always several steps ahead of his the causes close to his heart. Jewish people and that he wanted to lifetime. Particularly striking was his for their enduring commitment to low-income home in Boston, peers. Despite his modest beginning, The Adelsons’ unique bond with do everything in his power so that the boundless love for the Jewish people these fundamental causes. They SMassachusetts to Jewish he dared to dream big, and realized Yad Vashem began in the early Holocaust would not be forgotten. At a and the State of Israel. He was well are true partners, visionaries and immigrant parents. At the early age of those dreams by building a formidable 1990s, with the couple’s first recent event, Sheldon stated, “My wife aware of the dangers inherent in pioneers. Sheldon will be sorely twelve, his entrepreneurial instincts business empire. Despite his generous contribution providing Miriam and I, a Sabra and a Diaspora antisemitism and recognized the duty missed.” were already evident, when he started resounding success, he maintained the infrastructure necessary Jew, are united in our commitment to instill the memory of the Holocaust, selling newspapers on the streets of his close connection to his faith to launch Yad Vashem into the to support this institution. She and I, believing in the value of education as Yad Vashem conveys its deepest Boston. Thanks to a keen intellect and his birthright. He dedicated his digital age. Several years later, like many of you, witnessed the post- a critical means of doing so. It was condolences to Dr. Miriam Adelson and innovative thinking, Adelson was energies and resources to supporting they endowed Yad Vashem’s new Auschwitz era and Israel’s struggles, precisely thanks to these shared and the entire Adelson family.

62 FRIENDS WORLDWIDE FRIENDS WORLDWIDE 63 FRIENDS WORLDWIDE

USA USA SOUTH AFRICA NEW INTERNATIONAL The American Society for Yad Vashem held three important virtual events RELATIONS at the end of 2020 on the topic of resilience, showcasing Yad Vashem and DIVISION highlighting the American Society’s important work throughout the country. Celina was born in 1934 in DIRECTOR Recognized at these events were six deserving leaders throughout the US Krakow, Poland to Lola and Jacob and Israel, who have each in their own way ensured that the memory, Sternlicht z”l. Celina spent the war Dr. Haim Gertner, former Director legacy and dignity of Holocaust victims and survivors endure. years in hiding with her mother, of the Yad Vashem Archives and after liberation, was reunited Chairman of the Yad Vashem Directorate Division and Fred Hillman Chair with her brother, Mark z”l, and and Managing Director of Yad Vashem’s later her father, who miraculously for Holocaust Documentation International Relations Division Shaya survived a Russian labor camp. has replaced Shaya Ben Yehuda Ben Yehuda were honored at the Yad Vashem mourns the passing Celina and Marvin devoted their Yad Vashem mourns the passing as Managing Director of Yad National Gala on 8 November. of Holocaust survivor Celina lives to Holocaust remembrance of Yad Vashem Benefactor Vashem’s International Relations On 25 October, Nancy E. Powell, Zborowski (née Sternlicht) z”l, wife and education and supported Yad Eric Samson z”l, who passed Division. Avner Shalev Shaya Ben Yehuda Yad Vashem Benefactor and advocate of founding board member of the Vashem and its mission from its away at the age of 83. Eric As Archives Division Director, American Society for Yad Vashem of Holocaust Education and Teacher earliest days. May her memory be grew up in South Africa, and Dr. Gertner led an extensive Marvin Zborowski. Training, was honored at the Seattle Gala. for a blessing. built an immensely successful project to collect all Holocaust- The honorees at the Los Angeles Gala international business in the related documentation worldwide, on 2 December were Yad Vashem steel and real estate industries. and make it openly accessible to Benefactor and American Society National Eric’s humility and the public through an innovative Susanne Czuker Todd Morgan Board Member Susanne Czuker; remarkable philanthropy were amalgamation of content and Chairman and CEO of Bel Air Investment decades. They were married for legendary. The impact of his technology. Advisors and founder of the Morgan over 72 years, and were blessed and his wife Sheila’s enormous On entering his new role, Dr. Aging with Dignity Fund Todd Morgan; with five children – Marty (Julie), contribution to the State of Israel, Gertner thanked Shaya Ben Belz, Gary (Shelly) Belz, Ron (Anise) and President and CEO of Cedars-Sinai the South African Jewish and Yehuda “for the solid foundation he Belz, Lynn Belz z”l and Jan (Andy) Medical Center Thomas M. Priselac. general communities, important Groveman – 13 grandchildren and laid and the network of dedicated projects in the US, and Holocaust Thomas M. Priselac Nancy E. Powell her 12 great-grandchildren. supporters he successfully created remembrance will continue Marilyn was a passionate Zionist, over the years. Today more than far beyond his lifetime. Eric’s Yad Vashem mourns the passing advocate and supporter of Israel ever, Yad Vashem’s work carries UK name andmemory will continue great significance not only in Israel of Yad Vashem Pillar Marilyn Belz her entire life. She loved spending extensive time in Israel and to be honored for posterity at and for the Jewish people, but for (née Hanover) z”l, beloved wife of On 26 and 27 January, in lieu of its planned 2021 Yad Vashem Pillar and longtime considered Israel her second home. Yad Vashem. all of humanity. The difficult period Gala Dinner, the Yad Vashem UK Foundation friend of Yad Vashem Jack Belz. In addition to Yad Vashem, she Yad Vashem sends its deepest in which we find ourselves urges us held a 36-hour sponsored crowdfunding Marilyn was born in Memphis and Jack supported the Hadassah sympathy to Sheila, their all to advance our shared goal of campaign through email, WhatsApp and social in February 1929, to her loving, and Shaare Zedek Medical Centers, children Dorothy and Leonard relevant and meaningful Holocaust media drives. The campaign engendered devoted parents, Ruthie and Edwin the Jewish Agency of Israel, the Sank, Franki and Steven Cohen remembrance and education. I thousands of responses, raising funds for Hanover z”l. Marilyn and Jack’s Great Synagogue, and many other and Jeffrey and Elana Samson, look forward to developing further Yad Vashem that exceeded expectations. love and devotion to one another important institutions in the Jewish as well as their grandchildren our partnerships with our friends Supporting the campaign was an online site since an early age was inspirational state. May her memory be for a and great-grandchildren. May blessing. across the globe in order to meet featuring videos from survivors, the UK Chief to all who knew them over many his memory be for a blessing. this vital mission.” Rabbi, leading politicians and TV personalities.

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SPANISH-SPEAKERS WORLDWIDE VENEZUELA INTERNATIONAL HOLOCAUST REMEMBRANCE DAY

On 10 November, Director of the FRANCE MEXICO Latin-American, Spain, Portugal and Miami Spanish-Speaking Desk Perla Hazan, together with Eliana Rapp Badihi from the International School for Holocaust Studies, organized an event to commemorate the 82nd anniversary of the November Pogroms, also known as Kristallnacht. Menashe Zugman, an educator and guide who specializes in the Shoah and Jewish History, gave a lecture on Kristallnacht to some 420 members On 26 January, a virtual roundtable , who served as of the audience from Argentina, Avi Pazner The Mexican Association for Yad discussion was held on “The Israeli ambassador in various Chile, Costa Rica, Brazil, Mexico, ceremony was held in memory of Vashem organized “Veshinantam Colombia, Guatemala, Venezuela, the Kristallnacht events. The candles Place of the Shoah in Occidental countries including Italy and Levanecha [And You Should Teach Panama, Spain, Portugal, Miami, were lit by Yad Vashem Benefactor Societies 76 Years after Liberation.” France, expressed his wish that Your Children],” a virtual event Venezuela and Israel. At the end of Salomon Marcuschamer from Israeli Ambassador to Belgium and antisemitism should be a main marking International Holocaust the conference, a candle-lighting Monterrey, Mexico. Luxembourg H.E. Mr. Emmanuel priority of the Israeli government. Remembrance Day, with the On 9 November, the Venezuelan Nahshon emphasized the importance He stressed the support of participation of Director of the Committee for Yad Vashem held its of reaching out to the younger Yad Vashem in order to ensure Latin-America, Spain, Portugal SPAIN annual event to commemorate the generation. He noted that although that it has enough resources to and Miami Spanish-Speaking Desk Kristallnacht November Pogroms. the Shoah is the Jewish people’s continue its missions of Holocaust in Yad Vashem’s International history and an integral part of Jewish commemoration and education. On 22 November and 16 Due the ongoing worldwide Relations Division Perla Hazan December, the Spanish pandemic, the event was held via collective identity, it is also upon all of The event was moderated by and Mexican Association President humankind to bear the responsibility Director of the French-speaking Association for Yad Vashem Zoom. It was hosted by Shirley Prof. Nina Medrez. organized two lectures. The first, Varnagy and speeches were given of protecting basic values and human Countries and Benelux Desk entitled “Gerda & Greta,” was by Venezuelan Committee President rights. in Yad Vashem’s International given by Association member José Tomas Osers and Director of the Aviva-Raz Schechter, who Relations Division Miry Gross, and Ignacio Jimenez Blanco, about Latin America, Spain, Portugal and represented Israel at the United Yoni Berrous of the International two Jewish women in the Civil War Miami Spanish-Speaking Desk Nations and other international School for Holocaust Studies. in Spain. The second was given Perla Hazan. The audience also organizations, urged combatting by Holocaust survivor Monica heard Holocaust survivor Freddy antisemitism through the legislative Dawidowicz from Argentina, Schreiber give testimony about the framework, as well as pedagogical telling of her experience as a child pogrom, as well as messages from activities both on the national during the Shoah. Portugal’s Ambassador to Venezuela and international levels through H.E. Mr. Carlos Amaro and institutions such as the UN or Holocaust survivor Moshe Hazan. UNESCO.

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INTERNATIONAL HOLOCAUST REMEMBRANCE DAY

COSTA RICA PANAMA CHRISTIAN FRIENDS OF YAD VASHEM WITH ICEJ

On 27 January, the NRB (National Religious Broadcasters) network, The Costa Rican Association for together with many Christian Yad Vashem participated in a virtual partners from around the world, forum marking International Holocaust President of the Panaman Museum of Freedom. The event, presented a special program Remembrance Day organized by Deputy The Africa Israel Initiative (AII) is in eight countries, during which Association for Yad Vashem which was attended by some 180 produced by Christian Friends Wagner Jiménez Zúñiga, Coordinator a continent-wide Christian lobby excerpts from testimonies of Dalia Gateño organized an event participants, included a lecture of Yad Vashem US representative of the Costa Rica-Israel Parliamentary founded to educate African Holocaust survivors were broadcast. marking International Holocaust on “Nazi Medicine” given by Dr. Pastor Mark Jenkins entitled “A Friendship Group. Costa Rica Association Christians about Israel as well as Outgoing Managing Director of Yad Remembrance Day together with Zeava Rubin. Nation Remembers.” This year, due President Philip Unger gave a special to support the Jewish state. On Vashem’s International Relations the Israeli Embassy, ONU and the to the coronavirus, the program presentation during the event. 24 January, in cooperation with AII Division Shaya Ben Yehuda did not take its usual format President Bishop Joshua Mulinge addressed an audience in Nairobi of of screening the annual State and AII Chief of StaffPastor Nicholas over 800 people socially distanced Opening Ceremony for Holocaust In previous years, Christian leaders Otieno, AII hosted ceremonies due to the coronavirus. Remembrance Day. Instead, two CHRISTIAN FRIENDS OF YAD VASHEM WITH ICEJ from all over the world would gather in movies which were broadcast – Jerusalem and attend Yad Vashem during one produced by ICEJ Germany, in the week of 27 January (International participants from 101 countries which National Director Gottfried Holocaust Remembrance Day) for joined in these prayers. This year, Buehler interviewed Christian “Envision,” an annual conference hosted to commemorate International Friends of Yad Vashem Director by the ICEJ (International Christian Holocaust Remembrance Day, Sari Granitza at the Yad Vashem Embassy Jerusalem). This year due to Director of the Christian Friends campus. The second film, “A the ongoing pandemic, the broadcast of Yad Vashem Sari Granitza Daughter of Many Mothers” – the event began with a prerecorded contributed a short film that was story of how Rena Quint survived ceremony in the Hall of Remembrance sent to JPB friends worldwide the Shoah against all odds. followed by a thought-provoking live Every year, the Jerusalem Prayer in which Sari spoke about the lecture, given by Rabbi Moshe Cohn Breakfast (JPB), directed by Albert strength, power and importance of from the International School for Veksler, brings together heads prayer both today and during the Holocaust Studies, entitled “Why We of government and influential Holocaust – when the Nazis did Remember,” with the understanding Christian leaders from all walks of not allow the Jews to pray, thereby that what happened over 75 years ago society for a gathering to pray for robbing them of their spiritual is still very relevant today. the peace of Jerusalem. In 2020, legacy.

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MAKE A DIFFERENCE Chairman of the Council: Rabbi Israel Meir Lau Chancellor of the Council: Dr. Moshe Kantor Vice Chairman of the Council: Dr. Yitzhak Arad Outgoing Chairman of the Directorate: Avner Shalev Deputy Chairman of the Directorate and Acting he activities, projects and events UK Chairman: Ronen Plot which you have just read about Yad Vashem — UK Foundation Director General: Dorit Novak are made possible in large part Head of the International Institute for Holocaust T 46 Albert Road Research and Incumbent, John Najmann Chair thanks to the generous support of London NW4 2SG for Holocaust Studies: Prof. Dan Michman our donors. In these difficult times, Chief Historian: Prof. Dina Porat Tel: +44-20-8359-1146 Academic Advisor: Prof. Yehuda Bauer when there is a global pandemic and E-mail: [email protected] Members of the Yad Vashem Directorate: a worrying rise in antisemitism and Yossi Ahimeir, Mordechai Benita, Dr. David Breakstone, Abraham Duvdevani, Holocaust denial around the world, AUSTRALIA Erez Eshel, Dr. Semion Goldin, Menachem Granit, Moshe Ha-Elion, Adv. Shlomit Kasirer, Adv. Tamar Yad Vashem is doubling its efforts Australian Friends of Yad Vashem Peled Amir, Ronen Plot, Tahel Shadmon, to commemorate the Holocaust, President: Joey Borensztajn Dr. Zehava Tanne, Dr. Laurence Weinbaum disseminate its universal implications 2 Huntingfield Road THE MAGAZINE and strengthen Jewish continuity. Yad Toorak, VIC 3142 Editor-in-Chief: Iris Rosenberg Vashem is deeply grateful for your Tel: +61-3-9299-9639 Managing Editor: Leah Goldstein generosity in supporting its vital work E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board: Simmy Allen, Deborah Berman, Marisa Fine, Dana Porath, Lilach Tamir-Itach, Dana and welcomes both new friends and Weiler-Polak, Susan Weisberg established supporters as partners in GERMANY Editorial Coordinator: Miri Rabinovich Nissim our shared mission. Friends of Yad Vashem in Germany Language Editor: Leah Goldstein Joachimstahler Str. 13 Assisted by: Alexander Avram, Shaya Ben Yehuda, 10719 Berlin Layla Blenden, Ayala Peretz, Amanda Smulowitz, Martin Sykes-Haas Tel: +49-30-81825931 To make tax-deductible donations: Photography: Yossi Ben-David, Martin Sykes-Haas, E-mail: [email protected] Elad Zagman Design: Yad Vashem Graphic Studio AUSTRIA This magazine was published with the USA assistance of The Azrieli Group. ISSN 0793-7199 Friends of Yad Vashem in Austria American Society for Yad Vashem ©Articles appearing in this issue may be reprinted 500 Fifth Avenue, 42nd Floor Blutenstr. 18/B2 with proper acknowledgement. New York, NY 10110 A-4040 Linz Tel: 1-800-310-7495 Tel: +43-732-716 822 or +1-212-220-4304 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] SWITZERLAND American Society – Western Region Swiss Friends of Yad Vashem Donations may also be sent to: 11766 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 840 8 Rue de L’Est International Relations Division, Los Angeles, CA 90025 1207 Geneve Yad Vashem, PO Box 3477 Tel: +1-424-273-4460 Tel: +41-22-7362824 Jerusalem 9103401, Israel E-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +972-2-6443420 CHRISTIAN FRIENDS OF YAD VASHEM [email protected] CANADA US Representative, Canadian Society for Yad Vashem Reverend Mark Jenkins For information on societies in other 265 Rimrock Road, Suite 218 8701 Ridge Rd countries, please visit: Toronto, ON M3J 3C6 Richmond, VA 23229 www.yadvashem.org/friends Tel: +1-416-785-1333 Tel. +1-833-239-8872 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Donate online: www.yadvashem.org